Association for
Information and Image
Management
Centimetei
lomaoCX £dl&oru ( \hipeM>
A SELECTIVE MICROFILM EDITION
PART II
( 1879 - 1886 )
Thomas E. Jeffrey
Microfilm Editor and Associate Director
Paul B. Israel
Assistant Editor
Mary Ann Hellrigel Douglas G. Tarr
David W. Hutchings Robert A. Rosenberg
Editorial Associates
Leonard DeGraaf
Joseph P. Sullivan
Alan Stein
Karen Kozak
Keith A. Nier
Assistant Editor
Reese V. Jenkins
Director and Editor
John Deasey
Barbara B. Tomblln
Jacquelyn Miller
Marla Antonakakls
Sponsors
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site
New Jersey Historical Commission
Smithsonian Institution
University Publications of America
Frederick, Maryland
1987
BOARD OF SPONSORS
Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey
Edward J. Bloustcin
T, Alexander Pond
Tilden G. Edelstein
John Gillis
New Jersey Historical Commission
Bernard Bush
Howard L. Green
National Park Service, Edison
National Historic Site
Roy W. Weaver
Edward J. Pcrshey
Smithsonian Institution
Bernard Finn
Arthur P. Moiella
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
James Brittain, Georgia Institute of Technology
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Harvard University
Neil Harris, University of Chicago
Thomas Parke Hughes, University of Pennsylvania
Arthur Link, Princeton University
Nathan Reingold, Smithsonian Institution
Robert E. Schofield, Iowa State University
CORPORATE ASSOCIATES
William C. Hittinger (chairman), RCA Corporation
Edward J. Bloustein, Rutgers, The State University of N.J.
Cees Bruynes, North American Philips Corporation
Paul J. Christiansen, Charles Edison Fund
Philip F. Dietz, Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Roland W. Schmitt, General Electric Corporation
Harold W. Sonn, Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Morris Tanenbaum, AT&T
THOMAS A. EDISON PAPERS
Reese V. Jenkins
Director and Editor
Thomas E. Jeffrey
Associate Director and Microfilm Editor
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTORS
PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS
Alfred P. Sloan Poundation
Charles Edison Fund
The Hyde and Watson Foundation
Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation
PUBLIC FOUNDATIONS
National Science Foundation
National Endowment for the Humanities
PRIVATE CORPORATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS
Alabama Power Company
Amerada Hess Corporation
AT&T
Atlantic Electric
Association of Edison Illuminating
Companies
I!attellc Memorial Institute Foundation
The Boston Edison Foundation
Cabot Corporation Foundation
Carolina Power and Light Company
Consolidated Edison Company of
New York, Inc.
Consumers Power Company
Corning Glass Works Foundation
Duke Power Company
Exxon Corporation
Florida Power & Light Company
General Electric Foundation
Gould Inc. Foundation
Gulf States Utilities Company
Idaho Power Company
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers
Iowa Power and Light Company
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Katz
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
McGraw-Edison Company
Middle South Services, Inc.
Minnesota Power
New Jersey Bell Telephone Company
New York State Electric & Gas
Corporation
North American Philips Corporation
Philadelphia Electric Company
Philips International B.V.
Public Service Electric and Gas
Company
RCA Corporation
Robert Bosch GmbH
San Diego Gas & Electric
Savannah Electric and Power Company
Schering Plough Foundation
Texas Utilities Company
Thomson-Brandt
Transamcrica Delaval Inc.
Westinghouse Educational Foundation
Wisconsin Public Service
Corporation
A Note on the Sources
The pages which have been
filmed are the best copies
available. Every technical
effort possible has been
made to ensure legibility.
THOMAS A. EDISON PAPERS
A SELECTIVE MICROFILM EDITION
PARTH
(1879-1886)
REEL 92
SPECIAL COLLECTIONS SERIES (SPC-3)
Charles Batchelor Collection
Patents
Unbound Documents
CHARLES BATCHELOR PATENTS, 1869-1880
Included in this series is one volume of Edison's British patents from the years
1872-1880 (Cat. 1321) and one volume of Edison's U.S. patents from the years 1869-
1879 (Cat. 1320). Only the British patents have been filmed. The Batchelor
Collection also contains numerous unbound patents issued to Edison, Batchelor, and
other inventors. A complete set of Edison's U.S. patents can be found in Thomas
A. Edison Papers Microfilm Edison, Part I, reels 1-2.
Edison's British Patents, Cat. 1321
This book covers the years 1872-1880 and contains printed copies of British
patents issued to Edison. The patents relate to several inventions, including
printing, automatic, and multiplex telegraphs; the electric pen and autographic
press; the telephone; electric lighting; and polyform. All of the patents are
complete as issued by the British Patent Office. Many are accompanied by
drawings. A few of the patents appear in the form of provisional specifications. A
provisional specification in the British patent system was similar to the caveat in
the U.S. patent system. It protected the inventor for a period of time prior to the
filing of a full specification. The description of the invention and the statement of
claims were generally less detailed in a provisional specification than in a full
specification. The spine of the book is stamped "Edison's British Patents 1872-
1880."
A.D. 1872, 13 th May. N" 1453.
Printing Telegraphs.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in the State
of New Jersey, United Statos of America, for tho Invention of
“ Jmpbovemehts nr Pbihtisq Teleqbaphs.”
Sealed tlio 24th September 1872, and dnted tho 18th May 1872.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Alva Edison at
tho Office of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 13th May 1872.
I, Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho State of New Jersey,
5 United States of America, do hereby doclaro tho nature of tho said In¬
vention for “ Impbovemehts nr Phihtiho Teieobaphs,” to bo as follows
These improvements relate to tho mechanism for moving tho sovcral
typo wheels of different printing telegraphs in unison, and giving tho
impression.
10 Tho type wheel is mounted upon a shaft, and revolved by a step-by¬
stop motion by a lover and armature acted upon by an cicctro-magnot,
tho core of which is grooved upon one side longitudinally, which I find
2 A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
__ Edison' s Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
is preferable iu printing telegraphs, because greater speed can be
obtained.
"Whore two lino wires aro used, ono to the typo-wheel magnet, the
other to the printing magnet, tho ratchet whcol of the step-by-step
movement lias half as many teeth as there aro types and spaces on tho 5
type wheel, and one letter is printed on the open circuit and tho next on
the closed circuit, and this typo wheel is on a slcovo and moved by a
lever acted on by the printing lover. Tho type wheel can bo turned
around tho extent of one letter, so as to print the alternate letters that
had previously been out of position for printing. This samo turning 10
movement of the typo wheel on its shaft is sometimes communicated
by a V shaped wedge and holding dog, acted upon by the printing lover.
Tho type wheels aro stopped at unison by the continued rotation of
tho type wheel bringing an arm into the patli of a stop on tho lypc-
wliccl shaft, and this is liberated by operating tho printing lever. 15
In cases where the unison can bo operated most conveniently by tho
printing lever, it is effected by a wedge thereon acting against inclined
teeth on a wheel upon tho type-wheel shaft. Tho absence of ono tooth
in this wheel prevents tho further action of tho wedge at the unison
point. 2Q
The printing lever is provided with a weight that prevents it being
easily moved by the electro-magnet, but when moved its inertia offccts
the impression. This can be used on one lino wiro instruments, tho
impression being given after tho typo wheel is set by keeping tho circuit
closed. An air cylinder with a piston also is employed to provont tho 25
printing lover moving, except by keeping tho circuit closed a sufficient "
time.
The paper is drawn along by a swinging claw or tooth pressed upon
the. paper by a toggle or spring, and then moving with a swinging
segment or a roller, and a holding pawl keeps tho paper from drawing 80
back.
Where two typo wheels are used, and an end movement is given upon
tho shaft to bring one into action and remove tho other from action, tho
said end movement is given either by an electro-magnct and polarized
armature that will be held in contact with the cores or repelled according 35
to tho polarity of tho current, or tho printing may bo from ono typo
Specification. A.D. 1872.—N° 1453. 3
_ Edison's Improvements in Printing Tele graphs. ~
wheel with an open circuit and from tho other with a closed circuit or
clso the endwise movement is given from [the printing lever by lever or
wedge acting connections operating upon radially slotted wheels.
It is to be understood that tho printing instruments before described
5 arc located at tho places or stations distant from tho sending or trans¬
mitting station, and that they aro operated by electric pulsations given
from the said transmitting station. I now describe tho pulsator to bo
used at said transmitting station to send these electric pulsations :-A
motor mndc of a shaft and armnturo revolved by stationaiy electro-
10 magnets gives motion by a friction clutch to a circuit breaker made of
alternate conducting and non-conducting material. Tho typo wheel at
the distant station is moved around by these pulsations in unison with
a revolving arm at tho transmitter (actuated by gearing from tho pul-
sator), and when this arm is stopped by depressing one of a range of
15 finger keys the pulsator is stopped, also the typo wheel, and the printing
circuit brought into action. The speed of the pulsator shaft is regulated
by a governor, that acts as a circuit breaker to the electro-magnets of tho
motor, or “ cuts out” those magnets by closing a shunt or more direct
circuit.
20 Where many printing telegraphs are worked in several circuits by one
transmitter or pulsator, it is often preferable to employ short relay
magnets with slotted cores and relay circuits between the transmitting
and printing instruments. °
SPECIFICATION filed in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Letters
25 Patent, and of an Order of tho Lord Chancellor, by the said
Ihornns Alva Edison in tho Great Seal Patent Offico on the loth
November 1872.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Thomas
Aiva Edison, of Newark, in the State of Now Jersey, United States of
30 America, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by ner
Letters Patent, bearing date the Thirteenth day of May, in tho year of
our Lord Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, in the thirty.
I'tth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, give
4 A.D. 1872.—N° 1453. sp«m»«on.
Edison's Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
and grant unto rao, the said Thomas Alva Edison, Her special licenco
that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors,
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,,
from time to timo and at all times thereafter during tho term therein 5
expressed, should and lawfully might mako, use, oxerciso, and vend,
within tho United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, tho Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for “ Improvehehts a Prixtiho
Telegraphs,” upon tho condition (amongst others) that I, tho said Thomas
Alva Edison, my executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing 10
under my, or their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly
describo and ascertain tho nature of tho said Invention, and in wliat
manner tho same was to bo performed, and cause tho same to bo filed
in the Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and
immediately after tho date of the said Letters Patent. 15
NOW KNOW YE, that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, do hereby
declare tlio naturo of my said Invention, and in what manner tho same
is to be performed, to bo particularly described and ascertained in and
by the following statement, reference being made to tho Drawings
hereunto annexed, and to tho letters and figures marked thereon (that is 20
to say)
My improvements comprise a system of reporting from one central
point to any number of distant points the quotations of market values,
gold, stocks, and other articles of trade or merchandize.
Tho first part of this improvement rointes to a machine that is termed 25
a “ transmitter,” in which there are finger keys or stops that are allotted
to the respective characters employed. There is also in this instrument
a “ pulsator” that makes and breaks an electric circuit passing through
a range of relay magnets, and opens and closes these until tho pulsator is
stopped by the depression of one of the finger keys. 80
The second part of my Invention relates to tho arrangement of tho
respeotivo electric circuits that connect this transmitter with tho relay
magnets and tho circuits that are operated by those relay magnets, and
pass through tho printing telegraph instruments, a number of these
instruments being placed in each circuit, so that ono transmitting 35
instrument will opernto in unison any numbor of printing telegraph
instruments, to the extent of hundreds, and in case of defect in any one
local circuit tho other circuits will not bo disarranged.
Tho third part of this Invention relates to the printing telegraph
instruments themselves, with tho modifications in construction adapted
5 to various uses, and tho appliances that arc employed in or with such
instruments for effecting tho various operations or for preventing diffi¬
culties that may arise under different circumstances.
In tho Drawings, Eig. 1 is a plan of tho transmitter, and a diagram is
also shown representing tho circuits to tho relay magnets and printing
10 instruments, in which two wires arc employed, one wire and circuit to
the type wheel magnets, tho other to the printing magnets; in Eig. 2 a
diagram is shown of tho transmitter and circuits to printing telegraph
instruments operated by ono wire and electric circuit; and Eig. 3 repre¬
sents tho transmitting instrument by a vortical section.
15 The shaft a of the transmitting instrument is preferably revolved by
magnetism. Eor this purpose two stationary magnets arc used, ono of
which a 1 is seen in Fig. 3, and there are three armatures 2, 2, 2; and
upon tho shaft a is a circuit breaker 3 of alternate conducting and non¬
conducting material tlint opens and closes the circuit to tbc magnets a'
20 alternately, so as to attract tbc armatures successively and revolve the
sliaft a. The battery 0* operates this motor, the wires being connected
at 4 to tho bed h of tbc machine, and at 5 to tho insulated binder, and
from that to the magnets a' and to the lover and roller 0 of tho
respective pulsators, thonco through tho shaft a and bed b to 4. Upon
25 tho shaft a are governor balls b' that riso by increased speed and bring
tho flange 7 of tho sliding sleeve into contact with tho adjustable insu¬
lated arm 18, Eig. 3, and tho friction will cheek tho speed, but it is
preferable to connect therewith a wire 95, so that the electricity will be
“ short circuited,” passing through 4, b, a, 7,18, and 95 to 5 instead of
30 going through tho electro-magnets a', thus lessoning the power and the
speed and maintaining uniformity in tho revolution of the motor.
If tho governor balls act to connect a circuit through the magnets a 1 , a 1 ,
tho slight electro-magnetism remaining in tho cores of the motor magnets
will net to detain tho armature in revolving, and thereby lessen the
35 speed; and if the pin is below tho flange 7, and tho circuit to the motor
magnets passes that way, then tho power will be checked when the
6 A.D. 18/2.—N° 1453.' seduction,
Edison's Improvements in Printing 2'elegrapha.
maximum speed is attained by opening the circuit to said motor
magnets.
By a suitablo connection such as tho gearing 8, 9,10, tho shaft c is
revolved with the desired speed. It lias two arms c\ c', on opposito
sides, ono above the other, and these act in connection with two semi- 5
circular ranges of finger keys d, d l . Beneath the bed b theso finger keys
have arms d' ! , (P, converging towards tho center of c, and when one of
tho keys d x is depressed its arm d a stops tho arm c’, shaft c, and
gears 8, 9,10. The gear 8 is driven by friction, hence the motor and
shaft a continue to revolve, but connected with the gear 8 is a pulsalor e 10
mado of alternate conducting and non-conducting surfaces, and theso
open and close the circuits to the distant printing instruments or to tho
relay magnets.
By bearing in mind that the parts are mnde so that tho pulsator e
transmits the necessary number of pulsations to mako a complete 15
revolution of the type wheels (at tho distant instruments by a step-by-
step movement), each complcto revolution of the shaft c, it will be
understood that the shaft c and the typo wheels revolve in harmony, and
that when the shaft c is stopped by one of the keys d, or d', the typo
wheels of the distant instruments uro stopped, and the position of the 20
characters on the type wheels must be in harmony with the arrangement
of the keys d, d\ and when the key is liberated, the shaft c nnd pulsator e
resume their revolution and the distant type wheels also resume tho
synchronous movement.
The printing telegraph machines illustrated at A, A, arc operated by 25
two wires, those shown at B, B, Pig. 2, uro operated by ono wire; hcnco
with two wire instruments two ranges of relay magnets e', e', and c\ c*
will be required, while only the range e' of relay magnets will bo needed’
with ono wire instruments.
When two ranges of relay magnets are used, there are two rollers or 80
contact springs 12 and 13, on insulated spring lovers; one is connected
to the binding screw 14, the other to tho binder 15, nnd the parts aro
positioned so that tho pulsator e, as it revolves, opens and closes tho
circuit from tho battery through the relay magnets c\ to make nnd
break tho circuit at 16 from the batteries c 4 , through the type-wheel 85
clcctro-magncts in the distant instruments A.
Specification.
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453. 7
Edison’s Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
The relay magnets c* will not respond, although tho circuit is closed
by tho roller 13, because tho springs of the armatures of tho electro¬
magnets c* aro under considerable tension, and tho pulsator contact
points are small and send but a very short impulse, but when tho
6 pulsator e is stopped by depressing one of tho keys, tho roller 12 rests
upon a non-conducting surface breaking tho circuit through c 1 , and tho
roller 13 resting on a conductor closes the circuit through the relavs e",
causing them to close the circuits at 17 of tho batteries e', hence they
act in the distant instruments A in tho electro-magnets that effect tho
10 printing. The pulsator c when employed with the single rnngo of relay
magnets e', as in Fig. 2, causes the pulsations to be repeated at 10
from the batteries e* to the distant instrument, and wlion the printing
is effected by a pause on a closed circuit tho pulsator e is stopped with
tho roller 12 in contact with the metallic portion of the pulsator, but if
15 the printing is effected by a pause upon an open circuit tho roller 12 is
in contact with a non-conducting portion of the pulsator e.
I linve shown tho battery e 4 in three sections connected with the
respective relay magnets and with three circuits, in each of which
circuits there may be any desired number of printing telegraph instru-
20 ments, and tho circuits are completed through the ground connections.
The circuits to the transmitting instrument and the relay magnets
may bo disconnected by a switch at d that may bo turned around to
throw both batteries out of action, and tho circuits from tho batteries e 4
will also be broken at tho relay magnets.
25 It is preferablo to employ slotted cores in tho relay magnets and to
mako theso cores short, say not over two centimetres in length, and it is
preferable to employ a detached layer of wire around the outside of each
electro-magnet helix, which in practice will bo found to lessen tho sparks
at and tho burning of the contact points without decreasing the power
30 of tho electro-magnet. This extra layer or layers of wiro should be put
upon tho outside of each magnet in tho printing instruments to lessen
tho spark duo to the discharge of tho induced magnetism from the iron
cores.
The printing telegraph instruments and tho appliances connected
36 with them form tho third part of this Invention.
Bigs. 6, 6, & 7 aro vertical sections of the printing instruments;
Bigs. 8 and 9 are elevations endwise of tho printing lever; and Big. 10
* _A.D. 1872.—N° 1453. ^
Edison's Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
is a plan of tlio instrument. The baso/of tho instrument is of metal
with frames/ 1 that support tho typo wheel shaft g, upon which is the
typo wheel or wheels (l, l',) and tho electro-magnet h is employed to
moyo a lover h\ and hy a stcp-hy-stcp movomont from pawls or wedge-
actmg teeth i operating upon a toothed wheel k tho typo wheol will ho 5
moved around progressively hy tho electrical pulsations aforesaid actin'- '
in tho magnet h. °
. Tll ° oIe otro-magnot m actuates tho printing lover m' to givo the
impression, and this electro-magnet m is energized when tho typo wheol
fbrp b rktin UrnCd ’ 011,1 ^ Pr ° 1)0r lettCr ° r obaractcr brought into position 10
The arms 20 extend up sufficiently to carry a reel with tho strip of
paper, and the types on the wheel are inked hy a roller 21. A spring 22
Figs, o & 8, may ho used to press tho ink roller upon tho types.
Wherever the before described parts arc shown in the various figures 15
the same letters of reference are applied.
The magnets m and h are adjustable vertically by screws 23, 24, that
pass through the bed/and act upon tho cross bars cariying the magnets
and the soft iron cores of the electro-magnets are hy preference made
:m:f n r m f S,0t ; aSSCCnin ^ 4 ' SOthat the rcs ' ( iual magnetism 20
^dl he fredy d."charged, and the helix are preferable when made of fine
Mire without insulating covering wound hy machinery, and with a layer
of paper between one layer of wire and the next. The line wires
of the electric circuits arc connected with tho binding screws 20 for
the magnet h, and with the hinders 27 for tho magnet m. 25
*——«*•*■— m.
„ U F ™‘l M 7', r ” ! ’° m ”” 01 ln» wfcol, wliilo 11,0
other type wheel is not being printed from.
Second. Means for bringing all tho typo wheels in tho various printing 30
instruments into unison hy turning them around to a unison or Lnninf
point and then liberating them all at once, so that all start together Md
thus errors in printing are avoided. ° ’ d
Third. Means for moving the strip of paper alon<- Tho i i
* * K8 ' ”• “■»* *2.. ** sJiajt 35
)3poc!Qcation.
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453. *
Edison's Improvements in Printing Tele graphs.
shaft y; to this is connected a T lover o’, and upon tho printing lever
»»' arc two stops or pins 30 & 31, positioned so that when tho
typo wheels are stopped at one point and tho printing lover is moved,
tho pin 30 taking one end of tho lover o’ will shift tho typo wheels in
5 one direction, and if turned around another notch (of k), the other pin
will act on o\ ns tho printing lover is moved, and shift the typo wheels
the other way. Upon tho printing lever *»» is a shield o ! of thin metal
under which tho strip of paper passes and in which shield is in an opening
so that one type wheol will print through tho opening, tho other being
10 kept from touching tho paper; thero is a printing pad p * on tho printing
lover below tho paper at this point. ‘ ;
Tho person at tho transmitting station brings cither type wheel into
action hy stopping aU tho typo wheels at the proper position and
allowing tho printing lover to ho moved hy closing tho circuit through
15 tho printing magnot. As thero are hut two points where the chan°o
can ho made either one way or tho other, a disk p is used on the typo
wheel sleeve or shaft with a notch, and tho cam p > is on either one side
or tho other of tho disk, so that tho parts cannot shake out of place.
Tho typo wheels may he shifted endwiso hy a magnet q and lever q'
20 see Fig 11 , acting on the sliding sleevo o. In this case the electric
circuit passes through tho magnet h, then through the magnet q and tho
toothed wheel k, on the typo wheel shaft, g is to ho of the character
shown in Fig 7, so that tho rotation of g will ho half a space (of k)
as tho lover h l is attracted hy h, and the other half spaco as tho lever IP
2o is drawn hack hy its spring. If therefore tho circuit is kept closed
through h and q, tho typo wheel l will bo held in position to ho printed
from, hut if tho printing circuit through m is closed when tho electric
circuit through h, q, is broken, then tho wheel l' will he in position for
being printed from, tho spring / moving tho typo wheels to the left, Fi<-
30 1. Tho types on l, P, in this instance must ho positioned so that tho
type on one wheel is inline with tho space between two types on tho
other wheel.
If tho armature <f of the magnot q is permanently magnetized, then it
will either ho attracted or repelled, according to tho polarity of tho
3o electric current passing through q, therefore hy this modification one
type wheel will ho brought to position for printing by a positive current
and tho other hy a negative current. The same is the case with tho
10
Specification.
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
Edison's Improocm cnts in Printing Telegraphs.
types on the wheels shown in Figs. 12, 14, but in theso Figures the
shifting is accomplished mechanically instead of electrically by levers or
inclines r, r\ moved by the printing lover >»*, and acting against the
notched wheels r 1 r\ These parts are positioned so that with a closed
electric circuit the lover or inclino r will press against the side of the 6
wheel r 1 and shift tho type wheels to the left to print from tho wheel l'
and tho lever or incline r' will not be operative bccauso it will pass into
tho notch in r 5 , as shown in Figs 13 & 15, but when the printing lever
m l is moved with tho electric circuit through h open, tho lever or inclino
r x will operate on r 1 , and shilt the type wheels tho other way, and bring 10
tho type wheel l into position for printing from.
Where the characters on the type wheels arc positioned in two rows ns
in Fig 10, with tho characters in one row opposito tho spaces in the
other row, it is necessary that the type wheel should bo turned around
upon its axis a distnneo equal to half a space to bring ono row of 15
characters in position for being printed from, and the other row where
there will not be any impression on account of the spaces between tho
types coming over the impression pad. I accomplish this by a T headed
spring bolt s that enters one of two notches on an arm 35, that extends
from the sleeve of tho type wheel. When this bolt s is raised ns in Fig 2 0
18 by the impression lever »»> tho type wheel and arm 35 can bo turned
by a wedge tooth s‘ on the lever in 1 , acting against one of the inclined
faces of tho arm 30. If the type wheel is to be moved tho other way
half a space the type wheel is rotated further around so that tho wedge
tooth s’ acts the other way on the opposite face of the inclino 30. ° 2 5
When the printing lever recedes, as in Fig. 17, tho T head of the bolt
8 holds tho typ 15 wheel in place by falling into tho appropriate notch
in 35. A similar movement is given to tho type wheel by tho devico
shown in Fig. 8, wherein tho lever o> shifts tho cam 30 and turns tho
typo wheel partially around upon its axis; in this case the movement 30.
may either be an entire letter space so as to print from alternate letters
or characters, ono set of characters being in position for impression
when shifted ono way, and tho intermediate letters or characters being
in position for printing when shifted tho othor way. ~
Figs. 10 and 20 are plan views of the machines in which the two 35
type wheels arc employed as before; but instead of moving tlic type
wheels, the printing levers arc made in two parts, with separate im
Specification.
11
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
Edison's Improvements in Printi ng Telegraphs.
pression pads, as seen in Fig. 21, and notched wheels i-, r\ arc attached
upon tho shaft g instead of tho sleeves o, as in Figs. 12 & 1-1, and
although both tho printing magnets in, in', are energized only ono
printing lever in' can movo bccauso tho finger r' rises in the notch
6 of tho wheel r\ see Figs 19, 21, and 22, and the other lever w>‘ i 3
stopped from rising because its finger r comes in contact with tho
projection or tooth of tho notched wheel i*, thus ono typo wheel l
wiU bo printed from on tho open circuit (through h), and tho other
wheel P will bo printed from when the circuit through A is closed.
10 In Fig. 20 tho sopnrato impression pads and levers aro controlcd
electrically instead of mechanically. In this case the arm -15 on tl.c
axis of tho typo wheel lever closes the circuit, as seen in Fig. 23, to
tho magnet in when tho magnet A is energized, and on the open
circuit of tho magnet A, tho said arm 45 will close tho circuit through
15 the mugnet in', and thereby an impression will be taken when tho type
wheels stop rotating from either the wheel l or l', according to whether
the wheels aro stopped on an open or a closed circuit through A.
It is to bo understood that tho pulsations in A and the vibrations of 45
arc too rapid to allow either magnet m or in' to be energized until a
20 pause takes place and tho type wheels stop.
In instruments where there is but one wire passing through both the
printing magnet in and tho type wheel magnet A, as seen in the small
inverted plan, 24, there will bo a movement of tho printing lever
each pulsation that is sent for setting the type wheel if there is not a
25 resistance to tho movement of tho printing lever that cheeks that move¬
ment during tho ordinary pulsations; but that resistance is overcomo
uring a pause sufficient for developing tho full power of the printing
magnet. This resistance to tho movement of tho printing lever may bo
a spring, but tho weight m\ Figs. 7, 9, and 24, is preferable, as it
30 prevents by its inertia a sudden movement, and when in motion tho
inertia aids the power of tho clcctro-magnct in striking the pad against
ic pnper with a sufficient blow to make a good impression.
In Fig. 25 this resistance to tho movement of the printing lover is
obtained by employing an air cylinder and piston, the latter boin- con-
3o ncctcd to the lever «,> by a rod in". In this case-tl.e pulsations in tho
magnet A operate to set tho typo wheel l or l' by a step-by-step move¬
ment; but they do not movo the impression lover in' sufficiently for
12
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453. SjwctRc&tion*
Edison's Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
printing becauso tlic spring m" is noting upon (lie same, and tho air
cushion in tho cylinder formed between tho piston and tho cylinder
arrests any sudden movement, and tho spring »»“ acts between tho
pulsations to keep (ho piston from gradually forcing tho niroutof tho
cylinder j but when tho circuit is kept closed at tho transmitting station 5
tho printing lever is allowed to move and givo tho impression, as the
rod in' 1 moves tho piston and displaces the air cushion sufficiently to
allow of this movement. The piston may have a valve to open as tho
lever descends so as to allow tho printing pad (o move rapidly away
from the typo wheel.
The next feature of this Invention relates to an automatic dcvico for
bringing all tlio type wheels to a unison or harmonious starting point.
Ordinarily it is not necessary to rotate the type wheels more than two
revolutions before the required letter will bo in position for printing.
Tho unison is brought into action by giving to tho typo wheels two 15
or more revolutions, and in tho act of so doing bringing into action
a stop that arrests tho further movement of the typo wheel, but the
pulsations aro continued sufficiently to bring up to that stop any
typo wheels that may bo out of unison, and then upon operating the
printing lever a movement is given to the unison stop that liberates 20
the type wheels all at once, and they arc then in position for starting
again in unison. The most convenient unison is an arm o' with tho
end in a screw thread o= on the shaft g, and a pin 50 that stops
against tho end of that arm, and when tho printing lover m' is moved
the arm o is lifted out of tho screw o 5 by tho forked bar 53, and a 25
spring 51, Figs. 9 & 10, returns it to a normal position. Tho pin 50
may bo in the side of a disk, and a volute groove in tho disk take the
place of a screw.
' In Figs 5 & 8 an arm d> is shown on the typo wheel shaft g, taking
in succession the teeth 54, on tho arm o', and drawing it down into the 30
path of 60, tho stop o* is lifted by the bar 53, as before, when tho
printing lover is moved.
In instances whero tho typo wheel is moved half a space on closin-
tho circuit and tho printing takes place on an open circuit, a unison
wheel can bo employed, such as shown in Figs. 0 and 20. In this 35
instanco tho magnet h draws down tho pallets i and holds tho ratchet
wheel k and the separate ratchet wheel k' in tho position shown in FK 20
Edison's Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
so that the point 00 on tho printing lover m' will not as a wedgo and
force around tho typo wheel l, and tho wheels k' and k ono tooth at a
time, as tho printing lever is moved by tho magnet m, but when tho
space (made by removing ono tooth in tho wheel k\ Fig. 20) arrives
5 at tho point 00 tho turning of tho typo wheel will ceaso becauso thero
is nothing for tho point 00 to act against.
Tho printing pad p‘ may be a small rubber or clastic roller, so as to
turn and present ditTcrent sides to the impression.
To movo tlic paper along a pawl u is employed and a roller or
10 segment v. As tho impression lever is raised tho pawl u is forced upon
tho paper, holds tho same, and feeds tho strip along tho required
distance.
Tho lover o', Figs. 7, 9, and 10 is moved by a pin on the printing
lever in a slot in the lover o', and a holding pawl to, Figs. 9 and 10, acts
15 to prevent the paper drawing back.
In Fig. 6 tho pawl it has an arm that is connected by a link 68
to tho printing lever in', so that as the lever rises tho paper is first
caught by the pawl «, and then the parts movo together as the lever o'
is swung by tho link G2 ; there is a slight looseness in the joint of tho
20 link 02 that allows tho pawl u to bo pressed upon tho paper before tlio
other parts move. Tho pawl may be made to slido and movo tho paper
along in a shallow trough, and tho end of tho sliding pawl, coming
against a stop as tho printing lever and pawl aro moved, gives the feed
motion to tho paper.
25 What I claim as my Invention and desire to sccuro by Letters Patent
is,—
First. Tho pulsator e driven by friction in combination with tho
rango of finger keys and tho arms c', c 3 , substantially as and for tho
purposes set forth.
30 Second. Tho revolving pulsator c in combination with tho relay
magnets and connections of tho local and main lino circuits, sub¬
stantially as sot forth for actuating tho printing tolegraph instruments
in their respective circuits, substantially as set forth.
Third. Tho governor b x and flange 7 in combination with tho circuit
36 connections to tho magnets of tho motor, substantially as and for tho
purposes set forth.
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
14
Specification.
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
Edison's Improvements in Printing Teleg raphs.
Fourth. Two typo wheels, Fig. 11, sliding endwise of the shaft, in
combination with an electro-magnet to move such type wheels in ono
direction, and a spring or its equivalent to return the typo wheels to
their former position, substantially as set forth.
Fifth. An clectro-magnet in tho same circuit ns the typo wheel 6
magnet, and operating to give end motion to two typo wheels' when tho
circuit is closed, in combination with a magnet in a separate circuit, to
give the impression, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. The notched wheels r=, r\ Figs. 12 & 14, in combination
with the type wheels l, l', and mechanism substantially ns set forth, 10
for moving the type wheels or tho printing pad or shield, to select the
type whed from which the impression is to ho made, substantially as set
Seventh. Two type wheels with the characters of ono in line with tho
spaces between tho characters on tho other, and a step-by-step move- 15
ment that is operative when tho electric circuit is both closed and
opened, m combination with the notched wheels r=, ,* and mechanism
forth° CCtlUS tb ° tyP ° " hCCl t0 b ° l )rinted from > substantially as set
Eighth. The conical faced notched wheels r>, r', Figs. 14 and 15 in 20
combination with the inclined stops r, r>, and typo wheels l, P, sub¬
stantially as set forth.
Ninth The swinging levers r, >•', Pigs. 12 , 13 , actuated by the
printing lever »\ in combination with tho type wheels l, P, and notched
wheels r-, r\ substantially as set forth. 2Q
Tenth. The combination of two type wheels and a printing lever
with mechanism moved by the printing lever, substantially as sol
forth, for printing from one type wheel when the type wheel circuit
th ° ° tbCr WhCn tbat ChCUH » AsItaSy
Eleventh A shifting movement derived from tho printing lever ^
operating m ono direction with a closed circuit, and in the aZ
direction with an open circuit, substantially as set forth.
Twelfth. Tho bolt s, arm and notches 35, and fork *30 in • ,•
’f' a t„. wheel or wheel., ]»,l„ 8 r „ g0 . ^
Ihe love, „nd wedge tooth M „d for the pun,,... Sj,
Specification.
15
A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
Edison's Improvements in Printing Telegraphs.
Thirteenth. The cam 30 moved by the T lover o> and pins 30,31, upon
the printing lever, in combination with tho typo wheel l and sleeve 0,
substantially as and for tho purposes sot forth.
Fourteenth. Tho wheels r 3 , r\ Figs. 19, 22, projections r, r\ and
6 levers >»', ro M , in combination with tho typo wheels l, P, substantially as
set forth.
Fifteenth. Two separate printing lovers and their respcctivo magnets
in the same or branch circuits, in combination with two typo wheels
positioned ns specified, and mechanism substantially as sot forth, for
10 proventing an impression from ono of tho typo wheels while tho other
is bciug printed from, substantially ns set forth.
Sixteenth. Tho circuit closing arm 45, Figs. 20, 23, and connections
to tho respcctivo mngnots m, m', in combination with tho printing
levers m\ m'\ typo wheels l, P, and actuating mechanism, substantially
15 as set forth.
Seventeenth. Tho printing lever and weight »»' in combination with
the typo wheel and an electro-magnet, for tho purposos and as set forth.
Eighteenth. Tho combination in one eleetric circuit of two or more
type wheel magnets, and two or more printing magnets, and two or
20 more weighted printing levers, substantially as set forth, whereby tho
printing will bo effected by tho same pulsation used to bring tho typo
wheel to place, hut only when the printing magnet has accumulated
sufficient forco to givo a blow by tho weighted printed levers, sub¬
stantially as sot forth.
2o Nineteenth. Tho air cushion, Fig. 25, applied to and combined with
the printing lever and its magnet in a printing telegraph instrument, in
tho manner and for tho purposes specified.
Twentieth. Tho arm 0 ' and stop 50 upon tho shaft g in combination
with the arm o\ teeth 54, and forked bar 53, moved by tho printing
30 m> ’ th ° parts bein ° arranged and operating, substantially as set
Twenty-first. Tho wheel k* and tooth CO, actuated by tho printing
lover in combination with tho typo wheel l, wheel k, and pallets i,
substantially as and for tho purposes sot forth.
35 Twenty-second. Adjusting tho typo wheel to tho unison point by tho
movement of the printing lover, wliilo tho typo wheel pallets are in tho
Specification.
16 A.D. 1872.—N° 1453.
__ Edison'a Improvements in Print ing Telegraphs.
opposite position to tlmt which they occupy when the typo wheel is
being printed from, substantially as set forth.
Twenty-third. The pawl « upon the arm o’, connected by the link OS
■with tho lever m' in combination with the slotted link 02, that swings
tho lever o' to feed the paper, substantially as specified. 6
Twenty-fourth. Tho spring 22, attached to tho paper reel arms 20,
and capable of being swung aside, in combination with tho inkin"
roller 21, sustained by arms from tho cross bar a’, as set forth.
Twenty-fifth. The electro-magnets, provided with slotted cores, and
applied to a printing telegraph instrument, substantially as and for tho 10
purposes set forth.
In witness whereof, I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, havo here¬
unto set my hand and seal, this 21st day of October, A.D. 1872.
__ THOMAS A. EDISON, (l.s.)
witnesses, '
Ciia*. n. Smith, 121, Nassau St., Now York, N.Y.
Harold Serrell,
LONDON:
Printed by George Edward Eyre and William Sfottiswoodp
Printers to the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty. 1872.
A.D. 1873, 27 th FsDRVAnr. N° 735.
Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Telegraphs.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho State
of New Jersey, United States of Amorica, for tho Invention of
“ Impbovemehts ih Cibcditb a he Ihbtbdhehts fob Chemicai Teieqbaphs.”
Scaled tho 20th May 1873, and dated tho 27th February 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Thomas Alva Edison
at tho Office of tho Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
tho 27th February 1873.
I, Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho State of Now Jersey,
United States of America, do hereby dcclaro tbo naturo of tho said
Invention for “Impbovemehts ih Cibcuiis ahd Ihbtbdmehtb poe Chemicai
Teieobaphs,” to bo as follows:—
On long telegraph lines tho pulsations that produco tho dots and dashes
upon the chemical paper becomo so much attenuated os to bo indistinct
or to run into each other. The rapidity of tho transmission is therefore
lessened with tho increase in tho length of tho lino. -
My improvements are to obtain greater rapidity in transmission
in conscguenco of cutting off tho tailings of tho dots and dashes by
neutralizing tho attenuation of tho pulsations.
2 A.D. 1873,—N“ 735. B SSX
Edison’s Impta, in Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Telegraphs,
I have discovered that the counter current sot up in an clcctro-magnot
or induction coil, when the circuit is broken, will noutralizo the attonua-
tion of tlio pulsation. I therefore introduce suoh magnet in a shunt or
branch circuit, so that in tho discharge of the magnetism the roverso
current shall operate to clear tho line of tho tailings. G
Tho electro-magnet or induction coil is sometimes introduced in a
branch circuit from the lino to tho earth. At other limes it is in a shunt
contiguous to tho receiving instrument.
Two or moro stylus or pens, with shunt circuits and differing magnets
to each, ensuro lcgiblo characters in one of tho several lines of 10
characters.
At local stations drop copies can bo taken by dividing tho circuit,
placing tho magnet in the branch, or the samo thing can bo done in a
branch circuit running to tho earth, or tho magnet may operate a
sounder or call. A glass of water, with the ends of tho lino wire and 1G
tho ends of local circuit wires to the receiving instrument, may bo
employed for drop copies. When a resistance is placed in the main line
nnd a circuit breaker is in tho lino operated with great rapidity so ns to
keep tho lino charged statically, tho message will bo sent by the perforated
paper and stylus acting in a shunt that is connected with the line at 20
both sides of the resistance.
Tho. secondary current set up in an induction coil is emploved for
repeating a message. The primary circuit from the transmitting instru-
meat acts in one coil, and that induces a secondary circuit in another
coil connected with a receiving instrument. This device becomes an 05
induction relay that acts with as great rapidity as the automatic ban*
mitting instrument.
The secondary circuit may act in a second induction relay, or it mav '
bo used for drop copies, or for branch circuits running off from tho main
hne. In order to clear tho lino from surplus electricity batteries are an
connected with tho line at suitable distances apart, with their poles 30
opposed to the main battery, but of much less power, and these batteries
servo to neutralize or aid in neutralizing tho tailings, and render tho
mark upon the chemical paper clear and distinct. These reaction
batteries are either in tho main lino or in branch or shuut circuits 3G
Specification. A.D. 1873.—N° 735. 3
Edison'a Impta. in Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Telegraphs.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Letters Patent,
filed by tho said Thomas Alva Edison in tho Great Seal Patent
Olllco on tho 27th August 1878.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, TnOMAS
5 Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho State of New Jersey, United States of
America, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing dato tho Twenty-seventh day of February, in tho year of
our Lord Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy-three, in tho thirty-
10 sixth year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors, givo
and grant unto me, the said Thomas Alva Edison, Her special licence
ihnt I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my oxccutors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, the said Thomas Alva Edison my executors,
administrators, nnd assigns, should at any time ngreo with, and no others,
1G from lime to timo and at all times thereafter during the term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend,
within tho United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, tho Channel
Islands, nnd Islo of Man, an Invention for “ Impbovemehts in Ciscdits
ahd Insteomehts foe Chemical Telegbaphs,” upon tho condition (amongst
20 others) that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors or adminis¬
trators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or ono of their
hands nnd seals, should particularly describe and ascertain tho nature of
the said Invention, and in what manner the same was to bo performed,
and eauso tho same to bo filed in the Great Seal Patent Office within
25 six calendar months next and immediately after tho date of the said
Letters Patent.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, do hereby
declare the nnturo of my said Invention, nnd in what manner tho samo is
to be performed, to bo particularly described nnd ascertained in and by
30 the following statement, reference being made to tho Drawings hereunto
annexed, nnd to tho letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say):—
Before this Invention telegraphic circuits had been arranged with a
rheostat to regulate tho portion of tho electric pulsation passing to tho
85 chemical paper, and allowing tho other portions of tho pulsation to pass
along tho main lino or to go to the earth as a leakage. In these eases
^ A.D. 1873.-N 0 735, Specification.
Edison's Impls. in Cirenila and Instruments for Chemical Tel egraphs.
the rheostat (lid not produce any countor curront, and served only to
direct portions of tlm electrical waves through tho chemical paper, but
the tailing and attenuation of tho mark was not avoided, and upon
long lines theso marks usually ran togothcr, because there was not suffi-
went time for tho electric action to coaso, or tho lino to freo itself beforo
another pulsation succeeded, and tho lino becamo surcharged.
In all cases it has been desired to obtain tho most perfect insulation
of the hnc to avoid tho use of powerful batteries, and to lessen atmos-
phono influences. It lias however been found that when tho insulation
is impaired by atmosphoric influences tho marks upon tho chemical
papor aro moro distinct, because tho surplus electricity finds vent in
currents to tho earth, lessoning tho tailing.
. y bcn ™ olectro-magnct is charged by a pulsation tho electric action
m tho circuit of which tho liclix of tho magnet forms a part is aug¬
mented, but when tho main or lino current is broken the magnet L
^charging itself of tho magnetism that has been induced sets up
momentarily a counter current or one of opposite polarity. 1
I avail myself of these various conditions, and arrange tho circuits in
uch a manner that tho electro-magnets which aro energized by tho
P^a ion that makes tho mark on tho chemical paper servo to bonify
W when H a - n UP ° n - tbatpap01 '’ but tbQt tbc counter curr cnt, sol
attrition of P tr ai7 T Uit iS br ° kGDj sha11 nou( ™lizo tho tailing or
letrama^net^to77 ? ^ ^°flthe:magnetism tan'the
17 f01 ' tb ° ^ ° f VCry fGcbl ° ■»*
lendcimg tho marks upon tho chemical paper sharp and clear and I
wh i C ZnlacTd P 7 UP ° n l0DS bnCS 0n0 ° r m ° ro cartb con nections, in
wi P to 0 K ”T clcctr 0 - ma S“ ets * ™th or without rheostats
tinr.f n ? P p rtl0n of cun ’ cnts Passing to tho earth, such conncc
8 an J clc °tro-magnets serving to freo tho lino from surplus electricity
t» freo tho too tram m, attaumtioa of the prinrny pntotions.
a.™ 5 Sit*, *» !r ^ «*
specification. A.D. 1873.-—N° 735. S
Edison's Impls. in Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Teleg raphs.
m.which a strip of perforated paper is drawn along between tho (bum
and stylus or roller to open and close tho main lino cbouit, and produce
tho pulsations of electricity that travel over tho lino in tho direction of
tho arrows3, and mako a mark at tho distant recording instruments
C upon a strip of chemical paper drawn along between the stylus and
roller. Tho current is divided, part passing by tho wbes 2, 2 , in what is
called a shunt, and in this is placed tho clectro-magnot c, or an induction
eoib As each pulsation ceases in tho main lino a reverse current is set
up in tho shunt in the direction of tho arrows 4 by tho discharge of tho
10 magnetism of tho coro of tho clectro-magnot or induction coil. This
cuts off any tailings in the pulsation of tho main line, and prevents
attenuation in tho mark on tho papor.
The electro-magnet or induction coil is sometimes introduced in a
branch circuit from the lino to tho earth, as at e. At other times it is
16 in a shunt contiguous to tho receiving instrument.
Two or more styluses or pens with shunt circuits and differing magnets
to each ensure legible characters in one of tho several lines of characters.
These aro shown at/,/ 1 ,/ 3 , Pig. 2, and it will be understood that tho
electrical conditions differing in tho circuits to the different styluses that
20 one of tho lines of marks on tho chemical paper is almost sure to be clear
and legible, because of the electrical condition being correct.
At local stations drop copies can bo taken by dividing tho circuit,
placing the magnet c in the branch, as at g, Fig. 1, or tho same thing
can bo dono in a branch circuit running to tho earth, as at e, or tho
25 maguct may operate a sounder or call or a local cbouit, as at h, Pig. 2,
"‘hero tho magnet o is represented as a relay operating in the local ebeuit
from a battery k to tbc receiving instrument b. A glass of water, with
tho ends of the line wire and tho ends of local circuit wbes to tho
receiving instrument, may bo employed for drop copies, as seen at l,
30 Pig. 2 .
When a resistance or rheostat It, Pig. 2, is placed in tho main lino,
and a circuit breaker o is in tho lino operated with great rapidity by a
revolving magnetic motor p, or otherwise, so ns to^kcep the lino statically
charged, tho message will bo sent by the perforated paper, and tho
35 stylus acting in a shunt that is connected with tho lino at both sides of
I the resistance, tho battery B charging tho lino dbectly through tho
6 A.D. 1873.—N° 735. Specification.
Edison's Impls. in Circuits and Instruments for Ohemical Telegraphs.
perforations of the paper, and producing pulsations of greater intensity
than the static charge.
The secondary current set up in an induction coil is employed for
repeating a message. The primary circuit from tho transmitting instru¬
ment acts in ono coil, and that induces a secondary circuit in another 5
coil connected with a receiving instrument. This dovico becomes an
induction relay that acts with as great rapidity as the automatic trans¬
mitting instrument.
In Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6 , & 7 these induction relays arc represented. Tho
transmitting instrument a, battery B, receiving instrument b, and indue- 10
tion coil or electro-magnet c, to react and neutralize the tailings as tho
main line circuit is broken, are tho sarao ns before described, but tho
pulsations of electricity from tho sending station only' pass through an
induction relay coil t, and that, by tho well known principles of induc¬
tion, sets up a current in tho surrounding helix, Fig. 3, or connected 15
helix it, Fig. 4, and this secondary or induced current either operates tho
receiving instrument, as scon in Figs. 5 and C, or else it operates in a
second induction coil l\ Fig. 3, and that becomes a relay and sets up
another current in the second induction coil and this operates in tho
receiving instrument. 20
Fig. 7 illustrates connections that may ho made under this modo of
operatingNew York is represented as the sending station. At New
Brunswick a drop copy is being taken by the secondary or induced
current from the induction relay. At Philadelphia the induction relay
coil n is connected to earth at v, and to tho lino wiro extending to Pitts- 25
burgh, and there operates in the receiving instrument. At Ilnrrisburgk
'the line passes through an induction relay that sets up a current in tho
line reaching to a receiving instrument at Buffalo. At Baltimore a
connection is sliow’n from the relay coil n to Cincinnati, and tho main
pulsations from New York extend through to tho receiving instrument at 30
Washington.
In order to clear the line from surplus electricity reaction batteries aro
connected with the lino at suitable distances apart, with their poles
opposed to the main battery, but of much less powor, and theso batteries
servo to neutralize or aid in neutralizing tho tailings, and render tho 35
mark upon the chemical paper clear and distinct. These reaction
I Edison's Impls. in Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Telegraphs.
batteries aro either in tho main lino or in branch or shunt circuits. Theso
reaction batteries aro marked to, and by roforoncc to Figs. 0 , 8 , 9 ,10,11,
12, & 13, tho arrangements and operations will bo apparent.
In Fig. 8 thero aro several branch circuits Jr, in which aro placed
3 5 rheostats or resistances E that may bo adjustable, and also batteries to
f that aro of tho proper power, and placed with the opposito polo to tho
0 lino to that of tho battery B, so that the line is operated upon in detail
j| at suitablo distances apart, say every ono hundred miles moro or less,
|| and tho line freed from tailing, and tho sarno is opposed to tho main
|| 10 current but not sufficiently powerful to neutralize tho same, or to inter-
| fere with the transmission. Theso batteries to aro so proportioned or
I adjusted as to bo equal to tho static current or electricity generated by
I tho passago of the main current.
I In Fig. 9 tho sumo parts aro employed, but tho opposition batteries to
| 15 aro placed in tho main lino and distributed along the same. The branch
I circuits to tho earth, with resistances E, act with the local opposition
§ batteries to establish currents counter to tho main current.
In Fig. 10 tho effect produced is tho same as before described, but in
place of rheostats there aro condensers l 3 , and the opposition local
20 batteries to acting upon tho condensers establish an opposite polarity on
the plates of tho condensers that arc connected with tho lino to the polarity
of such plates when influenced by tho transmitting battery, thereby
neutralizing the tailings by charging tho lino statically in opposition to
that from tho main current.
25 Tho condensers may bo connected with tho opposition local batteries
in tho manner seen in Fig. 11, so that the plates that aro connected to
tho line will bo influenced by tho other plates of tho condenser that aro
connected with the earth and tho other pole of tho battery, the operation
being similar to that beforo set forth.
30 In Fig. 12 tho parts arc tho same in their operation as those beforo
described, but instead of ordinary batteries cups «, containing platina or
carbon strips and aoidulntcd water, aro employed, so that when tho pul-
! sation on tho main lino ceases to charge such cups a momentary rovorso
current is established to neutralize tho tailings by instantly freeing tho
I 85 lino of any electric charge.
Specification.
3 A.D. 1873.—N° 735.
Edison's Impls. in Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Telegraphs.
In Fig. 13 tho lino battery to is introduced at the receiving station to
neutralize any local currant that may leak from ono insulator to another
(upon tho telegraph poles v that support tho lino wires), and tend to
charge tho lino sufficiently to produce a light continuous mark upon the
paper, tho battery to not being sufficient to interfere with tho pulsations 5
for tho messago, although its poles aro opposed to tho samo.
Tho electro-magnet or magnots c may bo used at tho transmitting end
of the lino either with or without the magnets at tho receiving instru¬
ment.
In Fig. 11 this arrangement is shown. Thoro is a rheostat or rcsis- 10
tanco It in the shunt 2, 2, and tho electro-magnet or induotion coil c is
connected at both sides of tho rheostat. Either polo of tho battery B
may bo connected to tho lino. The effect of this is that when tho circuit
is open part of the current passes upon tho lino and part returns to tho
battery through the magnet c, tho rheostat boing adjusted to direct tho 16
required quantity through the magnet.
When the circuit is broken tho reactionary discliargo of tho magnet
nets in tho opposito direction to the static discliargo of tho lino, and
neutralizes it or restores the normal condition of tho line instantly, and
thereby prevents tho tailings at the receiving instrument. 20
What I claim as my Invention, and dcsiro to sccuro by Letters Patent,
is,—
First. An elcctro-magnot or induction coil applied with a chemical
telegraph to neutralize tho tailings in tho main lino by tho discharge of
induced magnetism. 26
Second. Two or moro styluses to mark on a strip of chemical paper,
and the combination therewith of shunt circuits and induction coils, or
magnets of different sizes.
Tim’d. A rapid pulsator o, to cliargo tho lino constantly through a
rheostat It, combined with tho transmitting instrument, in a shunt of 80
iho main lino connected at both sides of the rheostat.
Fourth. A coil in which a secondary current is set up by a primary
noil, in combination with connections from that secondary coil to the lino
or a rceoiving instrument.
SpocIficAllon. A.D. 1873.—N° 735. 9
Edison's Impls . in Circuits and Instruments for Chemical Telegr aph.
Fifth. Ono or moro batteries in tho main lino, or connected therewith,
having thoir polos opposed to tho main lino curront to neutralize tailings’
in tho pulsations. °
In witness whereof, I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, have hereunto
6 set my hand and seal, this Twenty-fourth day of July, A.D. 1873.
_.. THOMAS ALVA EDISON, (l.s.)
Witnesses, v '
Cha". H. Smith,
121, Nassau St.
10 Now York.
nAnom Serrele,
121, Nassau St.,
Now York.
LONDON:
Printed by George Edwaiid Eyre and William Spottiswoodb,
Priutors to tho Queen’s most Excellent Majesty. 1S73.
A.D. 1873, 25 th April. N° 1508.
Electric Telegraphs.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho Stato of
Now Jersey, United States of America, for the Invention of “ Im-
PBOVEMEHTS IH ElECTBIC TeIiEQBAPHB.”
Sealed the 5th August 1878, and dated tho 25th April 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION loft by tho said Thomas Alva Edison
at tho Office of tho Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition, on
the 25th April 1873.
I I, Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho Stato of Now. Jersey,
,United States of America, do hcroby declare tho naturo of tho said
1 Invention for “ Impbovemehts in Electbio Teleobaphs," to bo as follows
[ In cables and long telegraph lines thoro is a Emit to tho speed with
I which perfect signals can bo transmitted and received, whethor tho
receiving instrument consists of an electro-magnet, a galvanometer, a
relay, or a chemical telograph instrument. This limit in speed arises
from tho fact that tho moment the lino or cablo is charged by tho
battery being connected a static charge is instantly sot up which is in an
2_ A.D. 1873.—N° 1508.
_ Edison's Im provements in Electric Telegraphs.
opposite direction to tho dynnmio charge, and the tendency is to defor
tho rccoption of the signal at tho distant station, and at tho moment of
breaking tho battery connection tho static chargo disperses by dividing
at tho centre of resistance and going in both directions, one part going
to tho ground at tho transmitting station in a direction opposed to tho 5
battery, and the other part going towards tho rccoiving instrument in
tho samo direction as tho provious current from tho battery. This
electrical condition is of sufficient duration to render tho signals unin¬
telligible at tho receiving instrument after a certain speed is attained.
Tho time of discharge is directly proportioned to tho resistance at tho 10
points of discharge at tho ends of the line, and tho result is that tho
speed of the instruments is limited to tho speed with which the lino will
free itself through tho channels aforesaid.
My Invention relates to the discovery of a method of neutralizin'* tho
effects of the static charge in any length of line or cable by balancing 15
the electric forces, and the discovery of a point of no electric tension or
zero as regards the static charge, so that tho receiving instrument when '
located at that point will bo operated by the rise of tension produced by
a pulsation that is connected at such receiving instrument and made as
instantly and definitely operative as tho pulsation given atthotrans- 20
mitting station. I obtain this point of no tension by forming at tho
receiving end an artificial line, having an equal resistance and electro¬
static capacity or capacity for producing static charges as that of
the cable or land lme, and connect this with tho line or cable, and
place between the cable and the artificial lme tho receiving instrument, 25
1 Inch lienee is in tho centre of resistance and static accumulation • when
t us balance is obtained tho signals are received perfect, and tho rapidity
is governed only by tho strength of tho battery. The artificial line fa
made with an adjustable rheostat; liquid in a tube is preferable
I connect between tho rccoiving instrument and tho earth ono or more qo
condensers or other accumulators of static clcetrieity, which are “So
adjustable by having them in sections, and bringing one or more sections
zislx a u ite v° - to »■>— «■.
resistance coiMiV 1 mayaI *° bo do110 Pacing a very iiigU adjustable
Specification. A.D. 1873.—N° 1508. 3
_ Edison'8 Improvemen ts in Electric Telegraphs.
Tho modo which I prefer is to keep my transmitting battery in circuit
at all times, and inoludo in tho samo circuit another battery of equal
power with opposito poles, so that when both-arc in thcro is no curront
generated, and tho resistance of tho wiro to earth is no moro than tho
5 resistance of tho battery.
Tho transmission of a pulsation is mado whon tho circuit is closed
through tho perforation in tho paper, or otherwise, so as to short circuit
or shunt tho neutralizing battery and send a current upon tho line.
Tho curront at receiving paper is shunted through a resistance so as to
10 preservo a constant and equal resistance which tho chemical rccoiving
paper docs not give, owing to being moro damp in ono place than
another. In balancing tho resistance and static current tho resistance
of tho instrument fa to bo added to tho lino, nnd tho resistance of tho
two equalized by tho same amount of resistance in the artificial cablo or
15 -line.
If tho receiving instrument is out of the centre of resistance towards
the line tho pulsations will be weakened by the static chargo acting
against the pulsation; but if tho instrument is towards tho artificial
cable on tho other side of tho zero point tho signals or characters will bo
20 slightly prolonged owing to tho static chargo discharging in tho samo
direction as tho current. It is at this point that I prefer to place tho
instrument, because by placing an electro-magnet in tho shunt of tho
receiving instrument I obtain enough counter discharge from that magnet
to cut off this prolongation locally, and this discharge from tho magnet
25 will not interfere w-ith tho lino that has only a local effect on tho
receiving instrument to prevent tailing on tho chemical paper.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho .Letters Patent
filed by tho said Thomas Alva Edison in tho Great Seal Patent Office
on tho 25tli October 1873.
30 TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, THOMAS
Alva Edison, of Newark, in the State of New Jersey, United States of
America, send greeting.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Letters
Patent, bearing date tho Twenty-fifth day of April, in tho year of our
4
Spocificatio
A.D. 1873.—N° 1508.
Edison' s Improvements in Electric Telegraphs.
Lord One thousand eight hundred and sovonty-tbreo, in tho thirty-
sixth year of Her roign, did, for Hcrsolf, Hor heirs and successors, givo
and grant unto me, the said Thomas Alva Edison, Hor special liconco that
I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors, administrators, and
assigns, or such others as I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors, 6
administrators, and assigns, should at any time agree with, and no others,
from timo to time and at all times thereafter during tho term therein
expressed, should and lawfully might make, uso, oxo'roiso, and vend,
within tho United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Channel
Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for “ Impbovemehtb is Eiectbic 10
Teleobaphs,” upon tho condition (amongst others) that I, tho said Thomas
Alva Edison, my oxeoutors or administrators, by an instrument in
writing under my, or their, or ono of their hands and seals, should
particularly describo and ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and
in wliat manner tho same was to he performed, and causo tho same to 16
ho filed in tho Great Seal Patent Office within six calendar months
next and immediately after tho date of tho said Letters Patont.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, do hereby
dcclaro the nature of my said Invention, and in what manner tho same
is to ho performed, to he particularly described and ascertained in and 20
by the following statement, reforenco being mado to tho Drawing here¬
unto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is to
say):—
This Invention is for increasing tho speed of transmission and
neutralizing tho effect of static electricity at tho receiving instrument. 26
An artificial lino is employed at tho opposite side of tho receiving
instrument to tho cable or main lino, hence between suoli instrument
and the earth connection. This artificial lino is mado with a rheostat or
resistance, and with a condenser or other accumulator of electricity, and
tho artificial lino is so adjusted as to resistance and static ebargo as to 30
equal tho lino or cablo; tho consequence is that tho receiving instrument
is placed at a neutral point or zero as regards olectrio tension and static
charge, from which tho static charges will dischargo or equalize itself
both ways, and tho messago will bo received with great rapidity and
reliability, according to tho pulsations from tho transmitting station. 36
In the Drawing Eiguro 1 illustrates my Invention in tho form that I
find most generally avaUablo. Tho batteries a and 0 nro connectod in
Specification. A.D. 1873. - N° 1508. 3
_ Edison'8 Improvements in Eleclrio Telegraphs.
opposite positions, tho positive poles being towards cnoli othor, and tho
negativo poles connected to tho ground g and lino l respectively. Tho
transmitting instrument o is in a circuit d to tho battery b, in which
circuit d is a resistance e. When tho circuit d is brokon, tho two
6 batteries a, b, neutralize each othor, and thoro is no charge sent on tho
line, but when tho circuit d is dosed through a perforation in tho paper
or by a finger koy or otherwise, tho bnttory b is short circuited, and
the battery a being unbalanced sends a pulsation on tho line. Tho
artificial lino between tho receiving instrument / and tho earth g x is
10 made by introducing a rosistanco or rheostat at r, preferably a tube con¬
taining liquid with adjustablo points. This rheostat is made to balance,
or equal or nearly equal the resistance of tho lino l, and tho instrument/
and the condenser s or other accumulator of static electricity is of a
capacity to about equal that of tho lino, honco the receiving instrument
15 will occupy a zero or neutral point in regard to tho statio charge from
which tho static charges will dischargo botli ways to g and g'. Tho
condcnsor or accumulator s should bo in sections to bring in a greater or
less number of sections by switches.
When tho receiving instrument is chemical, the paper is preferably
20 prepared by dipping it in a solution of at least ono pound of iodide of
potassium in ono gallon of water, to wliioh has been [added a snmll
quantity of flour. This pnpor cannot bo maintained at uniform moisturo,.
honco its rosistanco to tho passago of elcctrioity varies; this is com¬
pensated for by tho shunt circuit t, in which is a resistance « sufficient
26 to direct tho necessary amount of electricity to tho paper to make the
mark and allow tho remainder to pass to tho artificial lino, thus tho
varying condition of tho paper does not change the rosistanco of the
lino.
When an clcctro-magnet is energized and tho circuit broken, a
30 pulsation is set up in tho opposito direction to that passing into such
magnet; I avail of this to provont tailings upon tho chemical paper by
so applying tho cloctro-magnot that its dischargo will aid in restoring
tho lino or instrument to a normal condition instantly, and at v I havo
shown an cleotro-magnot for this purposo. It will bo scon that this
36 olcctro-magnot will discharge itself within a short local circuit containing
tho receiving instrument, and that tho reactionary current thorofrom
moving in tho opposite dircotion to tho main current frees tho receiving
instrument from any tailings caused by tho disohargo of statio electricity,
6 A.D. 1873.—N° 1508. Specification.
Edison's Improvements in El ectric Telegraphs. _
and this magnet v may bo omployed in many places to effect the object
boforo named oven whon tlicro is not an artificial lino.
In some instances with very long linos there may ho intermediate
artificial lines arranged as aforesaid, or reactionary magnets with.branch
circuits to the earth to cither rccoivo drop copies in such branch circuits 5
or to freo tho lino of static electricity, and aid in obtaining tho signals
perfectly at tho last receiving station with tho greatest rapidity.
Pigs. 2 and 3 represent tho samo parts as heforo described, but in
Pig. 2 only a single battery is shown, and tho resistance e is between
the lino and tho earth to regulate tho proportion of electricity sent over 10
tho lino by adjusting such rheostat to prevent too great return to tho
battery through such rheostat.
Prom tho foregoing it will be understood that what is to bo attained
is tho instant restoration of tho lino at tho receiving instrument. to a
normal electric condition after it has been disturbed by tho passage of a 15
pulsation of electricity, so that the speed will not be lessened by falso or
reactionary currents, and that the chemical paper will only be marked
with a dot or dash when the transmitting instrument is operative. In
some lines this condition is promoted by tho devices shown in Figs. 3
and 4, and theso are preferably used in addition to tho balanced circuit 20
at tho receiving end, as shown in Pig. 3, or may bo used separately
therefrom as represented in Fig. 4. Tho transmitting instrumont c,
circuit d, from the battery «, and tho rheostat c are as before mentioned,
and tho battery may bo arranged with either its positivo or negativo to
the lino, and there is a condonscr 7i, Pig. 3, or ono or more induction 25
coils or electro-magnets /*, Pig. 4, connected in tho shunt d at both
sides of the rheostat e. Tho effect of this is that when tho circuit is
opened through tho perforation of tho transmitting paper tho current
passes upon tho line and also through tho magnet or condenser h hack to
the other polo of tho battery, tho rheostat e diverting tho required 30
quantity. As tho circuit d is broken by tho intervening papor, tho
reactionary discharge or condition of opposite polarity takes placo from
tho magnet or condenser, and acting in tho opposite direction oithor
neutralizes the static discharge of tho lino or becomes a path for its
return to tho earth connection of tho battery, so that tailings or pro- 85
longations of tho marks on tho chemical paper at tho receiving instru¬
mont are effeotually prevented. In long lines an clcctro-magnot or
A.D. 1873.—N° 1508. 7
_ Edison's Improvements in Eleetrio Telegrap hs.
resistance r may bo introduced in a branch circuit /* to tho earth to
react upon tho lino to effect tho samo object, and a small battery may bo
introduced in said branch with its poles opposed to tho main current
that would pass over that branch, and thereby aid tho reactionary effect
5 of tho magnot in clearing tho lino, and lesson the tailings upon tho
chemical paper.
Claims.
I claim as my Invention,—
First. The artificial line on the opposite sido of tho receiving instru-
10 menttotho lino or cablo for positioning tho recoiving instrument at a
I neutral point for tho purposes set forth.
Second. An electro-magnet or condenser positioned in relation to tho
receiving or tho transmitting instrument, substantially as set forth, so
that the reactionary discharge from said magnet shall aid in restorin'*
[ 0 0 nornia l* condition of the lino cablo or receiving instrument.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, havo hereunto
set my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of September, A.D.
1873.
| 9A TIIOMAS ALVA EDISON.
|20 Witnesses,
Cua". H. Smith, 121 Nassau St., N.Y.
Geo. T. Pinckney, „ „ „
(L.S.)
„. . ,, „ LONDON:
n DWAIt . D EYM and WlUttH SPOTTISWOODE,
Printers to tho Queen’s most Excellent Majesty. 1873.
A.D. 1873, ll//< September. N° 2988.
Perforated Telegraphic Paper.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in the State
of New Jorsoy, United States of America, for tlio Invention of
“ Impbovemehts ih Pebpobated Papeb pob Teieobapbic Pubfoses, and
ih Meahs pob Receivibo ahd Tbahsmitiihq with the same.”
Sealed the 3rd Maroh 1874, and dated tho 11th September 1873.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Thomas Alva Edison
at tho Oflico of tho Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on tho 11th September 1873.
I, Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in tho Stato of Now Jersey,
B United States of America, do hereby dcclnro tho nature of tho said
Invention for " Impbovemehts ih Pebpobated Papeb pob Teleqbafhic Pob-
poses, ahd ih Meahs pob Receiviho ahd Tbahsmittiho with the same,” to bo
as follows:—
Tho paper instead of being perforated in telegraphic characters is
10 perforated in groups that represent Homan or block letters, or other
characters, and tho messago is rccoivcd upon chemical paper in dots
that cither touch each other or arc sufficiently close to clearly represent
A.D. 1873.—N° 2988.
Edison's Improvements in Perforated Telegraphic Paper.
by their aggregation the lotters or characters transmitted, thus making
the automatic telegraph strip as convenient as the printed message, and
obtaining the rapidity of the former, and avoiding the risks of tho
The paper is perforated, one letter or character at a time, by an 5
instrument operated by finger keys substantially similar to thnt shewn
in English Patent, No. 1751, A.D. 1872, except that the punches arc
massed together, preferably in a square, and the connections between
each key and the punches are such as to select and operate such of tho
punches as will perforate the paper to represent tho letter or character 10
upon the finger key. It is preferable to employ twenty-five punches in
a square of five each way.
The transmission from the perforated strip may bo by as many lines
of telegraph wires as there are rows (five) of perforations, so that there
may bo a transmitting stylus to each row of perforations, and also a pen 1r
' ° l ': ra '° t0 011 the chemical paper, and these pens arc to bo
sufficiently* close together to produce the letter transmitted in consc
quenee of the contiguity of the marks. The message can he mado
through one lmo wire by having the transmitting paper at one end and
the receiving paper at the other, and travelling at proper speed - and a on
roller for V* ^ 7°” a at ri & Lt an S? les <*> tho shall of tho
lol oifo! the paper, so that these spring fingers draw across the per
samelnsSh i mak °, C ° ntaCt thr ° UBh thc Potions, and at the
hy the spring, p“ wi
Lg compaSely ^ ° f *** arc
same speed «7so y ’ rCSPeCtlV0 ^ movia S at tho
“ T r sa n id PU Thoma C s° lla '°™ mms of tl10 L «ttcrs Patent, £
• Office on tho 4th March 1874. ' 1S<m m tll ° Gl ’ cat Seal 1>atcnt
C0ME>TnoMAs
America, send greeting. ^ f N °' V Jcrsc y> Ulli tod States of
Specification. A.D. 1873.—N° 2988. 3
Edison's Improvements in Perforated Telegraphic Paper.
WHEREAS Her most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, hearing date thc Eleventh day of September, in the year
of our Lord One thousand eight hundred and soventy-throe, in tho
thirty-seventh year of Her reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and
5 successors, give and grant unto me, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, Her
special licence that I, the said Thornns Alva Edison, my executors,
administrators, anil assigns, or such olliors ns I, thc said Thomas Alva
Edison, my executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any tiino
■ agree with, and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter
10 during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make,
use, exercise, and vend, within the United Kingdom of Great Dritain
and Ireland, thc Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for
“ Ihpbovehents in Pebfobated Papee fob Teeeoeaphic Purposes, and in
Means fob Receiving and Tbansmitting with tiie same,” upon tho
15 condition (amongst others) that I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, my
executors or administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or
their, or one of their hands and seals, should particularly describe and
ascertain the nature of the said Invention, and in what manner tho
same was to be performed, and cause the same to be tiled in the Great
20 Seal Patent Office within six calendar months next and immediately
after thc date of the said Letters Patent.
HOW KNOW YE, that I, thc said Thomas Alva Edison, do hereby
declare thc nature of my said Invention, and in what manner .the
same is to be performed, to ho particularly described and ascertained in
25 and by the following statement, reference being made to thc Drawing
hereto annexed, and to the letters and figures marked thereon (that is
to say)
In the Morse system of telegraphy thc operator frequently receives
the message by sound, and writes thc same out as received.
30 In thc printing telegraph system thc printed slip is usually delivered
as received.
In tho ordinary automatic system thc paper has to be punched or
composed, and at tho receiving station tho message on tho chemical
_ P a Por has to bo translated and written out by hand, or printed by a key
33 printing instrument.
Each system has its defects or disadvantages. Thc Morso system is
slow, and requires a large number of wires. Thc printing telegraphs
A.D. 1873.—N° 2988.
Edison'8 Improvements in Perforated Telegraphic Paper.
are expensive, liable to inaccuracies and injury, and limited in speed to
the fingering of tlio keys. The automutio system is rapid on tho line,
but tlio composing of the mossngo and tlio writing of it out at the
receiving station are comparatively slow operations.
The object I havo in view is to print tlio message chemically, thereby 5
tho message, as received upon a strip of papor, is ready to ho folded and
sent to its destination, and the rapidity is equal to any automatic
transmission.
I accomplish this object by perforating tho strip of paper used for
transmitting with groups of holes, representing by each group a letter 10
or character, the perforations being arranged to produce as nearly as
possible the block or Homan letters or characters.
Tho transmission of tho message by the lino wires may be in the
usual manner by a roller or stylus, and a lino wire to each row of per-
> forations, so that if there arc five rows of perforations there will bo five IB
stylus points or rollers, each connected to a line wire, and at the
receiving instrument there will be five pens or stylus points near
togetha and tho letter received will be in dots corresponding to the
position of the perforations in the transmitting paper, and by their
aggiegationm gi-oupsthc letters will be clearly delineated, and formed 20
l)Inercanb P e C d , "T'f! cLai ' actcre > so “ «,c strip of chemical
^Wehvered^ndthe re-writing or printing of the message
The message as received being the counterpart of that transmitted the
L' t'i raord ° f 2
wS,tu 1 , "*? S “ ^ 3
M herein described, with tramnritr 1 “ u8mithll S l'apcr, perforated
i-meperote^eX 05 " d
•nd adapted to * P1 °°° ° r I»*»tioi». !
Specification. A.D. 1873.—N° 2988. s
Edison’s Improvements in Perforated Telegraphic Paper.
Kg. 2 shows tho chemical paper with tho same word printed there¬
upon by the dots running together, or being sufficiently closo to each
other, to show tho respective letters. ,
Fig. 3 is a plan of a portion of tho perforating machine.
5 Fig. 4 is an elevation endwiso of tho punches, and Fig. 5 is a partial
section longitudinally.
I find that five lines of perforations are tho most convenient for pro¬
ducing perforations in imitation of block letters or characters, and have
shown and described such, but I am not limited in that respect.
10 Itcforonco is hereby made to Letters Patent, No. 1751, granted in
Great Britain, June 10th, A.D. 1872, for a machine for perforating
paper for tolegmpliic purposes, which, with tho modifications herein set
forth, is adapted to punching tho characters in the strip of transmitting
paper.
15 Instead of having two lines of punches i, i, as in aforesaid Patent,
these punches i, i, are twenty-five in number positioned in a square of
five each way, and as closo together as convenient. Each punch is
connected with its slide plate k, and these slide plates k aro side by side,
and supported in tho frame of the machine, so that they can be moved
20 endwise with facility, and actuate the punches to which they aro con¬
nected respectively. The punches slide in the plato in, and n is the die
plate, as in said Patent.
Thero might ho a spring to each slide plato k and punch i, hut I havo
shown a levor k 1 passing through mortices in the plates k, and provided
2B with a spring to draw all the punches and slide plates back to their
normal position after they have been actuated. If the punches arc
separato from tho slide plates each row r may bo provided with a lover l
and spring o to return [or draw hack tho pimehes, and said levers l act
within notches in tho punchos, mi shown.
30 Tho shouldors or projections 8 arc provided upon tho slide plates con¬
tiguous to tho respective pressers e, and these projections 8 aro only
upon such of the slide plates that requiro to he moved by tho pressor to
which tlioy aro adjacent to oporato tho punches required to perforate the
letter corresponding to tho ono on the finger key a, that is, connected to
35 the particular pressor e, as in aforesaid Patent; and I remark that tho
slide bars c and connecting cams f or forks to move the pressers e by
6 A.D. 1873.-N° 2988. Specification.
Edison's Improvements i n Perforated Telegraphic Paper.
the fingor toys « may be similar to those shown in said Patent; and the
lever u\ feeding clamp t, pawl it, rack bar v, and pawl 10 aro similar to
tlio parts shown, and operate in tho manner described in the aforesaid
Patent, and tkoroforo do not requiro further description.
Prom tho illustration given in Pig. 1 tho general character of tho 6
groups of perforations will be apparent, and in tho square of iwcnty-iivo
i P unc hes tho proper ones can easily be selected to perforate any given
letter or character sufficiently liko block letters to bo reliably read at
the receiving station on tho chemical paper.
T , . -w
l claim as my Invention,—
Hat A strip of paper containing groups of perforations representing
ette rs or characters for use in transmitting telegraphic messages to bo
received upon chemical paper in imitation of printed characters.
papl^^n^^^ iS VT\^ king 8l ' 0UI,S ° f P"™ * a strip of 15
^j=zaL-
"P 011 «» „
myband and scalthis
Witnesses, THOMAS ALVA EDISON. ( L .s.)
GrT E p"' N ““ st ' H ™^
Trailed hy Geoiicp EDH-Aim°v TD0N!
A.D. 1875, 2nd February. N° 384. 1
Multiplex Telegraphs.
' ? ES PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in the State of
1Sc "' Jors °y» U,,,tctl States of America, Tor the Invention of “In-
movements in Domex and Multiplex Teleobaphs.”
Soalod the 25th March 1875, and dated the 2nd February 1875. ‘i
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Alva Edison
a 110 of the Commissioners of Patents, with his Petition,
on tho 2nd February 1875.
I, Thomas Awa Edison, of Newark, in tho State of Now .Tcrsoy,
m od Slates of America, do hereby declare tho nature of the said
nvonlion for ** In movements in Domex and Multiplex Teleobaphs,” to bo
as follows
Tho 0,) j cots of this Invention arc,-
ls • Lo ^able two operators, one at each terminal station, to transmit
stati , OUSly . OV01 ' ° nC Wirc ’ and lwo others> ono nfc cnch °f such
ions, o receive such messages, and in- this respect my Invention is
improvement in duplex telegraphs.
2 A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Edison's Improveme nts in Multiplex Telegraphs, _
2nd. To enablo four oporators, two at each terminal station, to
transmit signals, and four other oporators, two at each terminal station,
to rccoivo tho mossages, without cither interfering ncoossnrily with tlio
other, and to uso only ono lino wiro'in so doing. This portion of my
Invention is designated a quadruples or multiples tolcgrnph. 6
3rd. To allow either oporator to signal tho distant station so that tho
message may ho repeated to rectify any inaccuracies or omissions.
4th. To repeat a messago received over ono wire hy either the duplos
or quadruples telegraph into another circuit to send tho same to another
or distant station.
I remark that tho duplcs and quadruples tclographs can ho used
hy the number of persons named, or they can ho used singly hy ono
oporator at each end; and furthermore, that hy hearing in mind tho
general principles of operation herein set forth the details of tho arrange¬
ments of tho batteries and mctallio circuit connections will ho apparent
to an electrician.
One of tho persons sending a messago employs a key that is con¬
structed so that it does not break tho circuit, hut that it connects more
n- less of tho battery to tho lino; thus ono oporator works a distant
instrument hy a riso and fall of tho electrical tension or energy, Tho 20
other operator has a key that is made to reverse tho circuit connections
without breaking tho continuity of circuit, and thus his message is
indicated hy a change in tho polarity of tho current sent regardless of
the tension or energy of tho battery power. These keys of the sending
station are either operated directly hy hand or preferably hy an electro- 25
magnet, a local circuit and a finger key for each, aud both ends of tho
line are similarly provided with two transmitting keys, batteries, and
ciromt connections, and also with the receiving instruments next
spee e j hut I remark that tho receiving instruments aro also capable
ot use in duplex telegraphy under systems of transmission heretofore 30
‘ riS ° and faU ° f tcnsi0U l? 1,oduco th ° respective
indications at tho two rccoiving instruments.
The instrumentalities at each end for receiving tho messages consist,
It of a receiving magnet; 2nd, of a polarised receiving magnet; 3rd,
6th' of local f 0i ° f adjUBtablc rhcostats « resistances; and 35
6th, of local cn-euits containing batteries and electro-magnels foming
A.D. 1875.—N° 384. .5,
_ Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs. ~
tho instruments for rccoiving tho message by sound by a " Morse
receiver,’’ or in nny other convenient manner.
The instruments that arc required for either tho quadruplet or tho
duplex systom of receiving nro selected and arranged with rofcroncc to
5 the transmitting devices employed. With tho duplex system operated
by rise and fall of tension, as aforesaid, tho polarized relay will not bo
required, but tho receiving magnet is to he placed at a point that is
neutral to tho message sent from that station but where it will bo
influenced by the message received. To this end tho artificial lino
10 composed of a rheostat preferably with a coudonscr in a shunt around
the rchcostat is arranged so that its dischargomny compensate (he static
discharge from tho lino, and this artificial lino is at ono sido of tho
receiving instrument or instruments, and tho lino connection at tho
other; aud the pulsations sent from the home station will he balanced
15 in tho receiving instrument at that station, hut such receiving instru- :
meut will respond to the pulsations from tho distant station beeauso tho
distant pulsations arc unbalanced.
The receiving magnet is sometimes made with two helices on one
core, and ono helix is in tho artificial lino and the other in tho main
0 me, and they are so wound as to opposo each other, aud lienee tho caro
is no magnetized by tho outgoing current, but it is by tho current from
10 istant station operating in the one helix. The polarized receiving
magnet employed in the quadruplox telegraph is similarly arranged and
J° Sltlonod50 ns 1° bo uniufluciiccd by tho current sent, but to respond
m change of polarity in the current received; and when made with
°ur eliccs around the two cores tho instrument becomes a differential
Polarized relay or magnet.
UuT^tT l ' 10 ? ondcnsol ‘ is usud 111 a sliullt around the rchcostat, either in
30 it^clT * ^ *' n ° 01 ^etweea the receiving instrument and main lino,
ai go and discharge as tho circuit is opened or closed neutralizes or
placc° n r tCS <be c ^ cc ^ s * nt ‘ c ehargo and discharge that takes
cc a M>nt same time, beeauso tho condenser is arranged so ns to
sciiargo in opposition to tho static discharge.
05 pjj Z*} 0 rcoeivin g instruments aforesaid when arranged for tho quadru-
v C . c G ra l>h it is preferable to arrnngo the local circuit that is worked
““balanced foroo
receiving- instrument so that the sounder is operated by tho
of a second local battery when the first local circuit is
4 A.D. 1875.-N° 384. Specification.
Edison'8 Imp rovements in Multiplex Telegraphs . _
broken by tho armature of such receiving instrument, thereby the
sounder will be moro distinct in its response to the pulsation on tho
r The main battery of tho lino is subdivided into two portions of
unequal power for tho object heroin-beforo named, and one portion is 5
always upon the line and tlio other portion is applied or removed by tho
koy of one of the operators to incrcaso or lessen tho electrical energy.
With this battery it is preferable that a resistance bo inserted in a branch
passing around tlio battery to the koy, arranged to present the samri
resistance to currents from tho distant station that that portion of tho 10
battery itself presents when it is connected into the circuit so as to
maintain equality of resistance. Either an induction coil or else cups
of acidulated water with similar poles may be used in place of the con¬
denser before named when the devices are positioned, so that tho
disehai'go from the coil or the cups on tho opening of the circuit opposes, 13
compensates for tho effect of, or neutralisms the static discharge of the
* line.
Where two helices arc used upon one core and the line and artificial
lines pass through those helices as aforesaid there may be a third helix
on tho same coro between tho said two helices, and this third helix will ?0
operate the receiving instrument by the induced current in the said
third helix.
A compound differential and polarized magnet may bo mado use of in
tho quadruplex telegraph. In this instrument there arc two armatures,
ono to respond to eliango of polarity and tho other to clmngo of electrical 25
tension or energy from tho distant sending station, as aforesaid.
When tho duplex or quadruplex receiving instrument is arranged to
i -Tv 0 ?? SC " d tllC 1UCSSasc 01110anoUl “ station the polarized
magnet is delicately adjusted so that tho magnetized tongue is energized
nolSd t t0 ° lmUS ° S ^ tllG polarity of tl,c corca > this 30
thl s7m! nUd ° l0SCS tho circuit for tllc rdny and operates
°- thr ° U ? h aU clcotr °- ma S»ct and armature with
. ., • 8 ? l levorsm S springs to act in tho relay circuit. Thcso
ei emt connections are arranged so that on long lines the duplex
■&5SS8t A.D. 1875.—N° 384. B
_ Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
operate automatically at an intermediate station as a relay to and from
a distant station oh long lines, tho principles of operation as aforesaid
being borno in mind, tho receiving instruments being made to operate
tho relay instruments and oirouits instead of acting upon a sounder. At
5 tho intermediate or relay station switches will generally bo used to
facilitate tho adjustment of tho lino and to throw in or out tho relay
connections so as to work from or to cither end, or to allow tho end
stations to communicato with caoh other by tho relay on long lines.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tlio conditions of tho Letters Patent,
10 filed by tho said Thomas Alva Edison in tho Great Seal Patent
Offico on tho 31st July 1875.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, I, Thomas
Alva Edison, of Newark, in the State of New Jersey, United States of
America, send greeting.
15 WHEREAS Ilcr most Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her
Letters Patent, bearing date the Second day of February, in tho year of
our Lord One thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, in tho thirty-
eighth year of Ilcr reign, did, for Herself, Her heirs and successors,
give and grant unto me, the said Thomas Alva Edison, Her special lieenco
20 that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors, administrators,
and assigns, or such others ns I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, my
executors, administrators, and assigns, should at any timo agreo with,
• and no others, from time to time and at all times thereafter during
the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might make, use,
25 exercise, and vend, within tho United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention for “In-
PBovEMENTa ih Duplex ahd Mdltiplex Telegbaehs,” upon the condition
(amongst others) that I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, my executors -
Qv administrators, by an instrument in writing under my, or their, or
3 ,° one of their bauds and seals, should particularly dcscribo and ascertain
tho nature of tho said Invention, and in what maimer tlio samo was
to bo performed, and enuso tho same to bo filed in tho Great Seal
; Talent Office within six calondar months next and immediately after
the date of tho said Letters Patent.
A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
NOW KNOW YE, that I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, do hereby
declare tho nature of my said Invention, and in what mnnnor the samo
is to he performed, to ho particularly described and ascertained in and by
the following statement, rofcrcnco being mado to tho Drawings hereto
annexed, and to tho letters and figures marked thereon (that is to say)6
The objects of this Invention arc,—
Eirst. To enable two operators, ono at each terminal station, to
transmit simultaneously over one wire, and two others, ono at each of
such stations, to receive such messages, and in this respect my Invention
is an improvement in duplex telegraphs. 10
■ Second. To enable four operators, two at each terminal station, to
transmit signals, and four other operators, two at each terminal station,
to receive the messages without cither interfering necessarily with tho
other, and to use only ono line wire in so doiug. This portion of my
Invention is designated a quadruplex or multiplex telegraph. 15
■ Third. To allow either operator to signal'the distant station so that
ptlie message may be repeated to rectify any inaccuracies or omissions.
, Pourth. To repeat a message received over one wire by either tho
uplcx or quadruplex telegraph into another circuit, to send the samo to
another or distant station. 1 2Q
I remark that the duplck and quadruplex telegraphs can boused by
the number of persons named, or they can bo used singly bv one
to an electrician. 110Ulfc comiectl ons will bo apparent 25
Cmpl ° yS a « con-
more or less of the battery to tlio ^ S ° thftt ik conncot3
distant instrument by a rise and fall of ^ .° n ? OI,(3rator W01 ' ks »
the other operator has a key that is m i ? ° Coh ' 10al tcnsi(m ov energy; 30
tions without breaking ^ th ° oircuifc "mnoo-
indicated by a changin '^ is
tho tension or energy of the battorv y f t ° Urront sont . regardless of
station, are either o/crated dLou/bvTn 1 ° SC ^ ° f ihe sondiu S
Spcdficaiion. . A.D. 1875.—N° 384. *r
Edison’s Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
lino are similarly provided with two transmitting keys, batteries, and
circuit connections, and also with receiving instruments next specified,
but I remark that tho receiving instruments aro also capablo of uso in
duplox telegraphing under systems of transmission heretofore employed,
5 wherein tho riso and fall of tonsion produco tho respective indications at
tlio two receiving instruments.
Tho instrumentalities at each end for receiving tho messages consist,
first, of a receiving magnet; second, of a’polarized receiving magnet;
third, of an artificial line; fourth, of adjustable rlioostats or resistances;
10 and fifth, of local circuits containing batteries and electro-magnots
forming the instruments for receiving the message by sound by a
“ Morse receiver,” or in any other convenient manner.
The instruments that aro required for either the quadruplex or the
duplex system of receiving aro selected and arranged with roforonco to j
15 tho transmitting devices employed. With the duplex system operated *
by rise and fall of tension as aforesaid, tho polarized relay will not ho
required, hut the receiving magnet is to he placed at a point that is
neutral to the messago sent from that station, hut where it will be influ¬
enced by the message received. To this end the artificial line composod
20 of a rheostat, preferably with a condenser in a shunt around the rheostat,
is arranged so that its disclmrgo may compensate tho 'static disohargo
from the line, and this artificial line is at ono sido of tho rcooiving
instrument or instruments, and tho lino connections at tho other, and
tho pulsations sent from tho home station will bo balanced in tho
26 receiving instrument at that station, but such receiving instrument will
respond to tho pulsations from tho distant station bccauso tho distant
pulsations aro unbalanced.
Tho receiving magnet is sometimes mado with two helices on ono core,
and one helix is in tho artificial line, and tho other in tho main line, and
80 they arc so wound as to opposo each other, and henco tho core is not
magnetized by tho outgoing current, hut it is by tho current from tho
distant station operating in tho ono helix. Tho polarized receiving
magnet employed in tho quadruplex telegraph is similarly arranged and
positioned so as ho uninfluenced by tho current sent, hut to respond to
36 tho change of polarity in tho current received, and when mado with
four helices around tho two cores, the instrument becomes a differential
polarized relay or magnet.
8 . A.D. 1875.—N" 384. specification
_ Edison's Improvemen ts in Multiplex Telegraphs.
When the condenser is used iu n shunt around tho rheostat, cither in
tho artificial lino or between tho receiving instrument and main lino, its
charge and discharge, as tho circuit is opened or closed, neutralizes or
compensates for the offcot of tho static oliargo and disolmrgo that takes
place at that same timo hccauso tho condenser is arranged so ns to 5
dischargo in opposition to tho static discharge.
In tho receiving instruments aforesaid, when arranged for the quadra-
plox telegraph, it is preferable to arrange tho local circuit that is worked
by such receiving instrument so that the sounder is operated by tho
unbalanced force of a second local battery when tho first local circuit is 10
broken by the armature of such receiving instrument, thereby tho
sounder wiU be more distinct in its response to the pulsations on the
lino.
To ba f. C1 ' y ° f tb ? linc is su,,divi dcd into two portions of unequal
LeTne°Md C tl JCC t h0r ° m ; beforo namcd > an(1 ° n ° Portion is always upon 15
the line, and lie other portion is applied or removed by tho key of one of
named, when tho devices ^ • ™ e<1 m pIaC ° ° f tbo con(le nser beforo
the effect of, or neutralizes tlio°statio discbargoTuSinr 110118 ” 109 ^
line pass tlOTugu'thL^hdicos^'Tforosni th ° ^ ai ' tificial
on tho same core between the snirl * . r * 1010 may 1)0 n tIu ‘ l ' d helix
operate the receiving instrument "° lcllc , cs * and tllis third helix will
third helix. S StlUmCnt by tb ° induced current in the said 3 0
in tho quaruplox telegraph “in may bo mad ° use of
one to respond to change of polarity Z th "° m '° two "futures,
Specification. A.D. 1875.—N° 384. 9
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
magnet is delicately adjusted, so that tho magnetized tongue is energized
to respond to delicate changes in tho polarity of tho cores, and this
polarized tongue opens and closes tho oircuit for tho relay, and operates
tho samo cither directly or through on clolcetro-magnct and armature,
6 with circuit, closing or reversing springs to act in tho relay circuit.
These circuit connections arc arranged so that on long lines tho duplex
telegraph may repeat tho messages into another duplex telegraph to
another distant station; or tho quadruplex telegraph may be mado to
operato automatically at an intermediate station as a relay to and from a
10 distant station on long lines, the principles of operation as aforesaid
being borne in mind, the receiving instruments being mado to operato
tho relay instruments and circuits instead of acting upon a sounder. At
the intermediate or relay station switches will generally bo used to
facilitate the adjustment of tho linc, and to throw iu or out the relay
15 connections so as to work from or to cither end, or to allow the end
stations to communicate with each other by the relay oil long lines.
The essential instrumentalities aro,—
First. Tho linc wire, marked on tho Drawing L.
Second. Tho battery, marked D.
20 Third. A circuit preserving key IC that serves to connect and dis¬
connect portions of tlio battery with tho line, and increase or dccrcaso
tho electrical energy, or as otherwiso called, produce a rise and fall of
tho electrical tension. This key K is made with an insulated spring
upon it that comes into contact with tho metal of tho key when in
25 normal condition, and so maintains a metallic circuit through tho key
from the respective wires, but when tho key is depressed the spring 2
comes against an adjusting screw 3 , to which another circuit wiro front
other other portions of tho battery is connected, hence, the circuit through
tho koy is never broken, but the new circuit through tho screw 3 is
30 closed; thereby tlicro is no timo when tho circuit through this key is
entirely interrupted, and tho wires to tho battery aro arranged so that
more or loss of tho battery is applied to tho lino by this movement of tho
key.
fourth. A eircuit preserving and polo changing koy, called a reversing
35 k °y. aui} marked It, K. This is constructed with a spring 4 acting (liko
the spring 2 ) against tho screw 5 , and there is a second insulated arm 0 ,
either at right angles to the koy, as shown in tho Drawing, for greater
I
1
A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Tclegruplis.
clearness, or in lino with tho main portion of tho koy, and thoro is a
second insulated spring 7 to this arm 6, and a circuit closing scrow 8.
Tho construction of this is such that when in a position of rest ono pole
of tho battery, say tho positive, is connected to tho lino, and tho
negative to tho earth; but when tho koy R, K, is moved tho negative of fi
tho battery is connected to tho lino, and tho positive to tho earth, and
this is dono as aforesaid without the circuit being entirely broken at any
point.
Fifth. An electro-magnet that operates by a riso of olcotrical tension,
but is not influenced by reversing tho polarity of tho current nor by tho 10
weaker current that is constantly on tho line; this is marked M. Tho
spring of its armature is adjusted so as to respond with tho rise of
electrical tension, but not to respond to tho weak constant current in the
lino.
v
W h '
Sixth. An electro-magnet with a magnotized or polarized tongue /, 15'
and known ns a dillbrcnfial or polarized magnet, and marked D, M.
tflns magnet is not operated by a rise and fall of the electrical energy,
stron°" ly ^ a Cha ” S0 ° f P ° hrity ‘ '- 1,ctl101 ' tllG curront is "’enk or
Seventh. Rheostats that servo to determine tho quantity of electricity
flowing through one circuit, and to divert the remainder through
refo !L° lrC ‘ ai ' C “ nrkC<1 R> and nUmbcred A* convenience of
20
The ground or earth connections or plates are marked G.
th ” “1 •taolu » will ta h„™fta
..o ..d tS “JItalpa. ud the two operator at
•“» ««*» t,io o,zii rs ci. “ “
the polarity ’of the curront whether tw T ° °P orator royotsca
the magnet D, M, responds It £ f ^ or weak ’ and
/Specification. A.D. 1875,—N° 384. 11
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
tho distant stations, hence two, four, six, or eight persons can operate
over ono wire, half of them being engaged in sending and tho other half
in receiving.
Having thus defined tho general principles of operation, the details
5 will bo easily understood by reference to tho Figures of tho Drawing
successively.
Tho keys K and R, K, Figuro 1, may he operated directly by hand,
but I prefer that tho operator use the finger koys a and h, batteries o 1 , J 1
local circuit wires and olcctro-magnots c and d, with armatures to movo
10 these keys K and R, K, respectively. Tho main battery B has a
wire 10 from the key K that dividcstho battery into a larger portion 11
and a smaller portion 12. When tho koy K is at rest the battery 12 is
connected to tho lino L through tho connections 5, 0, 7,13, 14, and R 1 ,
and to tho earth through tho connections 10, K, 2, wire 10, 8, R, K, 4,
15 and 17. "When tho key IC is depressed tho entire battery 11 and 12 is
placed on tho line by connecting from 3 to earth G through 2,10, 8,
R, K, 4, and 17. Now if the koy R, K, is operated either at tho samo’
time as K or separately tho polarity is reversed, whether tho electrical 1
tension is high or low. Supposo tho current aforesaid was positive to
20 lino and negative to earth, then if R, K, is depressed 4 will bo separated
from R, K, and 7 from 0, and tho positive curront will go from 5 to
earth G through 4 and 17, while the negativo will bo connected to tho
lino L from 3 or K by spring 2, wire 10 by 8, 7,13, and 14, and R 1 to
line L.
25 It is to be understood that tho instruments at tho distant station arc
the counterparts of those shown in Fig. 1; and having now described
how tho pulsations of different polarity and of riso and fall of electrical
tension aro sent it will bo apparent that they will at tho distant station
operato tho magnet M or the polarized magnet D, M, tho currents
30 passing from tho lino L by 20, M, 21, D, M, R 3 , 23, R 5 ,15,13, to earth
through R, K, and its connections; a portion however passes by I!'
and 14, and also a portion by R‘ to earth, according to tho relativo
resistances of the various routes.
It is now necessary to dcscribo why tho pulsations sent do not operato
G tho receiving instruments at tho homo or sending end of tho lino.
The instruments M nnd D, M, are at a neutral point to the pulsations
sent, becauso tho electric current divides half going by 14, the other.
A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
j Edison's Im provements in Multiplex Telegraphs ■ -
half by 1C, tho rheostats R* nncl R‘ being adjusted to offer tho samo
resistance as tho rheostat R 1 and tho lino and distant instruments, honco
hotweon 20 and 23 what is known as a, “ bridgo ” is formed and tho
oleotric forces of tho outgoing current opposing each other equally the
instruments M and I), M, aro not affected. Tho rheostat It* sorves to 5
divert a portion of the current passing between 20 and 23 into tho con. '
denser O', and upon tho principles known to electricians the condenser
reacts or sets up a roverso current when tho current is lessened or
augmented, thereby tho effect in the instrument of tho static cliargo and
discliargo duo to tho passago of the distant signalling current over such 10
line aro neutralized by tho counter-discharges from tho condonsor.
A secondary battery S, B, Kg. 10, composed of two or moro cups
containing acidulated water and poles of tho samo materials may bo
used in the “ bridgo ” to effect tho same object of neutralizing static
discharge from tho line of the of the incoming current by an opposing or 15
counter current set up when tho electrical condition is changed. The
► condenser C 2 arranged around tho extremities of tho rheostat It* which
forms the artificial lino is for tho purpose of generating an inductivo
current to balance that due to the static induction of tho lino. Tho
rheostat It 5 is for the purpose of regulating (by increasing and decreasing 20
the resistance) the length and strength of the inductive current from C*
to enable perfect compensation to be obtained on various wires and
especially upon long circuits.
The functions performed by tho condenser C 2 will bo equally as well
performed by inserting an eleotro-magnct O' in tho circuit 1C, as shown 25
m Kg. 10. The rheostat R«, Kg. 1, is adjusted to afford tho samo
resistance as the battery B, hence when the operators at ono station aro
balancing the outgoing currents upon tho receiving apparatus M and
D, M, at that station by the adjustment of It* and It* the switch 13 at
the distant station which is in connection with tho lino is to bo turned to 80
the light so as to disconnect tho battery B from tho lino and allow tho
s°Sn C °T f -VT thl ' 0USl1 tllUS th0 ^terynt tho distant
currant. interfci '^vith the proper balancing of tho outgoing
The receiving instruments M and D, M, may bo observed Lv tho aa
receiving operators and the message read either by sound or inlnv otlm
known way, but usually it will be best to use these as the 1“ ,7
so Sr s x* £
Specification. A.D. 1875.—N° 384. 13
Edison's Improvements in Multi plex Telegraphs. _
operates by its armnturo lovor, tho local oircuit from tho battery f in
which is placed tho clcclro-mngnot g, and this in turn operates a second
local circuit from tho battery in which is tho receiving instrument y\
which will usually be a sounder; tho circuit of / will oloso when M
5 ceases to attract its armature, and tho circuit of /’ will closo when g is
demagnetized, licnco the receiving instruments g l and M will pulsato
exactly in harmony, and as the armature of g is not so delicately
adjusted as the armature of If there will not bo any false pulsation
reach g' as sometimes occurs in M, when the polarity of the current is
10 reversed.
The samo offects will be produced by the circuits shown in Figs. 2, 3,
and 4. • In Fig. 2 the battery / will bo short circuited through tho
armature of the magnot M when tho current docs not act in M, and
hence tho battery f will not act in g, but when tho armature of M is
15 attracted the circuit is broken and tho battery f has no other route, but-
is obliged to act iu g, hence tho armatures of g and M respond simul-'
tancously. *
If the batteries / and /• be both connected to tho receiving magnot
g, as shown in Fig. 3, and in reverse, so that they balance each other
20 when the circuits of tho two batteries aro closed the clcctro-magnct g
will not ho euergized, but this clcctro-magnct g will respond to tho
battery f x simultaneously with the magnet M, because when tho arma¬
ture of 11 is attracted tho circuit of tho battery f is opened, and said
battery f ceases to neutralize the effect of the battery f l . Tho samo
25 effect will bo produced by connecting tho battery f to the wire between
the helices of the magnet g, as seen in Fig. 4, and winding those helices
so that tho battery current dividing and acting in both helices will
produco similar polarity of tho cores, henco the magnetism will be
neutralized, wliilo both circuits from the battery / are closed, but when
30 ono circuit is broken by tho movement of the armature of M tho battery
current acts in only ono helix and attracts the armature at tho samo timo
ns tho armature of II moves. Tho polarized tonguo i of tho clcotro-
magnet D, M, is shown iu Fig. 1 as acting as a rolny to the local oircuit
containing the battery h and receiving magnet or sounder lc, and iu
36 Fig, 5 this clcctro-magnct k acts a rolny to tho second local circuit
nnd battery l, in which is placed tho receiving magnet or sounder n.
In Kg. 0 tho differential polarized magnet D, M, instead of being
in the same bridgo 20, 23, with tho receiving magnet M as before is
u
A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
mado as a compound differential polarized magnet, in which there aro
four helices so wound that the outgoing current from U will operuto in
tho helices 61, 02, while that from 15 will act in the helices 03, 6d>; and
thoso holiccs being wound in opposite directions the cores passing
through 01, 03, and 02, Oil, respectively, will not bo magnetized, tho 6
magnetizing actions being opposed to each other, lienee the polarized
tongue i between tho cores will not be moved one way or tho othor, but
tho incoming current from the distant station will pass from L through'
02, 61, to 1-1, thence through the bridge wire containing M, and also
through R 1 and It 2 to earth through tho transmitting keys; owing to 10
the great resistance of 11‘ (which should be equal to tho line) a verv
small portion of the distant currents passes to earth by this route. Tho
distant current in passing through the helices 02 & 01 rives the
rS'thoT a POlm ' ity !° ath ' aCt thc t0nSUC * -y « tho other
and 15 and tl n °'i ’ f 1U loduccd ncar tIlc dividing points of tho wires 11
wound^a^posito^heeUon^so^that'tl^ 0 C0I f^° UIld ’ ^ lav ‘ n o k' vo helices 20
each other in their temlnnnJ t ^ * ’? 0llt 3 0ln S currents neutralize
through both helices • then J ° maSU . ctlZ0 tllc soffc iron core, passing
going^urrent, but°tho current o^m?n^fi^ni' S tl U °V P t' 0 ^ UC0 ^ ^ c ou ^"
in one direction through ii i ,• 0IU 410 distant station, passing
through 3JS ^ 2 ° and baok * ether direction 25
T“, ms f m ia tbo coro ' so ** **
current sent by tho key K 'ritT “jV” 11 ° f clcctl ' ical tc asion of tho
aad tb ° polarized
reversal of thc circuit r , les P oud6 > as aforesaid, to thc
•htto. tt. koy E, K. at tuo distant 30
11,0 Purpose, and r,raV«aM to if illt “ l “ c “ 1
same instruments dm,, „ d d..“Sd In
»«.W srfth Us „ m letters of Mtotl “ “ ll
in »Uioi tl, 0 coils or'telta 'or'oVnt' 1 ' T?!'‘ " * I " m ‘ in K S- 9 -
u -a
•Specification. A.D. 1875.-N° 384. 15
_ Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraph s.
movo tho magnetized tonguo i by tho change of polarity; but there is
an armature M added, tho spring of which is adjusted so that tho
armature responds to riso and fall of electrical tension, thus dispensing
with tho magnet M and making tho ono compound magnet, shown in
6 this Pig. 0, respond to tho change of polarity or olectrical tension, or
both, at tho distant station; but this compound magnet is-uninfluenced
by thc currents sent out at that station bccauso they aro balanced in
their actions therein, as boforo described. Electro-magnets o, o', placed
in branch or shunt circuits around the receiving magnet, set up counter
10 secondary currents to neutralize tho secondary or induction discharge of
tho electro-magnet D, M.
In Pig. 8 a modification of tho circuit wires is shown. Tho magnet M
and differential magnet D, M, are the same as in Pig. 7, but there aro
_ l "’° artificial lines with rheostats .IP, IP', and condensers C\ and these
15 are separately connected to tho respective magnets and to earth, so thatl
tho outgoing currents can bo balanced in their action in D, M, by ono
artificial lino to G and balanced in tho electro-magnet M by tho other
artificial lino to G l independent of each other.
In Pig. 10 connections are shown that correspond to thoso shown in
20 Pigs. 1 and 5, so far as thc receiving portion of tho apparatus; thc
transmitting koys K and It, K, are somewhat differently arranged. Tho
battery is compound, part being opposed to thc other part. Thc
hey It, K, in a position of rest is open, and the key K is closed, hence
o ^ lc portions 30 and 32 of tho battery aro short circuited through K and
-5 do not go upon tho line, and the batteries 31 and 33 still act in tho line,
hut 31 overpowers and more than neutralizes 33, so that tho pro-
pondcratiug force from 31 on the lino is negative, tho earth being
connected to positivo; now’, if the key 11, K, be closed thc portions 30
and 31 of tho battery arc short circuited, allowing tho portion 33 to act
and reverse thc polarity of tho current, as the positivo pole of 33 is to
io line. If tho key K is depressed tho short circuits of 30 and 32 aro
broken, and these portions 30 and 32 of tho battery net in tho line, but
contains a largo oxccss in the number of cells and acts with 31 to
3 - “ outra lizo 82 and 33 and produco a riso of electrical tension on the lino;
lenco by this arrangement tho rise and fall of tension and tho reversal
° r 11,0 'polarity of thc currents aro attained without tho peculiar keys
own in ligs. 1 and 7. D, M, Pig. 11, is a polarized relay haying tho
16 A.D. 1875.—-N 0 384. Specification*
_ Miaou’s Imp rovements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
lino wire L attached to tho oross wire connecting the two spools togothor.
l’lfo other ends aro connected, ono to n resistance coil lt“ and tho other
to an ordinary clcetro-magnet o. Tho rosistnneo of o is equal to It 4 .
Now when tho curront is made to circulate permanently through
tho two coils of tho polarized relay D, M, and through o and It 4 , 5
its effect is balanced in tho polarized relay M, as it passes in
opposito directions through its two coils, but the magnet o is
charged. Now, if the current be interrupted or suddenly decreased in
strength tho iron cores of o set up au induced curront in the helices
surrounding it, and this current circulating within tho circuit formed 10
of 0, It 4 , and tho coils of the polarized relay D, M, passes in tho proper
direction through D, M, to niako its cores magnetic, and tho todguo is
thrown to one side. If now the circuit bo closed or the strength of tho
current increased the magnet o will in tho act of charging set up another
i 1 ct on jurrent, which now circulates in tho opposite direction, and 15
brows tlio tongue of the polarized relay in the opposito directLu. Tho
r dSj f°- n USt< f 50 ! hat thC WOak currcut 1Vom battery 12 at tho
distant station will not produce sufficient induced current by its passage
!n?ii, f co ‘ t io " sn ° ot d ' “• “ ^
wort™ b, H» wool current from 12 ' uf 0 “i “
tile coil 27 in min , 1 - r i 1 ° ma u cui ' rcnt passes through
i.v.r, o«d an m«;vr2,L tho r„rfi K r" w °f tb °
which owing to sluggishness an,l i, ■ f , th ° rc P ontin S sounder g,
not repeat the false signal on ’g. V “ B bC fully cllar S cd > &o., does
puttolmo bv tl,„ tc , K S'i , “ d “» buttory-lli,
would also, wore it not for thofoct tliatow'inc'toT 118 IU ^ 1 . tho l0VCr of M
tho polarized tongucl moves a Konnn l • £ .° 410 rn P 1( My with which
resistance coil E 7 and a battorv 7 ' C1 f ! “ lt . 1S closc(1 which contains a
current passes through£t^ndtS tbat a 36
through 27 from tho battery 11; hence the effftTJ *° ^ PaSSinS
from that battery 11 is balanced in M. Wi Idn ffis * • ‘** ° Urront
' unn tins equating circuit is
Specification A.D. 1875.—N° 3S4. 17
Miaou's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
placed a relay Is, which oporatos a receiving magnot n, from whioh tho
signals of tho polarized relay D, M, arc copied.
It is obvious that tho current from the battery 11 will pass through
tho coil 27 on magnet M before tho equating circuit can bo closed, and
5 tho effect is to givo the lover of tho relay armaturo a quick forward
movement, but tho effect of this is neutralized by employing tho repeating
sounder g before described.
In Fig. 13 tho polarized relay is dispensed with, and two separate
relays used, both of which respond to the heavy battery, wliilo 0 responds
10 only to the weak battery. M 1 and D are both adjusted with high tension
of armature spring. Ono messago received upon M is indicated by tho
sounder g, while the other message is received upon M 1 and sounder n'.
The magnet D is used to close the balancing circuit to balanco tho effect
of the largo battery within tho coils of M. Tho magnot M l might beJ
16 taken out of tho main line, and inserted in tho balanced circuit h, R'ifl
and produce the same effect.
Another modification is shown in Fig. 12. D is adjusted to respond
to the strong currents when the armature lever is away from tho magnet.
The main circuit is completed which first passes through the coil of I),
20 then to tho earth through a resistance of several hundred ohms in E*.
Another route to tho earth is through shunt wiro u to armaturo lover
of D, thcnco through point c 4 to the coil M on tho relay. In this
position the relay responds to the weak currents from tho distant station.
The tension on tho retractile spring of tho armaturo of D being great,
26 and the cores somo distnneo from its armature docs not so respond, but
when the strong battery is put to lino tho lever of D is attracted, and
tho strong current instead of passing through tho coil M now passes
through tho resistance E a and coil k ; tho effect of its passago through
tho coil E a is to wcakon tho total curront nearly ns much as it was
30 increased by addition of battery power, so that tho electro-magnet M
docs not respond to strong curronts.
Pig. 14 shows a plan, and Fig. 15 is a porspectivo view of devices
tor magnotizing tho tonguo i of tho differential magnets D, M, and
adjusting tho polarity of this tonguo i. This tonguo i is connected at
35 one end to tho iron standard s, and contiguous to this standard s is a
magnet t ; said magnet may be a permanent bar magnet, as in Fig. 15,
or an electro-magnet polarized by a local battery » 8 , and tho magnetism
A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Specification,
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
passes from t by induction through s to tho tonguo i, and honoo the
tonguo i can bo more or loss strongly magnetized by adjusting tho
magnot t nearor to or farther from tho standard s, or by adjusting tho
rheostat E. "
Mg. 17 shows connections similar to thoso shown in Mg. 1, with tho B
exception of the magnet M and tho electro-magnet M, X, E, for
balancing the ciTcct of the static charge and dischargo. Tho magnet M
is provided with an extra magnet X acting on the opposito sido of tho
armature lever, but with a tendency to move tho lover in tho same
ice ion as . This magnet X is placed in tho condenser circuit and 10
receives momentary magnetism at tho moment when tho current from
the distant station is increased, decreased, or changed in the direction of
tho flow. The object of this extra magnet is to produce a more powerful
phenomenon of tho line. and 5f £ .“T* w° f th ° StaU<!
circuit. When tho battery at that station! d 111 1 T° nd artificial
magnet E, X, becomes noworfnliv i * , S mcnt ed or roversed tho
upon tho cores of M l , X 1 sots one C , mi ’ Sedl and this ““gnetism acting
within the triangular circuit in 8 momontai ’y induction current
instruments M, and D, M contra,.vf rCSards tbo receiving 30
lino, hence a balance is obtained and the ‘ StaU ° CUmmt fl ' om tho
by the outgoing current. M X is l! i Mt ™ monts romai » unaffected
tho two angular wires from being’ uneaual ° 1 ’f,? pUri,osc of preventing
currents on tho passage of tho dfstanUurrent. ^ S ° ttiDS Up inductivo
of groat olectro-statio “
may bo made so small, that a very
Specification. A.D. 1875.-N° 384. 19
Edison's Improvements in Multiple x Telegraph.
powerful current will pass through It, X. Tho exact balance can also to
obtained by moving tho magnot E, X, to or from M 1 , X 1 .
In Mg. 18 tho same parts aro shown as in Mgs 1 and 10, except that
tho tonguo i works to close a circuit from tho battery h to either of tho
B electro-magnets It or «, and thoso move the reversing key E, K, similar
to that shown in Eigs. 1 and 7. The battery B is connected with this
reversing key similarly to that before described, honoo a chango of
polarity in D, M, moves tho key E, X, first ono way and then tho other,
and thus the message is relayed or repeated into a new circuit, tho object
10 of this being to uso the duplex or quadruples systems before described
on as long lines as convenient, and then to make tho magnets D, If,
and 51, repeat tho messages automatically into now circuits extendin'*
still further.
Tho entire apparatus and connections for repeating as aforesaid aro
IB shown in the diagram, Eig. 19, which although it appears complicated is a
very simple, ono lino L for instance comes from New York to ono set of "
instruments at an intermediate station, say, Buffalo, and tho other lino
b, L, extends to tho distant instruments, say at Chicago, in tho other
direction.
20 The keys and instruments aro duplicated and exactly the same as
shown in Mgs, 1 and 0, only there aro two distinct sot of instruments.
Suppose that a message over the wire L acts by riso and fall of
tension in the relay magnet 5r, and that tho message is repeated into
tie sounder or receiving instrument g\ as before described, if tho
26 snitch 10 in tho local circuit of the battery /' is closed the messago
goes no further, but if tho switch 10 is open the circuit of tho battery/ 1
extends to tho electro-magnet c, the switch of the key a being closed;
defy the message received at 51 on ono line is repeated by c and IC
in o tho next lino. So in like manner the messago received from Now
01 'k * u tbo differential magnot D, 51, and repeated in tho sounder n will
go no farther if tbo switch 12 is closed, but if tho switch 12 is open tho
Messago will bo repeated to Ohicago at tho key h by tho magnet d
ni K; that reverses tho circuit in tho samo manner as if tho
ngor key 4 wore operated. Of course by closing tho switch 11 tho
message coming over tho lino L, L, from Chicago and received in 51
. c 1 '°l , oatcd to Now York, and the samo thing will occur in
>' e alien to tho messago received in I), 51, from Chicago if the
20
21
A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Edison's Improvements in Multiplex Telegraphs.
switch 43 is closed. Thus, ono or more messages may he automatically
repeated in long lines without interfering with the working of the othor
portions of tho quadruples instruments in cither direction from the inter-
mediato station.
In Fig. 20 tho polarized magnet D, M, and circuit wires arc tho samo 5
as havo bofore been described, but the magnet M that responds to rise
and fall of olcctrical tension is slightly varied. Tho armaturo 84 is
polarized, and swings between the cores of tho olcctro-magnet M, and at
the outer end tho tongue is between tho springs 82 and 83, and theso
springs aro strong enough to hold the tongue stationary, except when 10
the electro-magnet M is highly energized by increase of current from
tho sending station; when at rest the current from the battery 85 passes
by tho springs 82, 83, and block 80 back to tho battery, but when tho
current is increased enough to draw the armature 84 towards tho
spring 82 that is moved away from 80 tho short circuit through 80 is 15
broken, and the current directed through the receiving magnet g, and it
returns through spring 83 to tho battery, and if the polarity of tho
current is changed and tho strength of current remains the armaturo Si
flies over against 83, and moves it so suddenly that the magnet g will
not have time to demagnetize by the momentary contact of both the 20
short circuit springs with tho block 80.'
^ Wtal I claim as my Imcntta and dcairo to sacra b, lottcra Paiaat
tic «fault “ “Wl of toys that p„d„ooa
T °P«>.cd by rise aad
receiving iusiruments "
Specification. A.D. 1875.—N° 384.
Edison’s Im provements in Multiplex Telegraphs .
rheostats, or induction coils to neutralize tho static charges and dis¬
charges, substantially as sot forth.
Fifth. In a quadruplox repeater tho combination of tho two receiving
instruments in ono circuit with tho two magnots and transmitting dcvico
5 in tho other circuit, connected so that signals made in ono circuit will
bo repeated to tho receiving instruments in the other circuit, and vico
versa.
Sixth. In a quadruplex telegraph a main lino circuit divided and
provided with local batteries and circuits that operate tho repeating
10 instruments, substantially as sot forth.
Seventh. Tho combination in a quadruplox repeating telegraph of
switches or circuit connections for dividing tho local circuits to allow
each quadruplex line to work independently, substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, havo herc-
15 unto sot my hand and soal, this Sixth day of July, A.D. 1876.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON, (l.s.)
Witnesses.
Cua*. H. Smitii, 121, Nassau St., New York.
HAllOLD SuiUtELL, „ „ ,, „ „
LONDON:
Printed by Oeohoe Edward Evhk and William Spottiswoodb,
Printers to tho Queen’s most Excellent Mnjosty. 1875.
i
[Second Edition.]
A.D. 1875, 20Ui October. N° 3762,
Autographic Printing.
LET ™" ForT °/ N0 , Wark ’ in thc Stat0 o« Now
Autogiiaphic PttlNTJNO.” ’ 0 1 Invontlou of " Imphovements in
Sealed tbe 2Gtb A I )ril 1870, and dated the 2Gth October 1875.
, u "“ sw »
■ss^gfgi^aasas
20 point that « stea( l of ink there is a noodle or
Edison’s Improvements in Autographic Printing.
as to make tho perforations very dose together, even with rapid movement of the
pen. For this purpose I prefer to use a small magnet upon the top of tho stylus,
actuated by a battery with flexible conductors, and tho armature opens and closes
the circuit. A variety of electrical or mechanical devices may bo employod to give
this rapid vibration to the ncodlo. b 5
I remark that it is preforable to have the needle vertical, and provide a handlo
at an indication to the stylus, so that tho handlo may bo held like a pon.
arc?limi° e lj'| ra tb<i lettflr ? 1 ar0 m J ado by a type writing machine with koys that
are depressed to compose the words, the type are to be composed of numerous
arranged in the form of letters, so that the printing thorefrom 10
perforates tho paper as aforesaid. 6
The battery that I prefer to use is provided with carbon poles in porous cuds
we u3f™ rC t h hT“ t0 °f p0taS } and sul P 1,uric “id, and the wrbon ancTzinc poles
* »
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Letters Fatont filed by
the said Thomas Alva Edison in the Great Soal Potent Office on the 27th April
1870.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Newark, in the State of New Jersey, United States
5 or America. " Improvements in Autographic Printinq.”
The object of this Invention is to print from a sheet of paper or other material
that is perforated with numerous holos in lines forming the letters, numbers, designs,
or other configurations to be duplicated by the printing.
Tho perforations passing through the paper are filled with ink, preferably an ink
Id containing glycerine and analine colors. Tho ink is rubbed into the perforations by
a roller, brush, or other yielding dovico, and then tho perforated and inked paper is
laid upon the shoet to bo printod, and pressure is applied sufficient to cause the ink
in tho holes to pass upon tho surface of tho paper and produce a duplicate of the
perforations; this may be done by the pressure of a roller that also serves to fill the
*5 holes with ink for the noxt impression, so that by this means a large number of
duplicate manuscripts can bo produced, and there is but little more work in
proparing the original than in writing on paper.
The modo of preparing the original sheet is similar to that of preparing any
writton, or lettered, or drawn document or dosign.
The writer or draughtsman holds a pen, but instead of ink there is a needle or
point that reciprocates with very groat rapidity within a small tubo or stylus, and
projects each stroko far onongli to pass through tho paper into some soft substance,
such as cloth or blotting paper. The speed of reciprocation of tho noedlo is to be
such os to mako tho perforations very close together, even with a rapid movement
» of the pen. For this purpose I prefer to use a small magnet upon tho top of the
stylus, actuated by a battery with flexible conductors, ana the armature opens and
closes tho circuit. A variety of electrical or mechanical devices may bo employed
to give this ropid reciprocation to tbe needle,
on ^ remark that it is preferable to have the needle vortical, and provide a handle
at an inclination to tho stylus, so that the handle may be held liko a pon.
In cases whore tho lottors are made by a type writing machirio with keys that
are depressed to compose the words, tho type are to bo composed of numerous
needle points arranged in tho form of letters, so that tho printing therefrom
perforates tho paper us aforesaid.
The battery that I prefer to use is provided with carbon poles in porous oups
containing terchromato of potash and sulphuric acid, and the carbon and zinc poles
are upon arms that are elevated or depressed upon a standard; this furnishes a
especially adapted to tho ropid movements of tho olectro-mngnet.
,,. , .' 10 edges of the perforated Blieot are preferably hold by a frame whilo the ink is
being pressed through tho perforations to the sheet below.
In the Drawings,—
Fig. 1 is o vertical section of tho pon or stylus in a form that I have discovered
to be very convenient in use.
45 ? I 8 a 8 ' do . v * ow of the actuating magnet,
b ig. 3 is a section of the press as dosed,
big. 4 is a plan of the same os open.
Fig. 6 is a section of the paper bolding damp.
big. 0 is a section of tho pen-holding stand in smaller size than the pen, Fig. 1.
, big. 7 is a plan of tho bnttoty, illustrating also the flexible connection to the
istant pon as in uso.
Fig. 8 is an elevation of the battery partially in section j and
big. 9 is a seotion of the polo-supporting catch of the battery.
4 _A.D. 1875.—N° 3762.
Edison's Improvements in Autographic. Printing.
Tlio pen which I make use of consists of n tube a tapering to a small point b. anil
n noedlo c within the tube, which needlo is reciprocated with great rapidity, and
when the> noedlo point e is projected it is sufficiently long to reach through tho papor
upon which tho tube of tlio pen rests, and when retracted the needlo is drawn
within the tube, so that the small end thereof is free to be moved from placo to f
place. The great rapidity m tlio movement of the needle point produces the
punctures n the paper sufficiently close together to form lines whin the pen is
ZT, T "' r ; tlng 1I 0r . d . mw 'f- m ! d ns notllin 8 ^ removed from the paper its
strength is not materially injured by tho punctures or perforations. *
It will be apparent that any suitable dovico maybe employed for reciprocating in
tho perforatmg needle, several of which are hereafter described, but I prefer to use °
Bnd re v ? lvln e nrmature fly wlieel for this purpose,
wheel f and 1 I3 1 U|,0n tho frame c that supports tho axis 2 of tho fly
Sin D 4!V{ up™'Uie^axis ? so ^toota U ^ “
35Si“»
standard o, ns in Fins 8 ami a „' y 110 atc ,‘ .* P'? ssi,, g ‘“to n notch in tho
Standard o, ns in Figs. 8 and 0 TlZZ. “ 10 atc1 .* P? ssi,, g >“t° » notch in tho
cylinders, is shown^ This constr^eZ ^ “■ ,n tho CuIls . m ar “ nearly half
graphic pen, bocauso it occupies but little* <S V< ‘i™ t ' 0,,VBnient for this auto-
brought into or put out of action P ‘ CB “” d " easil >' transported and
sulphuriS Prefembly empl ° yed in the battery are tcrchromato of patash and ^
by mean^f which Ft° Mn^rclampe^aftS? 1 'tl*' 71 is , provided wit h a set nut 9,
allow the needle to be drawn into *7° '" S )ecn adjusted, so as to
aforesaid. aWn mto tllB ‘"be and projected by the motor, as 36
the tube pen! and s^ppoluhllfamTand nroteet tf' 6 “7°/ ° nd * of a aize to receive
within such stand. 11 ‘ d P roteot the point from injury when entered
pen to be easil7moTed tb abou n t ^'perfta-mZ mI" 1 b ?.. floxibl «, as to allow the 40
punctured should be placed upon some l" 8 '' f" d tho P a P<m to be
to prevent injury tothe needle-point i„^ writinl SU "* C '° th 0r blBtt '»g P“per,
^° a tullcr^pjflied'ta'tho'right^si'd^of^r 0 ^ * r* 0 fiU , tho holes ”ilh ink by
:SSe r * rthatpr ^ tba '^
“ ”” “■ » d J * “»ip&r sr sji
ft*''"*" 1 ''"- A.D. 1875_N° 3762. 5
Edison's Improvements in Autographic Printing,
turned over the edge of tho frame u ; a roller covered with felt or sin^' notarial
and having ink upon its surface is now rolled over tho perforated sheet unt 1 aH
nmdo by tho ink throush auch boi <» -A
The hinged frame holding the perforated sheet may bo lifted for inspecting tho
mpression, and closed down again if the impression is defective at any point 8
Altar tho holes are filled tlio impression upon other sheets can bo mado in suc-
cssion veiy rapidly, and a small quantity of ink is added from time to time
Printers ink thinned out with castor oil may bo omployed. Anilino or colors
nay bo used mixed with glycorino or molnsses.
It is generally preferable to liavo the perforating needlo porpendicular to the
paper and for convenience in holding the same there may be a lmndle a> connected
nth tho pen tubo a, and occupying an inclined position, as shown in Fi". 11
,{0 ? a ™° ob J c ®J “ccomphshed by the dovico siiown in Fig. 12: Tho perforating
eedlo instead of being at the end of the red c is at the end of a short rod c' hat
guided m the short tapering tubo b and said rod c‘ is connected to tho rod e by
the lover it*. This nmingoment allows of tho tube a being held in the same
^ pc^LutartotCpipor 7 held ’ and ° f maintainin g tb ° needle
20 Various forms of elcctro-magnotic and other motors may be omployed to revolve
the shaft that reciprocutes the perforating needle, and I will now briefly describo
f « w of tho motors that may bo advantageously employed. y
In Fig. IS tho holices d d\ are sustained in the frame e, and tho shaft 2 passes
freely through them and forms their core. Upon tho shaft 2 arms / /‘ placed at
i Zt an ,tV„ 0 T h ° tber ’ and u P on the frame c in line with said arms are metallic
| ’ “ C 7 J. 8, 18, •? r """ K atatlonar y ‘“'matures. After tho shaft 2 is onco sot in
I a dilk anirz. '? ° P °? 0d •,° loSed 7 tbo >'<*«* 4 d\ at the proper times by
1 .mtt, cau"es t“na P / ,n /’' u “T, befora d ° SCribed - a “ d tho ™agnetic
•10 ,.Z m i . 1 y f ' to . bo altarnately moved around towards their res-
30 pictn o blocks to keop up a continuous rotation of tho shaft.
thislZr .Zl'lTnr- 011 ° is , conn . cctt ' d to tho vibrating armature lever e‘, and
a rcctmrtiln ““Z 8 7 m °uo <lirection by tho magnet d. and then in the other by
i.rectructilo Bpnng, and when tho nrmature lever and needle-rod are drawn down
35 anil th« B !i!™ E i ^^ , clrcu, . t chan g° r is moved and closes the circuit to tho magnet d,
in ll a ™ at “f° lBvor 13 "‘uved upward, and in so doing moves the circuit clanger
m the other direction and breaks the circuit, and so on, the circuit is opened
^ closed, and thus a very rapid reciprocating movement is given to tho needlo
« turon^sZZrl! 60 mt ninen0t - d ia , firn ! 1 J r “ ecurod 10 the shaft 2, and the arma-
nnd Ilm ta . t onar F- There are insulated hubs or commutators upon the shaft 2
"niSareTraZr Ctl M nS ^ tbe beIice3 d to tbo and contact
one helix /iml Znll U3ual manner, so that tho current is sent first througli
ini°n!7 u • d 1 T th < J tber ’ and a rotar y motion obtained by the cores of the
45 magnet acta°as nlsy-yriieid th . 0 ... ar ™ atur0 /• B F this dB viee the
In Tri„ in7i Uy iv' c0l ', and ,t3 weight is utilized,
bv tlm 7 0 , nue ., °' r ? d o 18 connected to a vibrating armature lover e 1 moved
tlenei,T,?7 U 7lr Prin ^ as in 14 i b “t a secondary magnet d> not Zn
close mctulbo connection with tho magnet d, is employed to open and
50 changor d« rCWt 4 ° ma g Det d b F actuating tho armature lovor d* and circuit
and 1 el d ;n l C< tn 1 M Wn - in IT may be employed with equal advantage for opening
is stutionarv l ° ® lrcu,t lo . 1,10 magnet cl. In said Fig. 17 tho electro-magnot
latter in emnTl 6 tv es motion to a revolving armature and commutator, and this
55 baltcrv tn 7,i *° a W ' tb ., t ‘° ° 1 0ntact s P rin g d opens and closes the circuit from tlio
tiousl at tU ° Samu t,n, ° t0 tb0 lnns ' lefc tbB counec-
6 A.D. 1875.—N« 3702.
_ Edison's Improvements in Autographi c Printing,
. J" 18 the nfdJo-rod c is connected a rocking lover e 1 that is provided with
:i“ r0S ' an 1 h l “°. an “ of tL ° . C,rouit 0,iar S er e‘ operated by said rocking
" " lover and the wire connections represented, the circuit is opened and
JSf. S5 $&2z “ 8 “‘ * «* * »•“ .
1° t ' 1 ®. neodIo . 1 rod c , is actuated by a revolving shaft and a cam operating *
Jj? ‘ 8 ?| ock of Jbe needle rod o, as boforo described; but tho shaft is mado in two
over life ° n ° part “ ido othor as the pen tube a is moved
over t ° paper, and ono or moro baii joints are provided in tho daft /■ /» tonllow
for still greater freedom in writing. The power to rotuto the shaft /> > j “1
mumcated from a foot treadle by the link }• to a pulley/‘ wd from '.he 'latter a
“^SoES: tho shaft ^ - w«^ e tKu
from Oio vessel A«-to replenish the supply in the voM l ° tUn9
said, tho pawl turns the ratchet wheol i* Ld shaft 2°Ind fctfl “1 08 afom *
keep tho motion regular, Q BUalfc and fc e w ^ e ®l ** serves to
,i e, x •?,«»■*- »•—»*
table as the pen tube is moved over tho^innnr ?r' an ^ wheel rolls upon the
Im-ge pulley V and from 7aTeft lad s P to a 37 Me ? tI, ° wlleo1 ™ 4 » a
gearing the motion is finally transferred 5 uI, Z TO "* oud b y the bevel
sufficiently broad and heavy to stand unricht Mrl nlfi?' i-Vl* ,"’ lieel m ‘ sIlould ba
In Fig. 23 tho needle rod o is connected to • b ! J 0 li P «*er. 3
armature to the eleetro-magnct“ and wl,en a ., tbm . mo ‘ a| b° Plato that forms the
attracted by the magnet, thTplato“ closod ‘bo plate
thoe !ti * he spring of the plato iJ£iodiatelyraisMTLm^ ^ and breaks tlla
tho circuit, and tho plato and needle-rod are aZin 1, f , “'r® Dm 8 n0t and closes
cu-cmt is opened and closed and a verVr an fd m nvI“ ( ° U ? ht do "' n - a,ld 80 tho 35
% 24 illustrates how letters S B “C2 6<von to tho neodle-rod.
m the paper. A lover o 3 for each lotto, ““ ordinary types may ho punctured
represented to Fig.^'l^hav^how^ *v 9dl9 , p ? int8 ' mi 8 bt be upon a wheol as 45
turned’ 14 Tho S Kg • P ° n *•>**•«* 50
ussa-SSsSiSSar-.
sped**"'". A.D. 1875.—N° 3762. 7
_ Edison's Improvements in Au tographic Printing.
Second. Tho portablo perforating instrument for writing or drawing composed of
a tube or stock with a small end similar to a pon, and a perforating needle and
means for reciprocating such needle rapidly, substantially ns set forth.
Third. The method horein specified of printing in pormanont somi-fluid ink by
5 puncturing a sheet of paper or similar material with numerous small holes, filling
such holes with a semi-liquid ink and pressing tho same upon tho surface to bo
printed, substantially os set forth.
Fourth. Tho swinging frame u and paper holding clamps 13 in combination with
the bed t for recoivmg and holding tho Bhoot of porforatod paper, and the sheet to bo
10 printed, substantially as sot forth.
Fifth. Tho combination with tho revolving magnotio motor, pon holder a, and
puncturing needle c of the cam dr, having three or more points, substantially as set
Sixth. The combination with tho portable hand perforating instrument having'
15 ® n t ^ ectro ' ma 8 netlc Inotor o£ n flexible conductor and a battery, substantially as sot
Seventh. Tho portable galvanic battery composed of cells in a stand with a polo
supporting rod, latch, and cross head, in combination with floxiblo conductors, a
magnetic motor, and a perforating pou, substantially as sot forth.
20 _ Eighth. The ink herein specified for autographic printing composed of printors’
ink thinned out with castor oil, as set forth.
Ninth. Tho pen tube a provided with tho handlo a 1 in combination with tho per¬
forating needio and electro or other motor for actuating tho same, as set forth.
Tenth. The needle o' guided in the short tube b l and connected to tho rod c by
23 the lever a 3 in combination with the tube a and motor for actuating the needle, sub-
8tantially as and for tho purposes specified.
Eleventh. The letters or characters for a type-writing machine mado of needle
points for puncturing papor or other material for printing, as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, have hereunto set liiy
30 hand and seal, this Third day of April, A.D. 1876.
Witnesses,
Cha>. H. Smith, 121, Nassau St., Now York, N.Y.
Qeo. T. Pinckney „ „ „ „ „
LONDON: Printed by Gkuuuk Ehwahii Etub nnd William SromswooDB,
Printers to the Queen’s moat Excellent Majesty.
For Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
[ 19638 .- 50 .- 3 / 80 .]
A.D. 1S7G, -16th.I lly. N"30J2.
Acoustic Telegraphs.
(Thw Invention received Provisional Protection only)
5 It is well known Unit if two burs or forks of steel of equal length, braultli. ami
thickness ho secured nt one end and properly adjusted they will vibrate at tho
same rale of speed, Heeds of this kind linve been used in telegraphs.
I have availed of tills well-known operation to construct a peculiar telegraph
that is capable of being used either singly, one instrument nt each end, or two or
10 more instruments at each end of different tones or pitch, so that the instrument nt
one end energises tlio instrument at the other end of corresponding pitch.
Tlie Invention consists of two acoustic reeds, tuning forks, or ollici bodies
following the law of the pendulum, operated directly by elcctro-mngnetism or
indirectly by the intervention of sonorous bodies or columns of mr between sulI
15 reeds, tuning forks, or other bodies following the law of the pendulum and the
electro-magnet; such electro-magnetic acoustical reeds are placed at the two ends
■ of a telegraphic circuit, and being provided with contact breaker points, pitches,
connections, and other proper devices, vibrato when properly ndj ’.sted m pci tea o
magnets operating such reeds are placed upon a new set ot electro-iiuigacts entire y
disconnected from tho reed magnets at botli ends of the u no sinudtiu cously at
25 that particular period of time when the wire is not transmitting “ “
wave. Tho second set of electro-magnets contained m a branch e «uit at both
ends limy he common Morso relays operating sounders and controlled by a toy,
the t W o receiving tho same number of waves ns the reed but not at tlio samo time,
and occurring with groat rapidity act upon tho relay in tho samo manna as n
30 constant current. « .
The Invention further consists in peculiar contact points to casin o a perloct
transfer of tho wave from tho signalling instruments to tho reed i t u ei Is 1
Edison's Improvements in Acoustic Telegraphs.
Tlio Invention further consists in peculiar forms of roods and olcctro-mngnets
operating the same to suit tho various conditions which aviso upon long, short, and
inferior tolographie circuits.
Tho Invention further consists in tho mothod of compensating for tho mutilation
of tho acoustical and signalling waves by tho static current, and by derived currents 5
from contiguous wires.
Tho Invention further; consists in the mothod of transferring tho main wire from
tho acoustic magnets and circuit at terminals and at way stations to tho signnlliii"
magnets at tho snmo station. ' ! "
Tho Invention further consists in tho method of trai fe 1 ng tho signals from one 10
circuit into another. °
The Invention further consists in tiie method of transferring tho signuls into
branch wires. , b
The Invention further consists in tho mothod of duplexing and nuadruploxing
the signalling circuit obtained by acoustical transfer. " 15
Tho Invention further consists in tho method or transmitting two messages in
tho same direction upon tho circuit obtained by acoustical transfer °
Tho Invention further consists in the method of signalling (upon tho circuit
currents^ ^ ac0uaticn trai,sfo1 ') b y tho uso of polarized relays nnd reversed
The invention further consists in the method of transferring several separate !<>
*—- f “ — * ss
distinct messages in eitlier direction at the same time
Tlie lnvcutiou further consists in tho method of regulating telegraphic machinery
mission o™ol%rarns > over tlio^samo s °' n ^ S tfi *' 0 bno ° bl co miection with tho trails-
Hussion 01 telegrams ovei tlie same wire nt tho samo time.
Hie Invention further consists in the mothod of transmitting messaws ,™n tl,„ in
relay instruments which servo to Jmf +L |a i° I 1C te *®g n JP« lc wlro acoustical
ijfr TH,"of Ml "3 tr""'!?""" I *™ll of tho tuned ’’
nnd contact devices upon the reeds sw ,d„,r S * , 111 a tclcgraphio circuit
telegraphic lino, tliciXkcmtaTbo1,«££ n ""■} close circuit of such 40
^EeSH^ I; s=
ssysfe ,t,:s sssi sstr ”? •S? “
the line. Connected to thoseforksnro«mt»S . a y nchr °“°>>« 1 y at both ends of 45
several split circuits in which are rdnml ” * and s P n,, S 8 arranged with
teing fhi same it both ends of the lino and ,el . Tll ° connections
and springs at each terminal is connected L„L f w , ks ““‘I, 11 '® 11 ' contact points
The synchronously moving local reeds scrviim , V "“other tolographie lino,
one sot of signalling instruments trans or suoh telegraph lino from 50
one after tho° ot!,or°wHl, mS^mpiditv bu^n -T™ 1 ° th ° r se , ts of instruments
is never upon more than two sets of siennllim? inntr!,ni .T",''!, tlat 41,0 Inain 11,10
several messages maybe transmitted 3 lnstrum( : ntf * at tilie samo time, lienco
tune There maybe included withinttio samt locXol™ ? t prac4ica,1 y nt tho same
several messages limy bo transmitted XwH ' nstrum( : nta at tho snmo time, lienco
tune. There maybe included within tho immlln™? 0 . Wlr0 . Practically at tho same
transfer forks which may servo to transfer nn< J fcbor set of nconstical 55
several sols of signalling instruments^
Edison's Improvements in Acoustic Telegraphs.
I'laeh one of tho branches or splits so obtained nnd upon which signalling takes
placo may bo arranged with a Wheatstone bridge, equating resistance condenser,
or electro-magnet, tlio last two for balancing tho static charge of tho lino so ns to
allow of tho transmission of two messages in opposito directions at tlio same time
5 upon cncli split; with this nrraugoment I innko uso of circuit preserving keys.
In practice I prefer to use polarized receiving relay circuit preserving and reversing
finger keys for signalling.
A.D. 1877, 30 th N° 2909.
Controlling by Sound tho Transmission of Electric Currents, and
the Reproduction of Corresponding Sounds at a Distanoo.
LETTERS PATENT to Tliomns Aiva Edison, of Monlo Park, in tho Stato of Now
Jersey, United Slates of America, for tho Invention of “ Improvements in
Instiiujirnts koii Controlling uv Sound the Transmission of Electric
CURRENTS, AND THE REPRODUCTION OF CORRESPONDING SOUNDS AT A
Distance.’
FR0 O(TW°?o Ij SPECIFICATION loft by tho said Thomas Alva Edison at tho
wince ol the Commissioners of Patents on tho 30th July 1877.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho Stato of New Jersoy, United States
5 TraJ“„ Is J™ 0VKMENT in Instruments for Controlino by Sound the
Sounds at a Distyncf’’ 0 CtmnENTS ’ and ™ e Re ™oduction of Corresponding
° f tbo nt mosphero, which result from tho liumau voico or from
the e"ec , ;, f“ stniment w otherwise, are made to act in increasing or lessoning
10 lc-eninoVhn • ,°° Up ° n a lno by °P 0Ilin g or closing the circuit, or increasing or
at tho LT- ml "Ty ° f contnct between conducting surfaces placed in the circuit
a vibration' 1 " 8 , 11011 > tl10 electric action in ono or moro electro magnets causes
a soun.l i tynpan, or other instrument similar to a drum, and produces
discovered tlmf ti"“r™ 1 . is erently augmented by mechanical action. I have
15 proper]v nrntti i , fn “ tl0 “ ° f 0 P 01I >t or surface that is in contact with a
by the strunnH, r it , w, y moving surfaco, is very much ineroased or lessoned
variation in ti,“ “>« oloetrio wavo passing at such point of contact, and from this
or means that „Jn"i° t,0n a F ea , t<5r or less vibration is givon to tho mechanism
• renderinn dent ?Li “??,?' dovolo P a ‘be sound at the receiving station, thereby
20 audible. 8 10 ano distinct tho sound rocoivod that otherwiso would not bo
P eoulia rities o£ my Invention under tho varying conditions of
intensifying (1 °°y iae(1 several modifications of tho transmitting, receiving, and
[P '81 V ' 8eS ° mp,oye<J in tbis so u n d telegraph j portions of tho apparatus
2 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909. gjjgjjjju
Edison’s Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Tran smission of Electric Currents, &c.
nro interchangeably, avnilnblo in transmitting or recording; otbors nro adapted to
local nso; some are only avnilnblo in transmitting, and others are only for rocoivin" ■
and some portions of my improvement enn bo availed of to innko a rocord of the
ntmosphorio sound waves, or of tbo electric waves, nr pulsations corresponding thereto
or resulting thorofroin. j
In ouo form of my apparatus tbo sound passes into a resonant box bavin" one
fc\vo, or inoro tympans nfc its sides tlmfc arc vibrated thereby, tbo tension of* these
being various, so as to respond to difTcront sound waves, and tbo electric connections
pass through all to one line or circuit, in which is a battory nnd the distant
receiving instrument. Circuit contact points are provided at one or both surfaces 10
of the tympan or tympans; the tympans me of parebment, foil, mica, sheet metal,
or similar nmtenal. I find platinum, foil, or mica to respond advantageously when
the waves iron, tbo mouth are made to pass tl,rough a slot resembling the larynx
placed with,,, the resonant tube. Tbo contact points or surfaces are sometimes
metallic, but plumbago, or Binular semi-conducting matorial, into which tbo tymnan ”
or (liaphiagm is brought more or less intimately into contact, or a point or pin
tnoreon serves to lessen or increase the electricity passing at that point
aaoltoZ!!? portion of tbo instrument the tympan is,acted upon directly by
" r th . ro "v rh nn armature, or the tympan is provided witl. an arm
p'assintr at tbo nnint'nr °"' y "J°y in o surface or cylinder, and tbo electric current, 2
vibration of ‘the nm “i t" ' '" CIC! } SC * or leS!i0ns 1,10 a » d produces tbo
or paper; the tnuismitting^ointTh/ah^
,,r “■ ” •“'
winch ^increases and decreases its resistance. 1 ° 01 similar matoiial,
from the vibration’ oniioVmp™"uid 'male 1 ] 011 ^ wil1 rocoivo n motion
plumbago point without arresting the ,! „ ? °, r IoM Int " nato contllc t with the
from tho movement of the tvmnnn n i 0 ectric te,,s,on will result accurately
““ *■
IS vibrated or undulated by tlio sound waves°notin n<1 to , tlK!t 5' m P lln at tbo other,
greater or less contact with nieces of tin tvi° S n0tln S °. n t ' 1 ,° tympan, and produces
electric circuit or plumbago- co ta t n'i^ 1 it, which also are in the
same object. A column fonnedofdisksoftb! Wl!‘° Sul ? of 8u , ch B P»™g effect tbo 50
the vibrations of the tymnan also nm ln a fi Ias s tube, pressed upon by
regulate the electric tension in the circuit. ° mpl0y0d " Ud0r 80,110 ’ciremnsta,ices to
cessation °f'"^ 8 oureent^foixaaid^bTomnhnM? 0 ^ 01 ' docr .°' ls0(1 “Pen tbo passage and
electric and mechanical acS a frame Tsl S ° m ? 1,ls i“ n003 to vibrato by the 55
musical sounds, or to give motion t^reeds^r^osonant^boxos. 1011 ^ pit ° h ^
A.D. 1877.—N° 2909. 3
Edison's Impls. in Controlling by Sound tho Transmission of Elcdrio Cur rents, <te.
Tlio transmitting tympan is somotinies mado of cloth, with plumbago pressed into
its surfaces, and generally it is preforablo to woiglit tbo centre of tbo tympan, and
tako tbo motion a Iittlo ono sido. of tbo centre to prevent a flaso inovomont or
rebound. Tlicso sound transmitting and receiving instruments aro applied insiuglo
5 or multiploy telegraphs; tlio connections through tbo Wlieatstono bridgo, or tbo
imluction coils, being used in tbo woll known ways, and tlio circuits being cither
single or relays. _
Where nlluminium is introduced in tlio olectric circuit in connection with a
material containing an olcctrolite, tbo vibration of tbo tympan, nnd an extension
10 from it to thu material containing tlio electrolyte, causes a depolarization at tho
point of contact at every vibration, thus increasing and decreasing the strength of
tlio current by depolarization.
Where a slot is limdo in tbo diaphragm, and tbo airways impingo against tbo
same, the vibration of tbo hissing sounds is augmented.
15 The resonant chamber for convenience is made portable, so as to be presented to
tlio mouth.,
In addition to tbo tympan for transmitting the vowel sounds, I employ another
opening in tbo speaking tube or chamber, which opening may bo increased or
lessened ; I stretch edgewise over this a thin reed of foil, which is set in vibration
20 by all hissing consonants, nnd mako contact with a plumbago point, or with a
platina point, which is connected to tlio lino through an adjustable resistance coil,
or a self-acting reed giving a hiss may be thrown in and out of circuit by tho
inovomont of tlio foil reed.
For transmitting nnd receiving letter by letter, I employ a shaft with 30 wheels,
25 and contact springs resting upon them ; tlio wheels aro provided with teeth of such
number and character that they will cause the springs to be vibrated against a
plumbago point tho necessary number of times, und with proper pressure to
transmit tlio letter, which is rendered audible at the distant station by tho magnet
or frictional surface. Each wheel is controlled by a key of a key board.
Edison’s Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents,
Sounds at a Distano™ ' andt,ik r ^-iioduction of Corresponding
-zs c.rsr;
st“;
speaking into a resonant caso to urndn™* 1 ?‘ VCU ^°r ?, d ' n P hrn g'. n or tympan, by
the lino with such accuracy that tho clnntri'nY'T- fa of clectricaI tension upon
atmospheric sound waves pro luce] bySE£ T , W| Wa T» WiU ro P resonfc ‘ ho 20
receiving station will id t d S° ^ ^ electro-magnet at the
Thein:tr by , 7 li ''Z u Po>' atson^ pLt^ 8UCh “ “ “ to
a section of the transmitTing iUramentrand^^o/tlm If' * “ d - 2 ’f ig ' 1 boing
The resonant tube or box a is of a 7 i ?' “ f , 0 ,ecclvm g instrument. 25
the same having an opening at ono end or siiln'o'lwV^ a f u I >f ; ed to bein g .spoken iuto,
against which tlio sound waves from f|,„ i d 11 < . la P bnl g m or diaphragms b,
motion that the diaphragm ffin m ™ mBn » V0,C0 , " 0t ' and thoso and the
electric tension on the lino bv tho dov!™» h o ° f l ), ? duc,n g a riso and fall of
connected to the lino l will transmit a SCt foi ' tb * 80 that tll(! battel 7 B 30
magnet m, Fig. 2. and increase or lessfn thl Z ^ to tbo distaufc electro-
doing act upon a resonant pl„ e „ ,, ma S notls "> of the cores, and in so
articulation at the transmitting P station ’ d ° P 80und corresponding to tho
J-iio general features thus desmlwl „„„ ,
developing tho same many useful ,iSmEST** ?? enliro Invention, but in 35
keen made, which I will proceed to set fo?th mod,ficatlons a “ d variations have
and flexible Conductors fo k f he battorv^S^' ia P roviduJ with a handle a\
bandied and brought to the mouth and bUikoT rCS P cati . vel y- s ° ‘bat it may bo
“ d L tba resonant plate touching the ear incrcaC™ ° r f? t,1B "e^nsCf bearing,
Tlin fi£f ra ° nS ° r , fcbo P’noes. bX ° d r ° SOnant tube - those being variable to
tbo resonant tutoVth^vdca Cfave S ” 10 oon " idorat ion is tho peculiarity of
b 08 r d ° f ‘ 10 l,issin ff consonants such X r„ l,e I 1 1 ?. ud great '«««% in reproducing
sasss mmm:
jpoHtaiion. A.D. 1877—N° 2909. 5
Edison's Tmpts. in Controlling hy Sound the Transmission of Ekelrir. Currents, do.
arc given either to tlio resonant tube or deflected to tho diaphragm. 1 find it
preferable to employ a hole « at the lower part of tho mouth piece, against tho edges
of which tho downward sound waves are directod. Tho snmo oflect will bo pro¬
duced by a vibrating edgo placed in tbo lower part of tho mouth piece, or tho
5 opening into tlio resonant box may ho contracted to about half nn inch in diameter
to effect the same purpose. The nuxt feature requiring consideration is tho ohnrnctor
of tlio diaphragm in tbo speaking instrument.
Many materials have been omployed by mo, such as metals, horn, vellum, celluloid,
ivory, &c„ but almost all of thoso produce a prolonged or secondary vibration from
10 their own resonant character, lioneo tlio articulation is defective, and tlio sound
vibrations blend. After oxtonsivo experiments I find that mica is almost entirely
free from any resonant action, and hence it will respond with the greatest accuracy
to the sound vibrations, and being of a laminated character can be omployed of any
desired thickness, and when secured at its edges responds with tho greatest
15 accuracy to the sound vibrations, and does not require to be strained j furthermore,
the changes of temperature and atmospheric condition liavo little or no effect upon
the mica diaphragm or tympan.
1 find that it is not practical to opon and close tho lino circuits in instruments
for transmitting tbo human voice; tbo circuit to the lino must bo always closed,
20 and tho transmission be produced by a rise and fall of electric tension, resulting
from more or less resistance in tho line. This rosistanco may bo produced in
several ways. I have shown soverul which will hereafter bo named, but I find the
most delicate to bo sinnll bunches or tufts. Or disks of semi-conducting elastic fiber,
such as particles of silk, and an intermediate conducting or semi-conducting material j
25 this device I call uu electric tension regulator; it is more or less compressed, according
to the vibrations of the diaphragm or tympan, nml tlio electric current rises in
tension as it is compressed or lessens as tho fiber expands.
This fiber is placed in a small roll t, between the delicate diaphragm spring u,
Fig. b, and the variable pressor v, adjustable by screw or otherwise in tho electric
.10 circuit at this point, or it maybe within a cavity in said pressor v, as in Fig. 1, there
being a delicate cork center picco w to the diaphragm b, with a piece of platina
foil x in contact with the fiber; in all instances the telegraphic circuit at tho
diaphragm is made by a thin strip of platina or similar material extending to tbo
center from tlio lino or battery connection.
35 ll.o fiber is rendered semi-conductive by being rubbed with plumbago, soft
metal, or similar material, or by a deposit of metal upon its surface, or by fine
particles of conducting or semi-conducting material mixed with it, tbo conducting
power varying with the density of the tuft or bunch of fiber. Tho delicato spring u,
Fig. !), upon the mica diaphragm b is easily secured by' solder passing into fine holes
40 bored in tho mica.
In Fig. il tho tension regulator is made by water or other semi-conducting
electrolytic fluid in a ciqi /. Tho wires to tho battery are led to the olcctrodes or
conducting points 2, 3, in such cup that aro opposite to points 4., 5, upon the
I _ dinphrngm b.
45 Tho cup is adjustable to vary tbo distance between tho electrodes nnd tho riso
and fall of tension results from the varying distanco between tho electrodes ns moved
by the vibrations of the dinphrngm. If tlioro arc sevornl olcctrodos opposite to oach
other and insulated, oxcopt at their ends, and the circuit led from ouc to tho other
60 font the current passes through all tho ulectrodes in succession, tho riso nnd fall
50 of electric tension will bo promotod, because tho smallest vibration of one set of
electrodes is multiplied by tho number of places at which the motallic circuit is
interrupted or varied. In tho receiving or hearing instrument the resonant plate c
should bo of tinned iron, resting upon tho odges of the caso, and tho inngnot m,
.. “djustuble nearer to or further from tho same, and connectod loosoly by slotted
“ii tongues, This pluto will respond to the electric pulsations by tho attraction of tlio
magnetized cores, and tho sound resulting will bo audiblo when tho plato is placed
near or against tlio ear. If tho pinto is pressed away from tlio magnet by a delicato
_A.D. 1877.—N« 2909.
Edison's Tmpts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, .Cu
27 fi ' 0m r' le T"'" 0t ' th0 “‘^rumont nmy bo used,« a coll
this will produce greater rise and fall of tnnJL r °\ S be,,, ff .°N ,n the electric circuit;
diaphragms acti n | si „ lu lS^^S; " los “ ““"l" 0 ™* ° f «••
is preferable to make tho mouth niece of the . t 1,1 som « instances it
ser “•“»■> va^^zsjtaissa,j2!:»
need, th« enmoXtinghf Xu ...7" l ° X ; ,iapl “' ,l S" 1 ' m "> Ll >
rlz uT'iS;,",;? s s,-;
cncuit, but the movement of the dinnhramn >r "F m ' "l acrvu to limintnin a closed 25
tension regulator, formed ofateTiS^r I,S . e and , f “" «f tension. The
bo either dry or moistened with a linuW ‘ S som, - con,Iuc tmg material, may
in some instances I innko hr* i* ,
In some instances I mako hr* ^
case to form the tension regulator tbo rimd? U<l °n Iam P bIack wtninod within a
and fall of electric tension resulting from tho J'"; SSII, o t l ,rou fij' , tIie Sftn *°. and the rise 3
merit of tho diaphragm. g Ul ° compression of the same by tho n -
wise by causing the movements o^ thedinrfXfTt ^ ‘ Uman V ° ic ° ° r otl ' 01 '-
Bheet metal, and then tho paper may bo used b f r 'S ,sltrcl ' on paper or soft
sound upon a delicate diaphragm by Iw a , instrument to reproduce the 35
°L Vibmt j° n *.««' MiKAE ^
rates «T°V ,m ‘ ,er "fter beingMenudh““ d ^“'S *«HmUoi 5 of the
ratus n, Fig, 5, almost similar fn l. . ,luc . mea is passed through a second anna.
If theso sounds ’ ” U i ,roJuces previous
descritfn ?' /" telegraph lino the diaplmmm 10, 511
“S3"" a r p1 '^
g a point or points resting on tbo
SpocilUiton. A.D. 1877.— N° 2909. 1
Edison’s Tmpts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, Sic.
paper; this arm is connected with a resonant diaphragm, and the ink marks produco
moro or loss friction, according to tbo breadth and amount of ink deposited, and
this will set tho diaphragm of n vibrating, and reproduce the vibrations of tho
diaphragm of h. An obvious modification would ho to coat tho paper with a sub-
5 stance which would cause considerable friction, or evon rough unsized paper might
bo used, and a spring provided with a burnished point, rather flat, would oauso tho
surface of tho popor to bo made smooth moro or lo.ss, according to tho vibration of
tho diaphragm, and tho differences in tho surface of the paper would produco a
response in tho recoiving diaphragm.
10 I sometimes arrange tho battory in connection with tho transmitting instrument,
as shown in Fig. 10. h is tho resonant chamber at tho end of which is the
diaphragm 10, and nt oacli sido of this diaphragm there nro springs c 2 , <?, having
points made of compressed plumbago mixed preferably with gum rubber, but any
_ substanoo not lioblo to rapid decomposition, or tho elastic or fibrous tension
15 regulator aforesaid may bo used. Those points face oacli other on opposite sides of
the diaphragm, and mako contact with platina foil disks secured to tho diaphragm.
The spring c’ passes through a hole or small slot in tho sido of tho chamber h.
ip, d\ aro tho main batteries. The battery tl 1 has zinc to the line or spring c 2 , and
tho battery «P has copper to tho lino or spring <f. When the springs c- and c 1 aro
20 adjusted to mako contact with tho diaphragm equally, no current passes to the
lino; hut when tho diaphragm is vibrated, its movement to one side, say c 2 , causes
a greater pressure upon tho plumbago on that spring, and a lessening of tho
pressure on the plumbago on c 3 ; lienco tho balanco of tho batteries c 2 and c' will bo
destroyed, c 2 , having tho advantage, will send n negative current to lino ; upon tho
25 return of the diaphragm tho battory currents will again neutralize each other. Tho
vibration of the diaphragm to tho other side causes tho pressure to bo reversed, and
the buttery iV * will send a positive current to the line. As tho tension regulator of
fiber or of plumbago decreases and increases its resistance enormously under slight
changes of pressure, it follows that tho strength of the electric waves will bo in
30 proportion as tho speaker’s voice is strong or weak. In Fig. 11 is shown tho
contact spring, which inay bo used adjacent to the diaphragm at one or both sides
thereof, c 3 is a U shaped spring secured to the screw c 4 , which is adjusted back
and forth by tho thumb nut c*; e* is the pillar holding such screw; r is a piece of
_ rubber, or equivalent substance, placed between the prongs of the spring c 3 ;
35 c is a wire or band which serves to bind the prongs tightly against the rubber r,
so as to prevent tho prongs acting as a tuning fork, and transmitting harmonic
vibrations not de.sirablo; r 2 is tho plumbago contact point. The object of the
U spring and rubber is to present a semi-rigid point for contact, so ns to prevent a
rebound, and allow of a slight yield when tho plumbago is pressed by the
40 diaphragm.
In Fig. 3 the diaphragm of tho receiving instrument is vibrated by a strip of
paper chemically prepared that is in motion, tho pulsations of electricity passing
over the line and producing moro or less friction between the paper and an arm
upon the diaphragm. The resonant box or chamber n is provided with a diaphragm
ns aforesaid, and to said diaphragm an arm Jr is connected ; at its outer end is an
adjusting screw h*, that presses upon a platina*faced spring h* that is secured to
tms arm, and said spring rests upon the strip of paper that passes over the drum h\
1 nc, paper « moved slowly by rotating tho drum A 8 , and the waves of electricity
50 n° lm,, *i ovor tl,e Km* pass through the arm h? to tho platina-facod spring k\ thence
V”' ou g“ the paper to tho .earth. If a negative current passes in the opposite
direction, nearly all friction between tho platiuu plate and tho paper ceases, and the
diaphragm of tho resonant box n regains its normal position. When the positive
current passes through tho sumo channel, tho normal friction of tho paper is
55 l r ?? mcnt ®d» the chemical surface acting upon tho platina spring arm serves to
give a forWiird movement to tho diaphragm of tho resonant box. Thus tho
acchanical forco applied to movo the chemical paper or surface acts with the electric
rrent to produce tho vibration of tho diaphragm of tho resonant chamber, and
Edison's hnyts. in Cmitroiliny by Hound the. Transmission of Electric Currents, du
tlioso vibrations will correspond to those of tlio diaphragm 6, mndo by speaking in
tbe tube a. Tho principlo of tin's method of obtaining motion by uloctro-cliomic.nl
decomposition is, tlmt when n moving surface is in onntnet with n slightly yielding
substnneo, the tondunoy is to move tho Inttor by mid with tho former. If tho
circumstances of contact m o varied, tho adhesion of tho surfaces will be snfliciont to 5
causa tho moving surface to move tho yielding subslaneo, nr else to cause tho
yielding surface to slip more freely, and by its spring go in tho opposito direction to
tho moving surface. Tho passago of electricity at tho surfaces in eontaot will
change the frictional adhesion, making it more or less, according to tho substances
employed. .
By balancing tho mechanical forces, so tlmt when tho surfaces in contact nro not
electrified, tho moving surface carries with it the yielding surfuco; and, when
electrified, the yielding surfuco slips back over the moving surface, a mechanical
movement is obtained that is dependent on tho electrical condition of tho surfaces
in contact. , j.
When it is requisite to obtain very perfect articulation, and when loudness is not
essential, I adopt a modification, shown in Fig. 12, of the dovico for compressing
and expanding tho tuft of conducting fiber, which modification consists In phioiim
between the diaphragm 10 and the,fiber t a vibrating tongue 21 of steel, permanently
magnetized, and arranging it to act in the same manner upon tho tension regulator l 00
as it it was the diaphragm. I replace the cork upon tho diaphragm by a thin
armature of iron 22 which is in closo proximity to the magnetized tongue, which
tongue is secured at one end like an acoustic reed. In this position the dianhramn
rnos!. 0 and at its approach to and recession from the magnetized tongue
causes said tongue to follow its movements by magnetic attraction, and thus the ‘>5
. . "■
A iiiodificntion of ihe magnetic e iv 1 „ 1 t e t 0 s ts 11 an 101 nlato
titled into Uic aperture of a resonant tube, and secured by a central support leaviim
1 s ou or tsrcunifertuice free to vibrate when the metal is attracted by the’poles <d' •;()
tho electro-magnet, which are of course on each side of its center • l„ it is
wilfthe^,°h° in Ift tone ll fo S ' ,PPOrt ^‘i^ ° A Ut C °" tc ''’ "" s0,n,! of tho plate
i'ts cih'cs when*nhuwHn 80 V 1 . 111 A plate supported eccentrically and free at
. . ;! "fi
currents of I g i 1 producing changes of temperaturo will cause 4«
over the line l ami acting !„!! 11 ^ Wlt , 11 !! tI,e thermo-battery, and these passing
z^£'ysr" ,,! “ '' iM
.±alsig; 1 g S tilt 1 ” :!■;«;» ■; {*.;!” .i g „„. mi,. „
a switch, which also acts ns !i call on thn "r V* tlm ! wn n « ,(m the beH h * 45
the magnet wliich serves to actimto fl i° n^ n , C c !! lt,uro about tbo bulls is that
preferably German silver wire in the helix and'ti.us° serveT ru f t,lnce ' min '°
sumption of battery power. ’ 1 1 prevent a rapid cou-
aro used? Tho niclhotn ‘ndont* fim'en Wnrkc , 1 ' ( ' 1 ! om ono lmttc ‘ry if tlioso bells .’ill
substnneo is tlio reduction to tin. I10 »-conducting substaneo witli metallic
then, to thofumiswhh!hirtaS " f ™" Mr salts by exposing
of eidoium, or by piaciiic tlin uill.- r In . o a ^ phosphide ol a metal, sueli as phosphide
Ct II c electroiks nnd'^hdilizfnre'i^ 01 l' 18 ,,n f\ in ■oulod tube provided'will,
such volatilized metals settle Upland coat tbo°sill^ ° 1 ’“" n8 ° ° r oluctric 8 l m, ' k81 35
s ”“““ u '»’«>"'i».ti» mMoe
f A.D. 1877.—N° 2909. 9
Edison’s Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, do.
instrument may bo mado to control an air valvo of a reservoir in which air is stored
under a regulated pressuro. Tho air allowed to esenpo will act with great power
upon a local diaphragm. Tills diaphragm, to obtain clear sounds, requires n damper
to cheek prolonged vibrations. It must bo damponod by holding tho fingers against
fi it, or by n tightly stretched cord rubbing against it, or by a screw provided with
a rubber tip held ngainst it. For repeating from ono circuit into another I uso
with tlio rocoiving diaphragm the elastic tension regulator Fig. 1 in addition to tho
clcctro-mngnot, and connect tlio rolay or second circuit through tho same, so that
waves received from tlio distant station cause tlio magnet to vibrato, tho diaphragm,
10 and this acting upon tlio tension regulator transmits tho waves into tlio second
circuit, nnd they aro received at tho other end by an clcctro-magnct and diaphragm.
In Bomo instances I mnko a record of tho sound by tlio movements of the
dinphrngm, using for tlmt purpose a strip of paper moved along regularly between
two rollers, 25, 20, as in Figs. 14 and 15; and tlioro is a smooth thread or fjno
15 wire of soft metal 00 botween the paper and tlio upper roller 25, and moving
along witli it Tlio diaphragm 10 of tlio resonant box Is connected by n dolicato
rod 28 with this thread or wire ns near to tlio bight of the roller ns possible,
tlioro boing a fork or eye through which tlio thread passes, lienco deflections or
bends nro mado in tlio thread or wire just before it is imbedded into tlio paper
20 by tlio pressuro of the rollers; this may bo used to reproduce the sound by
vibrating a resonant diaphragm by tlio undulations of tho groove mado by tlio
tlirciul or cord.
By plncing tho fibrous tension regulator within a small band of india-rubber the
same is rendered more olnstic, and tlio fiber is allowed to expand by tho bent of
25 tlio current without altering tlio olectric tension. In cases where a strip of hard
rubber or a cold of silk or other material coated witli plumbago or metallic foil is
introduced botween tho diaphragm and a rigid support, tlio expansion and con¬
traction duo to tlio passago of tho electric currents will produco a movement upon
tlie diaphragm corresponding to tlio diaphragm producing tlio electric pulsations.
30 111 some instances the diaphragm should be freo to vibrato without being cheeked
by contact witli any stationary substance. I provide for this, by placing upon tlio
diaphragm or tympan 10, Fig. 17, a smnll cylinder l 1 of hard rubber or non¬
conducting material within which is the fibrous tonsion regulator t resting upon a
pieeo of platiun foil connected to ono pole of tlio battory, and within this cylinder t 7
35 is a disk l 10 of iron or other metal, loose, but pressed towards the tension regulator
by a spring t 8 and screw cap l", nnd tho other electric conductor is connected with
said spring. Tlio inertia of the motal disk causes more or less compression of tlio
tension regulator as tlm diaphragm is vibrated, and lienco the electric pulsations
ore sent over tlio line in harmony with tlio vibrations. Nearly the same eifect is
40 produced by connecting the disk i 10 to a yielding spring t 11 that extends across from
ono edgo of tho diaphragm to tlio other, ns seen in Fig. 10. This construction of
tension regulating dovico is especially available with largo diaphragms. In somo
caseB I uso a sea rubber diaphragm immediately in contact witli the transmitting
or receiving diaphragm, so ns to check or dampen any prolonged or falso vibration,
45 nnd render tho sound more clear and freo from prolonged tones. In preparing
tlio tension regulator I find in somo cases that it is preferable to uso lampblack
mixed with pure plumbago, amorphous phosphorous, nnd a very small amount of
non-conducting material, such as rubber dissolved in a solvent that will entirely
evaporate.
50 In Fig 10 I liavo represented tho circuit as pnssing through tlio diaphragm 10,
tension regulator t, nnd a Dulucs dry pile bnttory D, P, B, to tho earth. Tins
battery is composed of about 300 pairs or paper disks coated with silvor and black
oxyd of mangnnoso. Fig. 20 illustrates tho device before mentioned for intensifying
tlio 6ound; 10 is tlio diaphragm vibrntod by tlio sound; 42 is a valvo moved by
55 sueli diaphragm ; 43 is a reservoir containing air under a given pressure; b is tlio
diaphragm against which the air, allowed to escapo by tho valvo, acts, and t is tho
tension regulator to transmit tho electric pulsations, or a hearing resonant caso may
bo applied at tho somo placo,
Edison’s Impls. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, tic.
Many curious ntul useful features liavo boon dovolopod by my oxtonded researches
in tlio transmission and reproduction of sound. Among these may bo mentioned
tho fact that a copper diaphragm, or a diaphragm of mica or other flexible material
containing copper, will net with the core of a polarized electro-magnet in transmitting
or receiving. If a diaphragm with a metallic button upon it is so close to tlio core 3
of a permanent magnet, see l''ig. 21, Liiat tlio vibrations of tlie diaphragm by sound
causo such button to strike tiie core a corresponding electric pulsation will be set up
m a helix around tile magnet, nnd tlio sumo will act in an electro-magnet at the
distant instrument by molecular disturbance.
If tho diaphragm 10 lias a thin tube attached to the center, as seen in Fm «•>
ami this project into the helix around one pole of magnet 48, the current set upln
that helix by tlio vibration of tho diaphragm and tube will be nmol, greater than
that resulting from a Hat armature on tlio diaphragm or tlio diaphragm itself Tho
iimgnct 48 may be polarized by a helix and a local circuit and battery. If one pole
of the permanent magnet to", Fig. 28, is connected with the plate e so that the latter u
polarized by induction, tho current set up in tho helix around one polo of the
said magnet is intensified. In this case 1 groove the cud of tho helix-pole, nnd
user ta small piece of sort rubber or tubing that serves to dampen the vibrations of
the diaphragm, and prevent false or harmonic vibrations in speaking. Fig 24
represents the diaphragm 10, tension regulator l with its adjusting screw and local
circuit contammg the battery 13, passing through a primary induction coil 4!), and
«TOVihmtions i,, f”tT"T 1 t ; 1,!,!trio,, 1 ll y SgoVtc^
effect from the line wires, beiii** nditiceiit to ouA* i LOmc ^ ,1L 1, ulucii\o 2 j
instrument at the distant siatio.fbct^I ^imluctfon coil L'l tlm c^hTaUf
and use an electro-magnet ill, M, with polarized armature to strike a hell • this will’
respond when the key 60 in theloeal circnitat the distant station i o ■■ led .’uu do c
in 4ig. 25 a similar induction coil 41) mid local i. 1 , , , ' ,, '
r;Ss 30
andMol^t^fol^ <-’• «'« ™ ^
distinct. When the diaphragm is arranged Z^nFi'^r, t Umf r‘ m nUd tho sound
through an intervenimr Bn r! ,f u Da . \ n 20 to acfc upon a spmitf 50, 40
electric tension by mn^ybg a rai oe of c'l 7* ^ ™ and fall of
to 50. The greater amiditude (d vibrat nu nf'',? 3 “r t0I1 b' llus adjacent
bo the electric circuit connections sub i diaphragm the more direct will
pass along the spring instead of going thrauilnilUhf rSa be0aUS V h \vr id S WiI1
is an electrophorous or resinous disk fiN , . LS stancu col,s - When there 45
in Fig. 27, and the line eonncctlot nra f' ,l , t o ol y/« 01 !!S 70!! diaphragm 10, ns
connections aro made to thesn ,.i no i,.„_i” le 1 , to tllu diaphragm, and tho earth
to each other in either speaking or hS!“ dl “‘" i 58j U,u diaphragms will respond
each other, tho wire used forth ."S' " 1 " ,ro several line wires run near
induction, and false sounds wiU CS “rf" 2 ia influenced by 50
Placing one or more olcetra-mamiets i 50 Kg 28 inT™° t V
telegraph, and one or moro olcctro-miu«m.f«rn’-' *| ln . 10 oireuit oi tho speaking
* .S,wm L "", 1 “*' “,*• ““ *»“ mi .1 50 .l.i
-nw. 1. ZZZHS&Z&S
son’s Impls. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, tit
10 currents will bo neutralized, whothor strong or wonk, and will not produci
falso sounds when tlio speaking tolegrapli is in uso. I also einplny doublo coil
riro for tlio snmo purposo, one coil being in tlio acoustic wire, and tlio other ii
wire to bo compensated.
L convenient fonn for tlio sound recorder or phonograph is to employ a cylindo
seo Fig. 29, having a liolical groove in its surface covered with tin foil, nnd til
iiilcr is revolved regularly by clock-work and moved endwiso by a screw on it
ft, so that tlio indenting point I 1 from tlio diaphragm 10 of h will bo always ii
with such groove, lionco tlio vibrations oi tlio diaphragm will bo recorded b;
mting the foil into tlio groove, nnd lionco tlio same sound will be reproduced b;
point P of the hearing instrument n, giving to tho diaphragm of n the motion
t result from too indentations or tlio foil moving in contact with such poim
i f 0 n , m iy be on a flat grooved plate and bo indented and act as before named,
claim as my Invention,—
first. In an instrument for transmitting electric impulses by sound, a diapliragr
yinpnn of mien, substantially as set forth.
locond Tn an instrument for transmitting electric impulses by sound, tli
filiation with n diaphragm or tynipiui of an electric tension regulator lb
ring tlio resistance in a closed circuit, substantially as set forth.
’bird. The combination in an electric instrunie.it actuated by sound, of
pliingni nr tyinpan, a conductor, and an electric tension regulator composed c
liliug mnterinl and electric conducting material.
fourth. The combination with the diaphragm and electric conductor, of tlio cor
c nnd tension regulator, substantially as set forth.
•’iftli. Tn a telegraph operated by sound, tlio transmission and reproduction c
lummn Voice by increasing and decreasing tlm resistance ol flic circili
stantially as set forth.
Sixth. The combination with a diaphragm or tyinpan, of electrolytic foml an
:treclcs,tlie latter being vibrated by Urn diaphragm and varying tho resistance 1
electric circuit, substantially as set forth. ^ ^ ^ .. ^
•big nii'opeuingor' edge',' against which the consonant sounds act, substantial!
set forth. ‘ .
Eighth. In combination with tlio diaphragm or tyinpan and the electric tensin
ulator, tlio lidjustiug screw or variable pressor to regulate the resistance of tl:
sion regulator in the electric circuit, substantially as set forth.
Sinth. Tlio combination with a diaphragm m a speaking telegraph instrument (
loving surface, and a recording mechanism actuated by tlio diaphragm or tympai
istiintially ns set forth. _ .
i'entli. Tlio combination with ft receiving diaphragm or tympnn 111 a tologrnp
irated by sound, of a moving surface, a point, and a connection fio,.i the same I
diaphragm, substantially ns sot forth.
Eleventh. Tlio combination in an instrument for receiving sounds electrically, 1
electro-ningiiot nnd arnmturo plate, substantially as set forth.
I'welftli. The combination in the tclograpliic circuit of two or moro tympana,
onimt box, mid 0110 or moro circuit closers to each tympnn, subotni.t..dly ns si
Hi. .
ITiirtenntli. Tlio combination with tlio diaphragm of a resonant case, of circu
mections at botli sides of tlio diaphragm and a battery, substantially as show
Fig. 10.
Fourteenth. In n telegraph instrument operated by sound, a resonant box 1
v, a diaphragm and Hcxiblo circuit connections, substantially as set fort
loroby tlio instrument is made portable and can bo placed to the mouth
inking.
Fifteenth. In a telegraphic instrument operated by sound, an olectro-mngnet m
onimt plato or diaphragm provided with a handle and iloxiblo conductoi
12 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909.
Edison’s Tmpta. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents. <£o.
Sixteenth. The receiving instrument consisting of an olcctro-magnot, a enso and
a loose motallio plate, arranged and opornted substantially as sot forth, to act as a
call or to receive tho message.
Seventeenth. In a telegraphic apparatus oporatod by sound, ono or moro contact
points of yielding material that produco a rise and fall of tonsion proportioned to 5
tho pressure exerted by tho diaphragm, substantially as set forth.
Eighteenth. In a telegraphic apparatus operated by sound, a receiving instrument
provided with a resonant surfiico.in combination with a frictionnl surfaco movod bv
power and acting in connection with tho olectrio current to vibrato such resonant
=i^rs^: leSCOrrOSP ° ndinS t0 tL0S ° at th ° transmitting apparatus, 10
Nineteenth. The combination with a thormo-olectric pilo of a vulcanito or Wl
rubber diaphragm, substantially as set forth.
szs- *• “•
T1 ‘° °? Inbi . ntttion ,'vith tho diaphragm and tonsion regulator of a
i“ f“g “2 8U0 aDd “ ir °“ P at ° Up0 “ th ® dia P hra S n) . m sot forth and shown
-“4ssr^.”ssft aaa-is
JvWSSSAnJS”“>*»“-J-“iving 0 rft. »
and a inagiiol'’ ana’ Z^of’wMch d 1 “ st ™ nlcnt ' of o11 iron diaphragm
specified. ” attaclied to the magnet, substantially us
a diap,iragm ° f 35
cirenW nty in'aStmutan'd‘a edl indU ° ti ° n 1 d ’ n ^> *» d
substantially as sot forth. * a Cfl ^ 01 soun d cr at the distant station,
or ,k,a„al, In „
to ss5srsr*^ p»sp«««
reproducing sound,"ono”or^M^el^ro'mn^ote^d Contninin S in stniments for
sesssr* u » ..
Imnd'lndTeaT e thi S Twenty 'buHhly rf SSS.’ S° 1“° "* ^ j
Witnesses, THOMAS ALVA EDISON (ls)
L0ND0!fi
r
A.D. 1877 .N° 2909*.
Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents and
the Reproduction of Corresponding Sounds at a Distance.
THE EDISON TELEPHONE COMPANY'S DISCLAIMER AND
MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION.
[Edison’s Patent.]
Filed 10th February 1880.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME, wo, tho Edison
Telephone Company of London, Limited, of 11, Queen Victoria. Street, in tho
City of London, aond greoting:—
WHEREAS Her Moat Excellent Majeaty, Queen Victoria, by Her Royal Letters
5 Patent, under tho Great Seal of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at
Westminster, tho Thirtieth day of July, in the Year of Our Lord, Ouo thousand
eight hundred and seventy sovon, in tho Forty-first year of Her Reign, did for
Hersolf, Her heirs and successors, give and grant unto Thomas Alva Edison ot
Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United States of America, his executors,
10 administrators, or assigns, or such others nB ho his oxccutors, administrators, or
assigns should at any time agreo with, and no others, from time to time and at all
times thereafter during the torm thorein expressed, should and lawfully might
make, use, exeroiso, and vend within tho United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, tho Channel Islands, and Islo of Man, an Invention of Improvements l in
la Instruments for Controlling by Sound the TitANpussiON of Electric
Currents and the Reproduction of Corresponding Sounds at a distance,
for and during tho term of Fourteen years tlionco next ensuing: An “ J'', ”
Pursuance and performance of a proviso in the said Letters Patent contamed the
said Thomas Alva Edison did within Six cnlendar months next after tho date of
20 the said Letters Patent cause a Specification in writing undor his hand aud seal
purporting to particularly describe tho nature of the said Invention, nnd in what
maimer the same was to bo performed, to bo duly filed in the Great Sea Patent
Oflice: And whereas by Indenture bearing date the Second day of August, One
2R A , , 0US “ Dd oi 8 llt hundred nnd soventy nine, and mado between tho said Thomas
25 fjva Edison of the one part, nnd m tho Edison Telephone Company of London,
Limited, of the other part, tho said Thomas Alva Edison assigned unto us tho said
Edison Telephone Company of London, Limited (inter aim), tho said hereinbefore
recited Letters Patent, and all rights, powers, authorities, privileges, advantages,
[Price Gel.]
2 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909*.
Edison's Impia■ in Controlli ng by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, £c.
profits, emoluments, and bonolits to tliu said Letters Patent, appertaining or
belonging: And whereas since tho date of tlie snid Assignment wo have boon
advised and have ascertained that tho said Specification contains matters which are
of doubtful novelty, or which aro not of sufficient practical value and utility to
justify tlioir retention ; and we aro therefore desirous of striking out tho wliolo of 5
tho claiming clauses contained in tho said Specification, with tho exception of the
first, second, eighteenth and twentieth claiming clauses, and of striking out pnrts of
tho description contained in tho body of tho said Specification ; and also of otherwise
altering tho said Specification, and correcting certain clerical errors contained in tho
said Specification in manner more fully hereafter appearing. 10
NOW KNOW YE, that we tho said Edison Telephono Company of London
Limited, by and with tho leavo of Her Majesty’s Attorney General, and for the reasons
aforesaid do alter tho said Specification, by striking out of the said Specification
printed by tho Queen’s Priuters, and published at the Great Seal Patent Office in
One thousand eight hundred and seventy nine, the words “ tho saino ’’ which 15
occur on pngo 4, at tho end of lino nine, and tho beginning of line 10 respectively,
and substituting therefor tho words " a corresponding "; we also striko out tho
word “tho" which occurs between tho words “and” and “electro” on tho said
pngo, lino twenty two, and substitute therefor tlie word “ an"; wo also insert
between tho words “ tho” and “ instruments" which occur on tho said page lino 20
twenty five the word “ transmitting ” and we striko out tho letter “ s ” at tlie end
of the said word “ instruments ” ; wo also striko out tho word “ aro ” which occurs
on tlie same lino and substitute therefor the word “ is ” ; Wo also insert botween
tho words “in” and “Pigs.” (ail abbreviation of the word Figures) which occur on
tho same lino, tho words “section in” and wo strike out the letter “s” in tho snid 25
word “Figs”; we also strike out tho words commencing with “ and ” on the said
lino twenty five and ending with the first word “ instrument ” on lino 20 of tho
snid pago four we also strike out tho words " of tho ” which occur between tho
Figure “2 ” and tlio word “receiving” on tho snid lino twenty six and substitute
therefor the words “ represents a ”; wo also add after tho word “ instrument ’’ at 30
the end of tlio said line twenty six tho words “ which may bo employed with it” ;
we also striko out tho word “ tho ” at tho commencement of lino twenty seven ou
tho said page four and substitute therefor the words “ referring to Figure 1 tho ";
wo also strike out that portion of tho Specification commencing with the words
“in Fig" on page 5, lino forty one, and ending with the word “ sound ’’ on pago C, 35
lino three; we also striko out that portion of tho Specification commencing with
the words “I also ” at the end of lino eight and ending with tho words " the lino ’’
on lino eleven of the said page C ; we also striko out tho wliolo of lines twenty four
to twenty eight inclusive on the said page G ; wo also striko out tho words “ to
record which aro repeated on line thirty five of tho said page G mid ndd tho lettor 10
s to tho word “ rest ” which occurs on lino forty seven of tho said pago G.
Wo also strike out of page 8, lines thirty seven to forty two inclusive, and lines
forty six to fifty three inclusive. Wo also strike out of pngo 9 lines eighteen to
twonty three inclusive, and lines thirty sovon to forty ono inclusive. Wo also
siriKo out ol pago 10 hues seventeen to thirty seven inclusive. Wo nlso striko out 15
pngo 11 lines ten to thirteon inclusive, and lines forty four to fifty seven
inclusive, and wo add at tho end of lino thirty seven of tlio said pngo eleven after
wwrtnnmeil tlio words followingI would obsorvo in conclusion that I
0aln } generally tho transmission and reproduction of sounds by increasing
Md decreasing the resistance of the circuit, nor do I claim separately any of the 50
L,ri n J,K described and illustrated in tlio accompanying
WO 0.1(1 tlio Idler " a ’• to tlio word'' 1 ” nn !l “ Him « ol tlio rnilil linso 11 . on*
Ulo jold word " regulators " woIntoruSo worila " LullaUmtirUly'naVicnSnb’ fo’a Ss'criSd S 1 re,ul "^Buli'tom," and alter
finesTnf in°?l C?I l t “ h 1 ere . inal }?r mentioned, but a.”' °"We also strike out of pago 12
to fiftv six inXL’r'T 0 ’, 1 ' 110 -! W 8i V nd thirt y forty two
xi y , • We also Btnko out the word “ eighteenth” which occurs at
the commencement of line thirty one on the said page 12, and substitute therefor 56
plwlalmer Ac. ■ A.D. 1877.—N° 2909*. 8
SS. in Controlling by Sound the Transmi ssion of Electric Currents, < to.
». wool • tun;; w. *> &
5 out of jingo Id lines one to lourtee hereunto a copy of tho said
SjiSSTS Ri.Urr.wXn L n—W, tl,0 wnmu. >-"« *«”
being omitted. of electrical instrumenU in which sound
ariX^iTSi^ *** d “ ne " i, “ “
6ta M°,sieal tones may also be sent, but my present Invention is especially available
15 in transmitting and roceiving'7,j'°;'™Xe notes each have a definite period for
e.£rSK^ -S Mrs
‘"In,,..... Invention I ->■« - •' M 7*5*3
as to reproduce the articulation b.v ncb“g “P 0, ‘ " rc| ^ osc iit C d in section in
,(7 17 ,'..t‘ L - ‘
with it. ,,ti n f a size mid shape adapted to
30 Inferring io f&X «•* ‘ £ e *d or sid e and a diaphragm
articulation at tho transmitting station. . Invontion but in developing
« “ d *“ ta “ “ d "’
flexible conductors to the battery and lmo iesi J> ,, t pluC o Hie hearing
mid brought to the mouth, and ... like man no t is ^ w i.l. the plate o
iiislriimoiit Fig. 2 in a movable haiidlo b , bo that I 0 f bearing, and tho
lignins! the car; this brings the sound close to .. SO unil xvml prevents
resonant plate touching tho ear increases the d.st.nctness ol the sound 1
any false or prolonged vibrations of tlio plate. ... instrument as a fixture,
In some of tho modifications I have Bhown tho sp abmg «m.mo
»0 and also tho hearing instrument ns a fixed resonant tube, tlieso „
suit the persons or tho places. Walton is the peculiarity of
Tho first especial feature that requires sopn . ,lifli c ulty in reproducing •
I the resonant tube for tho voice. 1 have experienced g.eat difhcl^ .nj ^
.. Ihc sound of the hissing consonants, such as #. moull| nn d does not act
that this sound is doilcctcd downwardly in b resonant tube below
distinctly upon the diaphragm. By providing an od£^d tb 0 ‘Xations are given
| tho mouth upon which such consonant bounds aio i
4 A.D. 1877.—N° 2900*.
Edison's Impta. in Controlling by Sou nd the Transmission of Electric Currents, Ac.
either to tlio resonnnt tube or deflected to the dinpliragm, I find it preferable to
employ a hole c at tlio lower part of the mouth pieco agninst the edges of which the
downward sound waves aro directed. Tho Baino ofiect will bo produced by a
vibrating edge placed in tho lower part of tho mouth picco, or tlio oponing into tlio
resonnnt box may bo contracted to about half an inch in diameter to effect the sanio 5
purpose. Tho next feature requiring consideration is the character of the diaphragm
in the speaking instrument.
Many materials have been employed by mo such as metals, horn, vellum, celluloid,
ivory, &c., but almost all of theso produce a prolonged or secondary vibration from
their own resonnnt character, hcnco tho articulation is defective and tho sound H
vibrations blend.
After extensive experiments I find that mica is almost entirely froo from any
resonant action, and hence it will respond with tlio greatest accuracy to tlio sound
vibrations, and being of a laminated character can bo employed of any desired
thickness, and when secured at its edges responds witli tlio greatest accuracy to tho b
sound vibrations and does not require to be strained; furthermore, the changes of
tempemturo and atmospheric condition liavo little or no effect upon tho mica
diaphragm or tympan.
I find that it is not practical to open and close tho lino circuits in instruments
for transmitting tho human voice, tho circuit to the lino must bo always closed and 21
tlie transmission bo produced by a rise and fall of electric tension resulting from
moro or less resistance in tho line. This rosistanco may be produced in sovcral
ways. I have shown several which will hereafter bo nnmed, but I find tho most
delicate to be small bunches or tufts or disks of semi-conducting clastic fiber, such
as particles of silk and an intermediate conducting or semi-conducting mntorial; 2i
this device I call an electric tension regulator, it is more or loss compressed
according to the vibrations of the diaphragm or tympan, and the olectric current
rises in tension as it is compressed or lessens as tho liber expands. This fiber is
placed in a small roll t between the delicate diuphragm spring u, Fig. !), and the
variablo presser v adjustable by screw or otherwise in tlio electric circuit at this 31
point, or it may be within a cavity in said presser v, as in Fig. 1, tliero being a
delicate cork center pieco w to tho diaphragm b, with a piece of platina foil x in
contact with the fiber; in all instances tlio telegraphic circuit at the diaphragm is
mado by a thin strip of platina or similar material, extending to the center from
tho lmo or battery connection. -T
the fiber is rendered somi-conductivo by being rubbed with plumbago, soft metal,
or similar materinl, or by a deposit of metul upon its surface, or by fino particles of
conducting or semi-conducting material mixed with it, the conducting power
varying with the density of the tuft, or bunch of fiber.
J hc deliente spring it, Fig. 9, upon tho mica diaphragm 6 is easily secured by 41
solder passing into fino holes bored in tho mien.
. sonic cases I make use of a variablo resistance resulting from greater or less
intimacy ot surface contact sucli as would result ftomadisk covered with plumbago
placed adjacent to a diaphragm also covorod with plumbago or other seini-conducting
miterial so that the proxuuity or extent of surface contact will produce l'iso and 4'
"f tonsion, tlio respective parts being in tho telegraphic circuit. I sometimes
perforate the diaphragm 10, Fig. 18, ami place a strip of olastic materinl 40 across
rn If-i“ P il Sram OVOr , lh ?, hol .°- and u P° n this a picco of foil, so that tho samo
are n™vi!w^ r01 ^ , \ 1 ' ,ratl01u, i aml in somo instances two or more diaphragms
ti 'v different sides of tlio resonant box, each with its own tension 51
tensing 'Ji ' 0 dmpliragms boing either tho samo or of different sizes, characters, or
tendon ,. S0 w t0 , re . s P on d to vorying sounds or acoustic condition, tlio various
tension rag,daters being all in tl.e electric circuit, this will produce greater rise and
tnneouslv on t / 01 1 ° n ®° 1 ' lne3 , ln COIlse quonco of the diaphragms acting simul-
«~tblooof t r i ° a r ?8nlntors. In some instances it is preferable to make 5
all too eo 'ia ? v ^• t 10 s P cakl “S instrument sufficiently large or flaring to receive
all tho sound vibrations, whether coining from tho mouth, nose nr throat. The
. A.D. 1877.— 29,09* ■ ___ 5
^ir^numt 0 to^roprothicof\lio 0 HOund > tupon a delicate diaphragm by giving to tho
10 rame a vibration similar to that ori ?|" nU ^^ V d e ^ ip |fra"mh’avi’ng a knife-edge point;
h, Fig. 4, is the indenting tmn^ttor, U.e ^ - ^ * jaUo v
i iB the paper which lias proj J diaiiliragm of h when tho drum is in motion
shaped rib 0. The movement of the dmpli^g ^ ^ ^ varying depths according
causes tho kmfo-odgo point J ta 1 , 0 . a „ m thus those indentations represent
15 to tho amplitude of vibration of the djapbragm, , mmim voico . The paper,
accurately all the tones and d thSmch a second apparatus n, Fig. 5, almost similar
after being indented, is passed tbrougha^ ^ W tho rniae d indented rib b, the
'its bemgconneeteil U,» iKpriSs J"£ moiSS *o“t iirfonlta
name motion to tho diaphragm of n ,» , P i. y ie diaphragm 10, Beo Fig 6, is
sounds are to be transmitted over a‘ t before described, to
provided with a cork disk w and fib ous teos'O ^ ^ Tho 80un d may bo
25 produce the rise and fall of cfe°tno tonal» of opora tcs a very
recorded in ink, as represented m 1-ig. 7. o « 1 ^ b(j wido or narr ow
flexible self feeding pen o, and causes tl diaphragm. The ink used should
according to tho amplitude of v ‘ krall0n of t all ' y time thereafter through the
dry quickly and the strips may bo passed ■at g J po i„t or points resting
30 instrument shown in Fig. 8 beneath esonant diapliragm, and tho ink marks
on the paper, this arm is connected.with ui esonan^ ^ dopo3ltod ,
produce moro or loss friction accordmg to t b d e the vibrations of tho
and this will set the diaphragm of n vibrating a v
diaphragm of h. . .. , , _ oafc tho paper with a substance which
35 An obvious modification would bo ^ un P 8 *,Ll paper might be used and
iAwtooltu.
40 in tho receiving diaphragm. connec tion with the transmitting instrument,
1 sometimes arrange tho battery iu w
os shown in Fig. 10. , f v ♦ u j 9 tho diaphragm 10, and at each
h is tho resonant chamber at the end of w po ints mado of compressed
side of this diaphragm there arc springs c, » ® substance not liable to rapid
45 plumbago mixJd preferably with anysu^ ^ be d
decomposition or tho elastic or fibro t diaphragm, and make contact
Theso points fnco each other on oppoBito sides of lb-
with platina foil disks secured to the «P 8 ■ , j n tbo a ;d 0 0 f tho chamber h ;
The spring c a passes through a hole m t tlio lino or spring c*, and
60 a*, nra the main batteries T When tho springs efV- and c 3 aro
the battery <l 3 has copper to tho line or p S ,, no uurren t passos to tlio line,
adjusted to make contact with tho dinphra fl y Bid say c 1 , causes a
but when the diaphragm is vibrated nMvenwj ^ ^ lessening ? f the
greater pressure upon tho plumbago o 1 ® f tho batteries c l and
65 pressure on the plumbago on c\ a negative current to
Uno Vl unnn ^'return of^tho will again
Edison's Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, <Sn>,
neutralize each other. The vibration of tho diaphragm to tho other sido causes tho
nressuro to bo reversed, and tho battory <P will solid a positivo current to the lino.
As the tension regulator of fiber or of plumbago docrcasos and increases its
resistance enormously under slight changes of pressure, it follows that tho strength
of tho electric waves will bo in proportion as tho speukera voice is strong or weak. 5
In Fig. 11 is shown the contact spring, which may bo used adjacent to tho
diaphragm at one or both sides thereof, e 3 is a U shaped spring secured to tho
screw o' which is adjusted back and forth by tho thumb nut e 5 ; c“ is tho pillar
holding*such scrow; r is a piece of soft rubber or equivalent substaneo placed
botween tho prongs of tho spring e 3 ; c 7 is a wire or bnnd which serves to bind tho It
prongs tightly against the rubber r so as to prevent tho prongs noting ns a tuning
fork and transmitting harmonic vibrations not desirable ; r 2 is tho plumbago contact
point. Tho object of the V spring and rubber is to present a semi-rigid point for
contact so as to prevent a rebound and allow of a slight yield when tho plumbago
is pressed by the diaphragm. In Fig. 3 the diaphragm of the receiving instrument 1!
is vibrated by a strip of paper chemically prepared that is in motion, tho pulsations
of electricity passing over the lino and producing more or less friction botweou tho
pnper and an arm upon tho diaphragm.
Tho resonant box or chamber n is provided with a diaphragm as aforesaid, and
to said diaphragm an arm ft 2 is connected. At its outer end is an adjusting scrow It? 2(
that presses upon a platina faced spring ft 4 that is secured to this arm, and said
spring rests upon tho strip of paper that passes over tho drum ft'.
The pnper is moved slowly by rotating tho drum ft', and the waves of electricity
coming over tho lino pass through tho arm ft 2 to tho platma-faced spring ft*, tlionco
through tho paper to tho earth. 21
If a negative current passes in the opposite direction nearly all friction betweon
the platina plate and the paper ceases, and tho diaphragm of tho resonant box n
retains its normal position.
When the positivo current passes through the samo channel tho normal friction
of tho paper is augmented, and tho chemical surface acting upon tho platina spring 3(
arm serves to givo a forward movement to tho diaphragm of tho resonant box.
Thus the mechanical force applied to move the chemical paper or surface acts
with tho electric current to produco tho vibration of tho diaphragm of the resonant
chamber, and tlieso vibrations will correspond to those of tho diaphragm b made by
speaking in tho tubo a. 3!
The principle of this mothod of obtaining motion by electro-chemical decomposi¬
tion is, that when a moving surface is in contact with a slightly yielding substaneo
tho tendency is to move tho latter by and with tho former. If tho circumstances
of contact aro varied tho adhesion of tho surfaces will be sufficient to cause tho
moving surfaco to movo tho yielding substance or elso to cause tho yielding surface 4i
to slip moro freely, and by its spring go in the opposito direction to the moving
surfaco.
Tho passage of electricity at the surfaces in contact will change tho frictional
ndhesion, making it moro or less according to tho substances employed. By
balancing the mechanical forces so that when tho surfaces in contact are not 4
electrified tho moving surfaco carries with it tho yielding surface, and when
electrified the yiojding surfaco slips back, over tho moving surface a mechanical
movement is obtained that is dependent on tho electrical condition of tho Burfacos
in contact.
When it is requisite to obtain very perfect articulation, and when loudness is 5
not essential, I adopt a modification shown in Fig. 12 of the device for compressing
and expanding tho tuft of conducting fiber, which modification consists in placing
between tho diaphragm 10 and tho fiber t a vibrating tonguo 21 of Btcol, perma¬
nently magnetized, and arranging it to act in tho snmo manner upon tho tonsion
regulator t as if it was the diaphragm. I replace tho cork upon tho diaphragm by 5
a thim armature of iron 22, which is in close proximity to tho magnetized tongue,
which tongue is secured ,at one end .like an acoustic reed. In this position the
AJ>. 1877.—N° 290 9*. _ ]_
diaphragm is ft«» to■'
KgTis made ?o S pcrform what the diaphragm previously performed in varying
tho tension of the clcetricity on 11 o ino. ^ C( ig e9 when placed in the speaking
5 A plate supported cceontnwUy and f t. eg * Tho civcu j t with this
tube responds advantagoouBly toJtUo^toncs^ pW arou „ d ita edges,
nlato is completed through ono o _ • inilnlifinifl ftimaratus signal bolls so
In practico I combino with tho spea l . n 8 tho^ino is thrown upon tho boll by
arranged that when the telephone is "otm use tno
10 a switch, which also acts ^“■callont ^ SO rves to not „ato the bells
Ono feature about tho bells is that tuo ma Gorman silver wire in tho helix,
is made of very high resistance, using preferably G A largo number
and thus servo to prevent a rapidbells aro used. The
of tclophonic wires may bo wor ]“ d * . Jgabstonco with metallic substance is the
15 method I adopt for coating non ‘““ d “ , l thc ; r sa lts by exposing them to the
20 metals settlo upon and coat tho silk. factories, the tympan of tho receiving
When great loudness is ^oVan ^- va vo of a reservoir in which air is stored
instrument may bo mndo to contiol an an vaivo wl| ,
under a regulated pressure. Tho air allowed ^ H0U nds requires a damper
upon a local diaphragm. Tins diaphragm holding the fingers against
25 to check prolonged vibrations. It must bo P screw provided with a
it, or by a tightly stretched cord rubbing against it, oi uy
rubber tip held against it. . j hy the movements of the
In soino instances I make a record o moved along regularly between
diaphragm, using for that purpose a strip ol pape thread or fine wire
30 two rollers 23, 20, as in Figs. 14 and la, and there m ^ n)o „g with
of soft metal 30 between tho paper and t>'O u Ppc.roU . # rod 28 with
it. The diaphragm 10 of the ~ut box s con ^ there being a fork
this thread or wire as near to the b.glit of the loiio^^^^ ^ b(mdg ^ ]nft j 0 „
or eye through which the thread pnssea, tlie papor 'by tho pressure of the
35 the thread or wire just before it 19 embedded yilrmting a resonant diaphragm
rollers. This may bo used to reproduce the Mmid by vm a^^
by tho undulations of tlio groove made by the tnrea ban( j of Ind ia rubber
thKK l ° ° Xpand * ^ 1
40 of the current without altering the eleeiric tension without being checked
by a spring t 8 and screw cap and tho oilier
the said spring. . , nv t 0SM compression of tlio tension
Tho inertia of the metal disk causes i ' c j cctr i 0 pulsations aro sent
50 regulator ns tlio diaphragm is vibrated and , t sam0 effect is produced
over tho line in harmony with tho vibratm ( u,that extends across from one edge
by connecting tho disk f 10 to a yielding spri g qq lis construction of tonsion
i of the diaphragm to the other as seen i ... ?*diaphragms* . , .
j regulating device is especially n-vni’abIc w ^ 8 immodiaUly in coulool withthe
o5 la some cases I uso a soft rubbu diaph b . dam pon any prolonged or
transmitting or receiving diaphragm so as to cUcok i
8 . A.D. 1877.—2909*.
Edison's Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Elcclrio Currents, iic,
false vibration and rendor the sound me
In preparing tho tonsion regulator I find
lampblack mixed with pure plumbago, ar
•c clear and fi'eo from prolonged tones,
in some cases that it is preforablo to uso
lorphous phosphorous, and a vory small
amount of nonconducting material such as rubber dissolved in a solvent that will
entirely evaporate. _ 5
In Fig. 1!) I have represented tho circuit ns passing through tho diaphragm 10,
tonsion regulator t, and a Duluc’s dry pile battery D, P, B, to tho earth. This
battery is composed of about 300 pairs of paper disks coated witli silver and
black oxyd of manganese.
Fig. 20 illustrates the device before mentioned for intensifying tho sound ; 10 is 1
tho diaphragm vibrated by tho sound j 42 is a valve moved by such diaphragm; 43 is a
reservoir containing air under a given pressuro ; b is tho diaphragm against which
the air allowed to escapo by tho valve acts, and t is tho tension regulator to transmit
tho electric pulsations, or a hearing resonant case may bo applied at tho same place.
Fig. 24 represents the dinphragin 10, tension regulator ( witli its adjusting screw I
and local circuit containing tho buttery B passing through a primary induction
coil 4!), and there is a key 50 in the samo circuit. A secondary induction coil 51
is in the lino circuit and is miiuenccd electrically by tho change of tension in tho
local circuit by tho vibrations of the diaphragm 10. Tho secondary coil is some¬
times required with many layers of fine wire to set up a current of high tonsion to 2
overcome the inductivo effect from tho lino wires ; being adjacent to each other I
place tho receiving instrument at the distant stntion between the induction coil
and the earth as at It, and use an electro-magnet E. M, with polarized nnnaturo
to strike a bell; this will respond when tho key 50 in the local circuit at the distant
station is opened and closed. *_>
In Fig. 25 a similar induction coil 49 and local circuit is represented, but the
tension regulator is made of platinu foil upon tho surface of two soft rubber tubes,
one on the diaphragm, tho other on the adjusting screw. A shunt and rheostat
at It serves to prolong tho magnetism in tho induction coil, and thus ensure a
gradual rise and fall of electric tension in tho lino instead of a cessation of tho samo 31
when the plntinn surfaces separate, and at tho receiving diaphragm c the rise and
fall of electric tension in tho line and its helix acts upon tho permanent ma f, net to
produco the vibrations of the diaphragm c, and by connecting a shunt around tho
helix, and placing therein the secondary battery S, B, composed of metallic plates
m acidulated water, the action is rendered more uniform and tho sound distinct. 3
When the diaphragm is arranged as in Fig. 28 to act upon a spring 50 through '
an intervening piece of soft rubber, said spring 50 produces riso and full of electric
tension by employing a rango of resistances 57 with spring tongues adjacent to 50.
the greater amplitude of vibration of tho diaphragm the moro direct will be tho
electric circuit connections, and tho less resistance, because tho circuit will pass 41
along the spring instead of going through all the resistance coils,
s', C n 6C , „ 1 J no r f rlm ? a <* other the wire used for the acoustic or
l P cmmtLpl H,™ P r l ,nfl ri d >y Inductl0 "- ftlld fll,se souiula will ho produced,
the cbm, r Of ? ^ by ? la0,ng 0no or ,noro olectro.mngncts 59, Fig. 28, in
circuit of 1 thl lr f ,kln . g teIu 8 ra phi and ono or moro electro magnets 00 in tho ..41
c roint of the adjacent wires, and bringing the opposite cores of 00 at such a
induction^In tl a r° ^ ft . oert 1 ail ! "'ignotic action will bo set up in 59 by
or lines ' * °PP° slt0 direction to tho induction currents from tho adjacent lino
no? J in use 4 unt tl mi " bat "' oen tllesn , 'fftgnols when tho speaking telegraph is 5
currents hen ic ,S , S(,und at tho diapl.rng.i, 'from tho induction
not wmlntc n 0U11 ' 0nt 1 s "'I 11 bo neutralized whether strong or weak, and will
double coils Whe " tho 3 P° akin S ‘e'egraph is in use. I also employ
6lfsce 0 Kg.2? 4 liavrn^ >■ to employ a cylinder
g J, Having a Helical groove in its surfaco covered with tin foil, and tho
BW.lm.r4e. A.D. 1877.—N° 2909*. 9
^r^MTi n Controlling by Sou nd the Tmmmssi^J^olr^urr^^.
1,0 The foil may be on a Hat grooved plate, and be indented and act as before
named. , . . . T no( . c i a -. m rronorally tho transmission and
10 I would observe in conclusion that I do re y ; s tanco of the circuit
reproduction of Bounds by inoloas , = or arrnngomonts hereinbefore described
15 1 ^"inTn^tramcnt for transmitting electric impulses by sound, a diaphragm
or tympan of mica substantially ns sot forth. . , by sound, tho com-
Second. In an Instrument lor transmitting electric ia £ a n l3 liBllJ . £ 1 , on ,| 11 i K ,i„ r o ,ic.crii«4
.. ... or tvmnan of an electric tension regulators a for
varying" tho'rcsislmco in a°closed circuit 8^ f ^ b ' ving instrument
20 Third. In a telegraphic surface, moved
provided with a resonant sui face ll electric current to vibrato such
produco°tone3 Responding to those at tho transmitting
substantially as sot forth. ot Lomion,
In witness whereof, tho said ^ d,3 ° n h b ^^ lb °'' an ? 0 e a Pa the Twelfth day of
30 caused their common seal Ito bo he em toaluxe.i,
November, Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy n .
@ E P. BOUVERIE, Chairman.
G. K GOURAND, Director.
ARNOLD WHITE, Secretary.
35 To the Commission ers of Patents for Inventions.
I hcroby grant my fiat, giving leave to thojjf^"Lettcrs^Patfl'nt, to Ulo in
Company, of London, Limited, the nssignees of Bnm0 relates, tho
" ssrWaSr.fa ?ti y.‘» -«»«*>■» j, “ a
"£&» „F numb.ra, »d "»<« *
Declaration. John Holker,
45 „ „ , , Q an Attorney-General.
Dated this 9th day of Fobruory 1880.
L03D0Si I’rmw.1 by Omm i» Ke™'
'por tier Majesty'll Stationery Office.
N° 2909".
Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Eleotrio Currents and
the Reproduction of Corresponding Sounds at a Distance.
THE UNITED TELEPHONE COMPANY’S DISCLAIMER AND
MEMORANDUM OF ALTERATION. * ,
[Edison’s Patent.]
Filed 13tli Juno 1881.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL OOM| ^
United Telephone Company Limited, ocml greeting. WHEREAS G J;
Excellent Majesty Queen Victoria, by Her Royal , h T) ; t ; tll j ay
Seal of Great Britain and Ireland, bearing date at Weslmmster the Ihirtian uay
5 of July, in the year of our Lord One thousand eight l^d and Bove.ay seven,
in the forty first year of Her reign, did, for Herself, State of Now
give and grant unto Thomas Alva Edison, of Men ° ft*“ *"*^1 Her
Jersey, United States of America, his executors ^“‘“J^hT'lho satdViomas
special license, full power, solo privilege and authority, > j e ]jj 3
10 Alva Edison, his executor, administratore, or assigns, <>r such others ns he ms
executors, administrators, or assigns should at.any'*3^^
from time to time and at all times during the term there P , f q fc
lawfully might make, use, exercise, and vend, w.thm the Un.WK.ngd^m of Giea^
Britain and Ireland, the Channel Islands, nnd q OBND TnE Transmission
15 "Improvements in Instruments for Controllingi by: Sound '•nUTUgam AT
of Electric Currents and the Reproduction of Oram™®™™ensuing:
A Distance,” for and during tho term of f ““ rtccn jJ in t |m 8 aul Lottors Patent
And whereas in pursunneo and porformanco of a prov w 1(mdftr mont ]j g noxt
contained, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, did, wtbin writing undor his
0 after tlie date of tho said Letters Patent, causo a Spec sniif Invention,
hand and seal, purporting to particularly describe tho na Great
urtjttusas su,
fhe said horeinbeforo recitod Letters Patent, and all rig , p »
[Price Cd.]
2 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909**. vwm ™,.*,
Edison's Imple. in Controll ing by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, At,
privileges, advantages, profits, emoluments, and honofits to tlio said Lottors
Patent appertaining or belonging: And whereas on tho Thirteenth Novombor,
Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy nino, tho said Edison Tolophono
Company of London, Limited, petitioned tho Commissioners of Patents for leave
to amend cortain parts of the said Specification of tho said Lottors Pntont, which 5
petition was inferred to Tier Majesty’s late Attorney Gonoral, Sir John Holkor, and
loavo was given to tiio said Edison Telephono Company of London, Limited,, to file
in the Great Seal Patent Oftico a Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration, as
appears by the fiat of the said Sir John Holker, dated tho Ninth day of February,
Ono thousand eight hundred and eighty, and the said Disclaimer was duly filed in 10
the Great Seal Patent Offico on tho Tenth day of Fobruary, Ono thousand eight
hundred and eighty: And whereas by indenture bearing date the Twelfth day of
July, Ono thousand eight hundred and eighty, and made between the said Edison
Telephone Company of London, Limited, of the ono part, and us, tho said United
Telephone Company, Limited, of tho other part, and duly registered in tho Great 15
Seal Patent Office, the said Edison Telephone Company of London, Limited,
assigned to us, tho said United Telephone Company, Limited, tho said Letters
Patent, and the lights and privileges thereby granted, and the same thereby became
and are now vested in us, the said United Telephone Compnny, Limited: And
whereas, since tho filing of the said Disclaimer and Memorandum of Alteration, and 20
very recently, that is to say, about the First March, One thousand eight hundred
and eighty ono, your petitioners liavo ascertained that shortly prior to the applica¬
tion for tho said Letters Patent, a description of tho Invention of the said Thomas
Alva Edison, in so far ns it relates to [the electro 'chemical receiver ns covered by
the third claim, was published in an American nowspaper and afterwards copied 25
into an English pnper, and we are advised that, although there was no Invention
by any one in England, or elsewhero, other than the said Thomas Alva Edison, of
the said part of his Invention, the nforesnid publication renders doubtful tho
validity of the said third claim, and wo are desirous of striking out the snmo, and
of altering tho numbering of tho succeeding claim accordingly, in manner more fully 30
hereafter appearing, NOW KNOW YE, that we, tho said United Telephone
Company, Limited, by and with tho leave of Her Majesty’s Attorney General,
and for the reasons aforesaid, do alter the said Specification by striking out of the ’
Specification as amended by the said Disclaimer, printed by tho Queen’s Printers,
and published at tho Great Seal Patent Office, in One thousand eight hundred and 35
eighty, the whole of the third claim, comprising linos twenty to twenty four, both
inclusive, on page 9. Wo also strike out the word « Fourth " at the commencement
of fine twenty five of the said page 9, and substitute therefor the word “ Third.”
We also desire to correct a clerical * occurring in tho said amended Specification
by striking out the figure “ 2 ” which follows the reference letter “ c ” in line forty 40
therefor the S figure ?|» aid printed copy ° f tlle said Specification, and of substituting
And in order that the effect of the said Disclaimer may be clearly understood,
lS X S e ”" t0 J, Oopy , ? f ‘ ho said Specification, as it will appear when so
amended, the preamble and testing clause being omitted. 45
PatentiinrW ^ E 0 xo(! 1 llo “ t Ma j e3t y Queen Viotoria, by Her Royal Letters
WestminS ^ °/ T G , reat Britain and Irola “ d * faring date at
eioht hundred lhlrtleth , day of Jul y. in «»e year of our Lord One thousand
Hmsalf H«r L d T enty S6Von ’ ,n tl10 forty first y 0ar of Hor reign, did, for
Menlo Park* iiTtlfp t successors, give and grant unto Thomas Alva Edison, of 50
admtaistrate™ S S - ‘ £ No ' v Jersey, United States of America, Ids executors,
aS shtS ° f „ a331 f“’ or suoh . others M he, hie executors, administrators, or
«mfs thereaftofl ^ ‘“J? agreo Wlth « and n0 othors - from «uio to time and at all
make !! ™ during the term therein expressed, should and lawfully might
Ireland tb ^r 0180 * and vend within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and 65
Ireland, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man, an Invention of « Impkove^OTS iff
nM.m.cAc A.D. 1877.—N° 2909**. 3
fjjimi's lmyls. in Controll ing bg Sound ike Transmission of Electric Currents, i-c.
Instruments for Controlling by Sound tiie Transmission of Electric
Currents and the Reproduction of Corresponding Sounds at a Distance,’’
for anil during tho term of fourteen years thence next ensuing: And whereas, m
pursuance mid performance of a proviso in tho said Letters Patent contained, tho
, J n j,i Thomas Alva Edison did, within six calendar months next after the date of
' tho said Letters Patent, cause a Specification in writing under his hand and seal,
numartitier to particularly describe the nature of tho flam Invention, and m what
manner the snmo was to be performed, to be duly filed in the Great Seal Patent
Office • And whereas, by an indenture bearing date tho second day ot August,
10 Ono thousand eight hundred and seventy nine, and made botwcon the said Thomas
Alva Edison of tho ono part, and us, the Edison Telephone Company of London,
Limited, of the other part, the said Thomas Alva Edison assigned unto us, the
said Edison Telephone Company of London, Limited {inter alia), tho said .herein¬
before recited Letters Patent, and nil rights, powers, authorities privileges,
15 advantages, profits, emoluments, and benefits, to the said Letters Patont apper-
And whereas, 8 sinco tho date of the said assignment, we have been advised and
have ascertained that the said Specification contains matters which arc of doubtful
novelty, or which are not of Bufliciont practical value and utility to justify their
i0 retention nnd we are therefore desirous of striking out the whole of the claiming
clauses contained in the said Specification, with the exception of the first, second,
eighteenth, nnd twentieth claiming clauses, nnd of striking out parts ot tho
description contained in the body of the said^Spocification, and also of otherwise
altering the’“aiTs^ Torc'°fully hereafter appearing.
altering the Hind Specification
25 NOW KNOW YE, that we, the said Edison Telephone Company, of London,
Limited, by and with the leave of Hor Majesty’s Attorney General, and for tlio
reasons aforesaid, do alter tho said Specification by striking out of tho sme
Specification printed by the Queen’s Printers, and published at the Great beat
Patent Office in One thousand eight hundred nnd seventy nine, the words the
30 Bame,’’ which occur on page four at the end of lino nino and tho beginning of line
ten respectively, and substituting therefor the words " a corresponding \\ e also
strike out the word “the,’’ which occurs between the words “ and and electro
on the said pa«e, lino twenty two, and substitute therefor tho word an. )VO also
insert between the words “ the ” and “ instruments,” which occur on the said page,
35 line twenty five, tlio word •' transmitting," and we strike out the letter s at the
end of the said word '■ instruments." We also strike out tho word " are, which occurs
on the same line, nnd substitute therefor the word ” is. We also insert between
the words ” in ” and “ Figs.” (an abbreviation of tho word Figures), which occur on
the same line, tho words “ section in,” nnd we strike out the letter.' s in the said
40 word "Figs.” We also strike out tho words commencing with “and on the said lino
twenty five, nnd ending with tho first word “ instrument” on line twenty six o \
said page four. Wo also strike out tlio words “ or the,’ winch occur between the
figure "2” nnd tho word “receiving” on the said lino twenty six, and substi
therefor the words » represents a.” We also add after the word “ instrument ..at tho
45 end of tho said line twenty six the words "which may be employed with it.
also striko out tho word “ The ” at tho commencement of line, twenty seven on the
said pago four, and substitute therefor the words 11 Referring to Figure ie j
Wo also striko out that portion of tlio Specification commencing with tho norus
” In Fig.” on page five, lino forty one, and ending with tho word sound on page
50 six, line three wcalso strike out that portion of the Specification commencing with
the words “I also” at the end of line eight, and ending with the words the lino
on lino eleven of the said page 6. We also strike out the whole of lines twenty four
to twenty eight inclusive on the said page 6. We also striko out the voids to
record,” which are repeated on line thirty five of tho said page 6 and add tlio
55 loiter “ s ° to the word " rest, 0 which occurs online of forty seven of the said page 6.
We also strike out of page 8 lines thirty seven to forty two inclusive and lines
4 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909**. »■*»«•.*
Edison’a Impls. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, Ac.
forty six to fifty three inclusive. Wo nlso strike out of page 9 linos eighteen to
twenty three inclusive nnd lines thirty seven to forty ono inclusive. Wo also strike
out of pngo 10 linos sovontoon to thirty seven inclusive. Wo also striko out of
page 11 lines ton to thirteen inclusive and linos forty four to fifty seven inclusive,
and wo add at the end of lino thirty sovon of tho said pngo clovon after the word 5
" named " tho words following“ I would observe in conclusion that I do not claim
generally tho transmission nnd reproduction of sound by increasing and decreasing
tho resistance of tho circuit, nor do I claim separately any of tho parts or arrangements
hereinbefore described and illustrated in tho accompanying Drawings, except as
hereinafter mentioned ; but wo nlso striko out tho word “ an,” which occurs between 10
tho words “of” and “electric” on lino 42 of the said page 11; and wo add tho
letter “ s " to the word " regulator,” which 000111*8 on tho same lino 42, to make it rend
"regulators,” and after tho said word "regulators" wo insert tho words "sub¬
stantially ns hereinbefore described.” Wo also strike out of pngo 12 lines ono to
thirty inclusive, lines thirty six nnd thirty seven, and lines forty two to fifty six 15
inclusive. Wo also striko out the word “ Eighteenth," which occurs at tho com¬
mencement of line thirty ono on tho said page 12, and substitute therefor tho word
“ Third." We also strike the word Twentieth, which occurs at tho commencement of
lino thirty eight of tho said pngo 12, and substitute in therefor the word “ Fourth.”
We also strike tho work “ or,” which occurs on lino thirty nino of tho said page 12, 20
and substitute therefor the word “ on.” Wo nlso striko out of page 13 lines
one to fourteen inclusive. And in order that tho effect of tho said Disclaimer
may bo clearly understood, wo annex hereunto a copy of tho said Specification
om'tt n PP ear w ^ en amended, the preamble nnd testing clauso being
This Invention relates to that class of electrical instruments in which sound
becomes one of the elements in tho transmission of tho communication, and a corre¬
sponding sound is produced at the receiving station, so that oral communications
can be sent by electricity and clearly distinguished at tho receiving station.
Musical tones may nlso be sent, but my present Invention is especially available 30
in transmitting and receiving oral communications.
In transmitting musical tones tho respective notes each linvo a definite period
1 „r:V l nitl0 "'* hen00 *u ei ' e , 13 a res P° nso at receiving end from tho notes
,* ,;nV m . tlme , Wlth . tho e,ectrio pulsations sent, but in speaking there
inflection! of” he voice'” ,,mS ' C '' t0ne ’ bUt COn3iderab,e in tho modulations nnd 35
tvmnaTbv' CSent v Ven * t! ? n 1 ” nko U8e of tha Orations given to a diaphragm or
ensFonnnLTr Dg t a ? s ° nant caSQ to produce a rise and faU of electrical
tc pon the line, with such accuracy that tho electric pulsations or waves will
mnnnetnt ti,° at “ 0S P IlBrl ° ?°«nd waves produced by articulation, and an electro 40 '
S to fenmdn J e H elVln i? n™ T* 1 rcs P ond to tho (ilectrio wav <* ™ such a manner
lepioduce the articulation by acting upon a resonant plate.
FiJure 1 ThTf 7 T fc “V n “ “ m P‘ ote form is represented in section in
with "it. d F ° 2 r ° proSontsa ruceivir| g instrument which may be employed
Referring to Figure 1 , the resonant tube or box a is of a size anil slinne adanted
LtL SF n e ? Y 0 ’ t, ‘° f am ° llavin e an opening at one end or sWc and a
voml act anl d lhese r a en ? S tl i agal " sfc tho souud wavos from 11,0 human
of pioduri n “I , I. '? f 010n , t,lafc th0 drophragm receives is the mean,
set forth so°th, t tl,« b ff of l , olootri ° tenaton on ll “*‘ lino by tho devices hereafter 5 "
less m° t o t .i lht . 17 , B ?° ,mcctod t0 11 0 11 0 1 rvill transmit a greater or
magnetism of”110 cores^id in so° , 11 ? a S Ilek TO ’ 2 . and incrcaso or lessen the
sound corresnondino* to’n » r t < }? lug , ac , k u P on a roson “ut plate 0 and dovolop
Tim „„„ ’1 r ° to , simulation at tho transmitting station.
dovelopLthe sImfmanv hUS r^° SCr F bed pet ' Vndo my entil '° Invention, but in «
hcon made, which I wM £ro CC edtottTrih m ° dification9 and variations have
tiiirtaimw.ec. A.D. 1877.—N° 2909**. . 5
i„. Controlling bn Sound th e Transmission of Electric Currents, Ac.
mss?— ssrtii as»ys.fi
. rito the nfato cSst thenar; this brings tho sound close to the organs of hearing,
5 and* the°resonant plate touching the ear increases the distinction of the sound, and
and aho the hearing instrument as a fixed resonant tube, these being variable to
10 siiit the ^crsons or t P requires separate consideration 13 the peculiarity
ofIhorcsonaWt'tubo for"^ voice; Itaivo experienced g p° a ^^^^0*from^tho°fart
resonant box may bo contracted to about halt an inc character of the
same purpose. Tho next feature requiring consideration is the character ot
diaphragm in the speaking instrument me tals, horn, vellum,
30 vibrations, and being of a laminated character c j* J , accurilcv to the
thickness, and when secured at its edges responds f , g tho 0 i iange3 of
sound vibrations, and does not require to be strained - f ; lr n “® r ““ r t e, u ta0 n °‘ the ° mica
temperature and atmospheric condition have little or no oiiect upon tne mica
or less resistance in tho line. This resistance may P m0s fc delicate to
have Bhown several which will hereafter bo name , . .. suc h ftS particles
40 be small bunches or tufts or discs of some conductmg
of silk, and an iutennedinto1 conducmg to tho
call an electric tension regulator, it. is more or icaa i . teng j on ^
vibrations of tho diaphragm or tympan, and the 1eierttm e small
it is compressed, or lessens as the hbro expands. „ r Tb i S variable pressor*,
45 roll t between the delicate diaphragm spring u^Hguro , b
adjustable by screw or otherwise in .the electric ouxu.t a «ns gonftjr ^
within a cavity in said presser v, ns u Fj S«vo lj there ^ ^ flbro
piece w to tho diaphragm b with a pieci0 of plutini‘ » . g ade by a thin strip
50 5 JtSfTS SISK Sing t*• -A ftom th ° Un ° ° r bl ' Uery
■SfliS. 1 . ■~.jv r b Sg a *S£?
metal, or smilar material, or by a deposit of P tbu oendueting
particles of conducting or semi-conducting material mixed, w‘tli it,
55 power varying with the density of tho tuft «« hranch 'ef fib ■ h0 cured by
The delicato spring u, Figure 0, upon tho mica diapliragm <•>» )
solder passmg into fine holes bored in the mica.
0 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909**. Dimmer,*
Edison’s Fmpts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, ic.
In some cases I make use of a variable rosistanoo resulting from greater or less
intimacy of surface contact, such as would result from a disk covered with plumbago
placed adjacent to a diaphragm also covered witli plumbago or other semi-conducting
material, so that the proximity or extent of surface contact will produce rise and
fall of tension, the respective parts being in tho telegraphic circuit. {
I sometimes perforate tho diaphragm 10, Figure 18, and place a strip of elastic
material 40 across said diaphragm over the hole, and upon this a piece of foil, so
that the same responds to very weak vibrations, and in some instances two or
more diaphragms are provided at different sides of the resonnnt box, each with its
own tension regulator, the diaphragms being either the same or of different sizes, ID
characters, or tensions, so ns to respond to varying sounds or acoustic condition,
tho various tension regulators being all in tho electric circuit; this will produce
greater riso and fall of tension for longer lines in consequence of the diaphragms
acting simultaneously on tho tension regulators.
In some instances it is preferable to make the mouth piece of the speaking 15
instrument sufficiently large or flaring to receive all tho sound vibrations, whether
coming from the mouth, nose, or throat.
The tension regulator formed of fiber and conducting or semi-conducting material
may be either dry or moistened with a liquid.
In some instances I make use of tho best quality of lamp black retained within 20
a case to form the tension regulator, tho circuit passing through the same, and the
rise and fall of electric tension resulting from tho compression of the same by the
movement of tho diaphragm.
I nm enabled to record the sounds produced by tho human voice or otherwise
by causing tiie movements of the diaphragm to bo registered on paper or soft sheet 25
metal, and then the paper may be used in an instrument to reproduce the sound
upon a delicate diaphragm by giving to the Bame a vibration similar to that
originally given by tho voice.
h, Figure 4, is tho indenting transmitter, the diaphragm having a knife edge
point ; z is the paper which has previously been passed through a machine to raise 30
a V shaped rib 6. Tlio movement of the diaphragm of h when the drum is in
motion causes tho knife edge point I 1 to indent tho raised rib to vurying depths
according to the amplitude of vibration of tho diaphragm, thus these indentations
represent accurately nil tho tones and varying inflections of tho human voice. The
paper after being indented is passed through a second apparatus n, Figure 5, almost 35
similar to h. A spring 9 has a knife edge which rests upon tho raised indented
,' , u . 10 s p™>g being connected to a delicate diaphragm 10 by a string or straw,
llie indented rib reproduces in the spring 9 the movement of tlio indenting point
and either by direct action or through tho vibration of a string conveys tho samo
motion to the diaphragm of n, and reproduces previous sounds. If theso sounds 40
• l i tr .‘“ 13mittc 1 d over a telegraph lino, the diaphragm 10, see Figure 6, is
provided with a cork disk w, and fibrous tension regulator t before described, to
pioduce the rise and fall of electric tension on tho line. Tlio sound may ho
“ re P roscntcd , in figure 7. The diaphragm of A operates a very
acrnrrflnw in .P 311 0j and causes the continuous lino to be wide or narrow 45
according to the amplitude of vibration of tlio diaphragm. Tho ink used should
ry quickly and tlio strip may be passed at any time thereafter through the
C m F ‘S Uro 8 - beneath the a ™ 12, lmvinga point or points resting
I S 'T °™>. 13 connected with a resonant diaphragm, and the ink marks
thh wfll if 3 ‘: lCt i° n accordin S. to tho broadth and amount of ink deposited, 60
diaphragm of ft 1 ^ dlaphra S m o£ n vlbratin S and reproduce tho vibrations of tho
wotld ^la U rnri?iS« 5B w li ?“ J ould be to coat tho P«pcr with a substance which
Hurinf nrcvIZl thu ° u 10t ‘.°?* " °Y en rou 8 b ' ,nsized P a P°v might bo used, and
paper to be made burmahed P° mt ™ tb ” Sat would cause the surface of the 65
P P to be made smooth more or less according to the vibration of the diaphragm,
f , _ A.D. 1877.—N° 2900**. 7
Edison's Impls. i n Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, d-e.
and the difforonco in the surface of tho papor would produco a responso of the
IC< I somcthnes'arrango tho battery in connection with tlio transmitting instrument,
5 M /f is'tho" resonant chamber, at the end of which is tho diaphragm 10, and at oacli
side of this diaphragm thoro are springs <?, c 3 , having points made of compressed
plumbago mixed 'preferably with gum rubber, but any substance not liable to
rapid decomposition, or tho olostio or fibrous tension regulator aforesaid may bo
used. These points face each other on opposite Bides of tho dinphragm and make
10 contact with platina foil disks secured to tho diaphragm.
Tho spring c 5 passes through a bolo or small slot in tho side of the chamber h ;
rfi <p are tho main batteries ; the battery d 3 1ms zinc to the line or spring c 3 , nnd the
battery <P has copper to the lino or spring c\ When tho springs c J and f are adjusted
to mako contact with the dinphram cqunlly no currant passes to the line, but when
15 the diaphragm is vibrated its movement to ono side, say, c s , causes a greater
pressure upon tho plumbngo on that spring nnd a loosening of tlio pressure on the
plumbago on c\ hence tlio balance of tho batteries c= and <? will be destroyed, c-
having tho advantage will send a negative current to line; upon the return of the
diaphragm tho battery currents will again neutralize each other. The vibration of
20 the dinphragm to the othorBide causes the pressure to bo reversed, and tho battery a
will send a positive current to tho lino. .
As tho tension regulator of fiber or of plumbago decreases and increases its
resistance enormously undor slight changes of pressure, it follows that the strength
of the electric waves will bo in proportion os tho speakers voice is strong or
In Figure 11 is shewn tho contact spring, which may bo used adjacent to the
diaphragm at ono or both sides thereof; e 1 is a U shaped spring secured to the
screw c*, which is adjusted back and forth by the thumb nut e 5 ; e“ is the pillar
holding such screw ; r is a piece of Boft rubber or equivalent substance placed between
30 tho prongs of the Bpring e 3 ; e 7 is a wire or band which serves to bind the prongs
tightly against the rubber r, so ns to prevent tho prongs acting ns a tuning fork and
transmitting harmonic vibrations notdcsirnblo ; r* is tho plumbago contact point.
The object of the U spring and rubber is to present a semi rigid point for contact
so as to prevent n rebound nnd allow of a slight yield when the plumbago is pressed
35 by tho diaphragm. . r
In Figure 3 tho diaphragm of tho receiving instrument is vibrated by a strip ot
paper chemically prepared, that is, in motion, tho pulsations of electricity passing
over tho lino and producing more or less friction betwoon tho paper and an arm
upon the diaphragm. , „ ., , ,
40 Tho resonant box or chamber n is provided with a diaphragm as aforesaid, and to
raid diaphragm an arm Id is connected. At its outer end is an adjusting screw h
that presses upon a platina faced spring id that is secured to this arm, nnd said
spring rests upon the strip of paper that passes over the drum Id.
The paper is moved slowly by rotating the drum A*, nnd tho waves of electricity
45 coming over tho line pass through tho arm Id to the platina-faced spring h , thence
through tlio pnpor to tho earth. , ,
If a negative current passes in tho opposite direction nearly all friction between
the platina plato and tho paper censes, nnd the diaphragm of tho resonant box n
retains its normal position. , , ,,
5* When tho positive current passes through the same channel tho normal friction
of tho paper is augmented, and the chomical surface acting upon tho platina
spring arm serves to give a forward movemont to tho diaphragm of tho resonant
box.
Thus tho mechanical force applied to move the chemical paper or surfaco acts
5o with the electric current to produce the vibration of the diaphragm of tho resonant
chamber, nnd theso vibrations will correspond to those of the diaphragm 6 made by
speaking in tho tubo a.
8 A.D. 1877.—N° 2909**. w«>.i»»r,M.
Edison’s Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, <t-c.
Tho principle of this method of obtaining motion by electro chemical decom¬
position is that avium a moving surface is in contact avith a slightly yielding
substanco the tendency is to move the latter by and avitli the former. If the
circumstances of contact arc varied the adhession of the surfaces will bo sufficient
to cause the moving surface to movo the yielding substanco or else to cause the 5
yielding surface to slip moro freely, and by its spring go in the opposite direction
to the moving surfaco.
Tho passage of electricity at the surfaces in contact will clmngo the frictional
adhesion, make it more or less, according to the substances employed. By balancing
tho mechanical forces, so that avhen the surfaces in contact nro not electrified the 10
moving surfaco carries with it tho yielding surface, and avhon electrified tho
yielding surfaco slips back over the moving surface a mechanical movement is
obtained that is dependent on tho electrical condition of tho surfaces in contact.
When it is requisite to obtain very perfect articulation, and when loudness is
not essential, I adopt a modification shewn in Figuro 12 of the device for com- 15
pressing and expanding the tuft of conducting fiber, which modification consists in
placing between the diaphragm 10 and the fiber t a vibrating tongue 21 of steel
permanently mngnetised, and arranging it to act in the samo manner upon the
tension regulator t as if it was the diaphragm; I replace tho cork upon tho
diaphragm by a thin armature of iron 22, which is in close proximity to tho 20
magnetized tonguo, which tongue is secured at one end like an acoustic reed. In
this position the diaphragm is free to move, and at its approach to and recession
from the mngnetized tonguo causes said tonguo to follow its movements by
magnetic attraction, and thus the tongue is mado to perform wliat the dinphrogm
previously performed in varying the tension of the olcctricity on tho lino. 25
A plate supported eccentrically and free at its edges when placed in tho speaking
tube responds advantageously to the tones of the voice. Tho circuit with this plate
is completely through one or more tension regulators placed around its edges.
In practice I combine with the speaking or telephonic apparatus signal boll3 so
arranged that when the telephone is not in use tho line is thrown upon the boll by 30
a switch which also acts as a call on the bell.
Ono feature about the bells is that tho magnet which serves to actuate the bells
is made of veiy high resistance, using preferably Gorman silver wire in tho helix,
and thus serves to prevent a rapid consumption of battery power. A large number
ot telephonic wires may be worked from one battery if theso bells are used. 35
• *i ° . * n( l°pt for coating nonconducting substanco with metallic substance
is the reduction to the metallic state of metals from their salts by exposing them to
the fumes which arise from the moist phosphide of a metal such as phosphido of
calcium; or by placing the silk, for instance, in a scaled tube provided with metellic
electrodes, and volatilizing tho electrodes by tho passage of electric sparks, such 40
-latihzed metals settle upon and coat the silk. ‘
indnlli” 1 loudness is desirable, us in factories, tho tympan of the receiving
instrument may bo made to control nr - 1 -* - —-• • . •
- -- *•“ “if valve of a reservoir in which air is stored
under a regulated pressure.
Th?s l, dh!nhr l i 0We< l tO aot with great power upon a local diaphragm. 45
WnTT t0 , ? bta,n olo , ar B0Unds - requires a damper to check prolonged
? ,n u ? 10 da ™P ed b y holding the fingers against it or by a tightly
agatas^tft d r “ bbmg a S ,mi8t lfc by a screw provided^ with a rubber tip held
dianhZm 0 SSrrJ , mako a reoord o£ tho fl °uud by the movements of the 50
MfiW tUu . t Purpose a strip of paper moved along regularly between
fine wire of soft and IS, and there is a smooth thread or
alone with it ^ 3 ? between tho paper and tho upper roller 25 and moving
ro * • i . 1 ,‘ e dla pbragm to of the resonant box is connected by a delicate
bewVfork « eve l 'tw 01 V Vil ; e l S r^ 0 tbe bi S ht of tho roller as possible, there 55
mad! “n the thread cou gh wl »ich the thread passes; hence deflections or bends are
mado in the thread or wire just before it is embedded into tho paper by the
- A.D. 1877.—N° 29 09**. __9
r,„w„. in Controlling bn Sound the Tran smission of Electric Currents, .to.
pressure of tho rollers. This may bo used to reproduce tho sound by vibrating a
resonant diaphragm by the undulations of tho groovo mado by tho thread
^By placing the fibrous tonsion regulator within a smaU band of India rubber the
samo is rendered more clastic, nnd the fiber is allowed to expand by the heat of tho
current without altering the electric tension. ...... , ,
In some instances the diaphragm should be free to vibratei without b «^8 cbeakad
by contact with any stationary substanco. I provide for tb a , b f r , ' ,Aber or non-
dinnhiaem or tympan 10, Figure 17, a small cylinder t\ of hard rubber or non
„ disk «.« 1»»rr:
regulator as the diaphragm is vibrated, and hence the
over the liine in harmony with tho vibrations Nearly the sanie ofhet is produced
by connecting tho disk t» to a yielding spring t ‘ that extends
edge of the diaphragm to tho other, as seen in Figure 1C. This construction of
20 tension regulating dovico is especially available with large diaphragms.
In some cases I use a soft rubber diaphragm immediately in contact with the
transmitting or receiving diaphragm, so ns to check or dnmpon nny pro o
false vibration, and render tho sound more clear and freo from prolonged •
In preparing tho tension regulator I hud m some c s ■ P
25 to use lampblack mixed with pure lumbago, amorphous phospl orous, aiid a c y
small amount of nonconducting material, such ns rubber dissolved i
"'inFigure iTlhTvo represented tho circuit as passing though the di “P b “S™ “■
tension regulator t, and a Duluc's dry pile battery V, P, B,toit heearth ri.
30 battery is composed of about throe hundred pairs of paper disks coated with silvei
nn F^^llZ E rLico before mentioned for intensifying y the sound ;
10 is the diaphragm vibrated by the sound; 42 is a valve moved by sue,
diaphragm; 43 is a resorvoir containing nir under a given pressure , b •
35 diaplirftgm against which tho nir allowed to escape by the vn vo a * .
tension regulator to transmit tho electric pulsations, or n lienr if,
T SV10. 1SS?
screw and local circuit containing tho battery B passing o :.J!i uc f: on
40 induction coil 49, and there is a key 50 in the same circuit. A secondary indue on
coil 51 is in the line circuit, nnd is influenced electrically by tho change of tension
in tho local circuit by tho vibrations of tho diaphragm 10.
The secondary coil is sometimes required with many l&y? ra ® .. .
up a current of high tension ; to overcome tho inductive effect from the «nci
45 being adjacent to each other, I place the receiving instrument at the distant station
between the induction coil and the earth ns at R, and use an electro o : n 'tho
with polarized armature to strike a bell; this will respond when tho key oU ... tho
local circuit at tho distant station is opened and closed. , , , , ..
In Figure 25 a similar induction coil 49 and local circuit is represented, but the
50 tension regulator is mado of platina foil upon the surfaco of two so ..j
one on tho diaphragm, tho other on tho adjusting screw. Ail:iunlt and1 rl. ost„t
atR' servos to prelong tho magnetism in theinduction coil, and thus eiumea
gradual rise and fall of electric tension in tho hno instead of a cos
tamo when tho platina surfaces separate, and at tho receiving d aphiagm c t
« rise and fall of electric tension in the lino and its helix, acts upon «“
niagnet to produce tho vibrations of the diaphragm c,, and y ®Lacd of
around the helix and placing therein tho secondary battery S, B, composed ot
JSdison’s Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, <Cu
metallic plates in acidulated water the action is rendered more uniform and the
sound distinct.
When the dinpliragm is arranged, as in Figuro 26, to act upon a 'spring 66
through an intervening piece of soft rubber, said spring 66 produces rise and fall of
electric tension, by employing a range of resistance 67 with spring tongues adjacent 5
to 6G. The greater amplitude of vibration of the diaphragm, the moro direct will
be the electric circuit connections and the less resistance, becauso the circuit will
pass along the spring instead of going through all tho resistnneo coils.
When several line wires run near each other tho wire used for tho acoustic or
speaking telegraph is influenced by induction, and false sounds will be produced. 10
I counteract this tendency by placing one or more electro magnets 69, Figuro 28,
in the circuit of the speaking telegraph, nnd one or more electro-magnets 60 in the
circuit of tho adjacent wires, and bringing tho opposite cores of 60 at such a
distance from the cores of 59 that a cortnin magnotic action will be set up in 59
by induction in the opposite direction to the induction currents from the adjacent li
lino or lines.
By adjusting the distance between these magnets when tho speaking telegraph
is not in use until there is not nny sound at tho dinphragm from the induction
currents, then these currents will bo neutralized, whether strong or weak, and will
>t produce any false sounds when the speaking tolegraph is in use. 20
I also employ double coils of wire for the same purpose, one coil being in tho
I also employ double coils of wire for the same purpose, one coil being in tho
acoustic wire, nnd tho other in the wire to bo compensated.
A convenient form for the sound recorder or phonogragh is to employ a
cylinder 61, see Figure 29, having a helical groove in its surfaco covered with tin
toil, and the cylinder is revolved regularly by clockwork, and moved endwise by a 26
screw on its shaft, so that the indenting point P from tho diaphragm 10 of k will
be always in line with such groovo; hence tho vibrations of tho diaphra»m will be
“ ed b ,y indenting the Ml into tho groove, and hence tho same sound will bo
7„ rodu „ ced by ‘ho p o in t f- of the hearing instrument n, giving to the diaphragm
with sue “point 5 thnt rCSU t fr ° m tbo lndontatioDS of th » foil moving in contact 30
named/ 0 " 1 m “ y be ° n n flat erooved P Iate < nnd be indented and act as before
re/roTuctfon^T * H tbat 1 d ° nofc aI “m generally tbo transmission and
nor do l plabn f B ° unds by ^creasing and decreasing the resistance of the circuit, 35
and illust a PH r« tely ° f ^ P " ts °'' arrangements hereinbefore described
£ut I claimas my lSvenS,T DyU,e DraWing8 ' eXCCpt “ mentioned,
nor r do U I ti 1°“ ° f B0Und , s , by increasin S and decreasing the resistance* ofTh
nnd illustm/pV^ a fi te y “ ny ° f th ® pn S 3 or arra ngements lioreinbefore
£utI c]aim? 8 myInt e enZ.- PUDyin8 DraWing8 ' ° X ° ept “ hel ' oin “ ftflr “
First. In an instrument for transmit!,inrr nW.rip impute u.. __j _
combination "Li til _ instrument for transmitting electric impulses by sound, the
ns hereinbefore 01 bympan of ? lcotnc tension regulators, substantially
as set forth. f »r varying the resistance in a closed circuit! substantially
on^lldingmaTeria? 118p0oifl ? d °f recordi “g ‘ho undulations of the diaphragm 45
d“ap y Cm^o communW^>o reproduction of sound by such material acting upon a
subXnTlly as seUeru' *° tbe 8am ° vibrations similar to tba original ones,
In panipT 8 M • vhoreof - tbe eaid United Telephone Company Limited have
0 T "“‘r *“ '*» " f **
® JAMES BRAND,
Chairman.
JOSEPH B. MORGAN,
Director. 55
R. H. KRAUSE,
Acting Secretary.
m<m’s Impts. in Controlling by Sound the Transmission of Electric Currents, Tc.
To the Commissioners of Patents for Inventions.
T hereby grant my fiat, giving leave to the above name d United Telephone
r mnnnv Limited the assignees of the said Letters Patent, to file in the Office of
Company, Bimiteu, cn b x nvon tions, with tbo Specification to which tho
1,10 fTi'ato^the'ato^^v'ritton'^Discirimer ’and Memorandum of Alteration, but
5 noverthofessupon condition thnt no proceedings for infringement bo takon against
one in respect of tho first fivo thousand telephone instruments supplied or to
?" y «iinnlied under tbe contract between the Gower-Bell Telephone Company,
limited and the Post Master General, dated the 28th March, 1881. Particulars,
„ if Paired of the marks by which such instruments may be identified to bo
° delivered to the United Telephone Company, Limited, nnd verified by statutory
dC Dated°this Fourth day of June, One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
Henry James,
Attorney General.
15 The United Telephone Company, Limited, accepts and hereby undertakes to
abWebytoo conditions imposed by the Attorney General and mentioned in the
above mentioned fiat. JAMES BRAND,
„ /"T \ Chairman.
!0 f maica \ G. E. GOURAND,
{ Tcicpuocc j Director.
V C ,?K' / R. H. KRAUSE,
XT’” 1/ Acting Secretory.
A.D. 1877, 3i»< July. N° 2927.
Instruments for Transmitting, &c. Telegraphic Messages.
(This Invention received Provisional Protection only.) ■>
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION lea by Tliormis Alva Edison at the Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on tlio 31st July 1877.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United States
or America. "Improvement in Instruments for Transmitting, Recording,
j and Receiving Telegraphic Messages.”
In my improvements a copy of the messago sent by an ordinary koy iB preserved
nt the sending station, and the message is recorded at the receiving station, and it
may be recorded at more than one station on the line, and the recorded message is
10 mi t0 transll ! it U P°'> another circuit, or to repeat the message.
The record is made by indentations ina sheet of paper, but instead of the indenta¬
tions being made in a long Btrip of paper tho record is mado in either a volute lino
upon a correspondingly grooved disc, or olse upon a sheet of paper in a zig-zag
line, over a cylinder that is correspondingly grooved. Tho paper is put upon tho
l, , ? or cylinder in a predetermined position, regulated by register mnrks, so as to
oo held accurately in plncc, and the indenting point is upon an arm or slide that is
Kept in position by n corresponding groove, or volute, or otherwise, so that tho
indenting point is always over the groove in tho metallic disc or cylinder, and will
undent the paper down into tho groove when the point is pressed upon the paper,
mo indenting point is operated by nn olcctro-magnot, hence when tho lino connec-
■°n is made through the electro-magnet there will be n record taken at the sending
laticn of the messago sent by nn ordinniy koy, and tho samo record will be mado
t the distant station by a similar instrument.
in I i y 40 US0 l * ie indented paper to transmit a message to a distant station the
25 eir al ° 1,m< io to °P en ft nd c ' 080 11 c * rcu ' t breaker in tho lino or electric
cult, said papor being moved automatically beneath the circuit-breaking apparatus,
indents*’^ rovorset * 40 wor * c c ' lcu * t by tho projections instead of tho
moss™ recc ‘ v ’ n 2 or , transmitting discs are usually connected together for long
usaages, and the circuit connections and clutches to tho actuating gearing are
I [Price 2d.]
2 A.D. 1877—N° 2927. 6 SX
Edison's Improvement in Instru ments for Transmitting, <tc. Tclegraphio Messages,
niTftngod no oh to connect with ono and disconnect from tlio other alternately,
cither with or without break in tho message.
Tho sheets of indented paper can bo preserved os a record, or used at any timo for
transmission or repeating tho message.
A magnetic ongino and govomor aro usually omployed for giving motion to tho 5
parts that carry tho paper so ns to obtain uniformity of speed, or nearly so, in tho
different instruments, and tho lino is provided with local circuits, soundors, or calls
for facilitating tho business as usual; and in eases whero it is proforrod to make the
record on chemical paper, or by ink, it may bo employed in tho same apparatus.
A.D. 1878, nth Apinr.. N° 1644.
Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
LI ' T 2!!!.v P iT T -fT r a^7 h0 T 8 . Alv '. Edison - of Menlo Park, in tlio Stato of New
« ... I ’ H'' lt p Statra of „ America, r ° 1 ' tho Invention of “ Immiovements is
SUCH ItKCOH[f" 00RDIN '° S ° UNDS ’ AND IN RePBODUCINO SUCK SOUNDS FHOJI
Sealed tlio (itli August 1878, mid dated the 2-Uh April 1878.
^*XJ?*®RAL SPECIFICATION loft by tlio said Tliomns Alva Edison at tho
_ Ul,lce 01 tlle Commissioners of Patents on tho 21th April 1878.
Rhul!° a r a AU ‘ a Edison, of Menlo Park, in tlio Stato of Now Jersey, United
c TirruiA.? A " 1C1 ' lca - " iMl'IiOVEMENTS IN MEANS KOll RECOKDINO SOUNDS, AND IN
5 w.pimnuciNa such Sounds kiio.m such Hecoiid.”
hemuinm S ?. nt ,B y«WomonU mo for more fully dovoloping and perfecting tlio dovico
Bv 1 u . vcnted hy me, and known as tlio “ phonograph.”
IS1VO , < '^ I10ril " ent nni1 research I havo boon onabled to obtain very perfect
1ft 'flu, !„ , to Produce a record in a convenient form for preservation.
or other v? V J brn , tion ? are mode to movo a point that by preference is a diamond
lhcntnmu, i y , substance nnd of a peculiar sliapo. Tlio sound vibrations in
«nno inow«t°i re - Ct i Up . on a diu I )lll ' a S"“ 01 ' other body capable of motion, nnd the
is pronorlv “ lnt J c, |hng point, and acts as a pliouograph. Tlio indontod material
15 foil is ni , l 8 nato<1 11 phonogram, and it is preforably inotnllie. Sometimes tin-
placcd inimi U1 ’“ n a peered surfaco; somotimes a thin shoet or leaf of metal is
SoinslCL n 10<;u of P a P°r living a surfaco of parafln or similar matorinl.
steel or iZ, i "! otal 10 surfaco is coppor, nnd whoro a matrix has boon mndo of
hardened and uLl r •° tyP ° ^ P ° S ^’ ° r otlle ™ iso - u P on tlie Program it may bo
20 phonogram <umi f ", lprC f 1Dg a sheet or roller of metal, and thereby the original
for anv rnmm “° 1 T °‘ ll00c lllllc,ill >tely m metal that may bo hardened nnd usod
Phonetically? “ ° ° neth of timo to ultor tho sontonco, or words, or sounds
[•Price 10<i]
2 AD. 1878,-N° 16-14. _ &&&
Edison’ s Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds,
Tho instrument or portion of tbo instrument that reproduces the sound from tiio
phonogram I term a “ phonet."
In order to facilitate production, use, and preservation of tho phonograms I
omploy a ring or margin of thick paper or pasteboard, caused to adhoro to tho
foil or sheet by resinous substance; this is used as a gnugo in placing tho sheet in 5
the instrument or replacing the samo in tho phonet. I find that a disc rovolved by
gearing, and a weight or spring, and the movement regulated by a fan or governor,
is a convenient device for presenting tho surfaco to bo indented to tho phonograph,
and tho phonograph !b on an arm that swings towards and from the centro of the
disc, and is guided by grooves or other convenient mechanism. II
The phonet device takos the place of tho phonograph device when the sounds nro
to bo reproduced.
When the sheet of material is wrapped around a cylinder its edges are passed
down into a Blit and held firmly. Eithor tho cylinder may bo moved ondwiso by a
screw, or the phonograph or phonet devices be moved along tho cylinder, and where II
the same sound is to be reproduced periodically, as calling out the hours of the day
in a clock, or reproducing the sounds of animals in tovB, the phonot is to be brought
to the place of beginning automatically.
The phonographic devices omployed by mo aro profornbly a diaphragm of motal,
against which the sound vibrations act. Sections of rubber tube applied to tho 2(
surface act os dampers to prevent false vibrations ; pieces of felt or similar yielding
material may bo used for the samo purpose, and a small delicate hoop of spring
metal between tho diaphragm and the indenting point renders the phonogram more
perfect than it would be if tho diaphragm acted upon the point direct. A similnr
effect is produced by a disc upon tho arm that carries the point, snid disc being so 2i
close to the diaphragm that the atinosphero will produce the vibrations.
It is often advantageous to uso a case between the mouth of tho speaker and tho
diaphragm to gather or hold tho sound, and in some instances tho head of the
speaker should bo insorted into this case, up through a hole in tho bottom. Tho
mouth-piece is sometimes slotted or perforated, and has irregular edges to re-inforce 3C
tho hissing sounds, and sometimes a membrane of rubber or guttn percha is fitted
to tho teeth, and forms a bog between the lips and tho diaphragm.
Tho diso upon the arm that carries tho point ns aforesaid may be acted upon by
a magnet, and tho current through a helix from a diaphragm, or the motion of tho
arm and points may serve to set up a secondary ourront through such helix in con- 35
sequence of the motion given by the phonogram to tho point. The arm carrying
the point in this latter case should bo magnotised.
The phonogram may bo produced by tho direct action of air concentrated to tho
Bpot by a funnel terminating with a small hole, tho end of the funnol being almost
in contact with tho moving surfaco to bo indented. 4C
When the foil is perforated instoad of indented it can be rolled up in tiio form of a
horn or cylinder, and revolved, and tho articulation result from air blown from tho
ond of. a small tuho passing through tho perforations as they are nresontod in
succession. *
Loverngo is sometimes omployed between tho diaphragm and tho phonogram, IS
either to losscn or increase the motion of tho phonographic action in recording, or of
tho phonetic action in speaking, and for recording qunrtotte, trio, and other
characters of singing, two, three, four, or more phonographic devices are omployed
upon ono cylinder or pinto, and tho sounds will be reproduced by corresponding
phonets; or whoro singing is convoyed through tubes to ono diaphragm tho phono- SO
b™completoand * * 10 com ' J * Ilod tones, and the reproduction by tho phonet will
«i,L^5 tbat m Mm a f ri S h , t angles to a diaphragm, with a point resting upon the
the diaphragm r ° produco tho tonos the weight and leverage of tho arm moving ^
a roM^C™ in ] h ® form of a diB0 > tt sheet, an ondless bolt, a cylinder,
a roller, or a belt, or Btrip, and the marks are to be either in straight linos, spiral,
A.D. 1878.—No 1644 3
Edison'a Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
zig-zag, or in nny otlior convenient form, so long ns the apparatus is adapted to
bringing tho samo into contact with the phonot or speaking part of the apparatus,
i, and tho reproduction of tho phonogram from a matrix or copy in relief of an original
phonogram may be made upon a bolt, roller, oylinder, plate, or other convenient
5 surface.
For amusomont and instruction this phonograph is capable of oxtended uso. For
instnneo, a revolving cylinder containing phonograms of tho lottors of tho alphabet
and phonet koys, with corresponding letters on thorn, can bo used in teaching tho
alphabet; and phonogram sentences, speeches, and other mattors can he spokon by
10 the phonot nnd repeated by tho learnor without the eyesight being called into use.
For amusement or instruction tho phonogram can bo of a dog's bark, a rooster's
crow, a bird's song, a liorso’s neigh, a lion's roar, and tho like, and tho phonogram
can bo used in a toy animal with a singlo phonet for tho reproduction of the original
15 This phonograph or speaking machine applied to a mask producos a semblance of
vitality if the phonogram is mado to opornto upon movcablo lips by lovers, and in
the production of such a phonogram a portion of the surfaco is to be indented by
delicato levers and points, receiving motion from tho lips during articulation; thereby
a correct reproduction of tho motion of tho lips is obtained.
20 In connection with tho phonet it is important to avoid tho sound that usually
results from the rubbing action of tho phonogram upon tiio point. I am enabled to
provent this by an eloctrio action between tho point and tho phonogram. In this
ease tho phonogram should be of iron, and tho point of steel and the parts maguetised
so ns to slightly repel each other; the point will follow tho undulations nnd reproduce
25 the sounds by tho phonet.
It is important that tho point used in tho phonot correspond in shape to that of
tho phonograph, but slightly smaller, so as to follow the bottom of the depressions
without contact upon the sides.
The diaphragm or other body employed in the phonot to rcceivo motion from the
phonogram is connected with a funnel of paper or other resonant suhstanco that acts
as a sounding board to render tho phonet louder and moro distinct.
A.D. 1878.—N" 1644. b,
Edison’s Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of fclio conditions of tlio Letters Patent filed by
tho said Thomas Alva Edison in the Great Soal Pntont Ofiioo on the 22nd
October 1878.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jorsoy, United
States of America. “ Improvements in Means for Recording Sounds, and in b
Reproducing such Sounds from sucii Record."
This Invention consists in means for recording in permanent characters th
sounds made by tho human voice in speaking and singing, thoso mndo by musical
instruments, birds, animals, or any sound whatever, and in means for reproducin''
thoso sounds nt any desired time. ° ..
The sound vibrations net upon a dinphragm or other body capable of motion •
•this diaphragm is at the back of a chamber provided with an opening or mouth¬
piece, and to this diaphragm an indenting point is secured. This instrument I term
a phonograph. Tho phonograph is adjusted to position with its indentin'' point
contiguous to a moving surface covored with a thin sheet or metal foil or other is
suitable material, or else tho surface with tho motnl foil is stationary, and tho pho¬
nograph movable. J 1
The surfaco upon which tho metal foil is secured is by preference "rooved
spirally, and tins indenting point indents tho foil in tho lino of this groovo°as the
diaphragm is moved back and forth by tho sound vibrations; these indentations "O
forrepreducing the sounds. “
or !! OI f ion °i tbe i °' stn " nc ' lt that reproduces the sound from tho
& nrorided°w7il! l n F h °? et Jt ‘f s!milar construction to the phonograph,
Dom pi ovnlcd with a diaphragm and point, but tho mouth-pieco is by preference ’>■•
funnel-shaped to render tho sound loud and distinct. Tho sounds are reproduced by
beoi'nZ fTr “^‘fi' t0 P'““ 60 tbat 1110 point of its dl.phrng'.nisatthe
ind S encdfoiHs1?’n T f I,ldc,lt “t'ons, and as the surface containing the
fmm onc mwFZf m ° f t , h ° P , ' onot » vibnOod by tho point pLng
irom one indentation to tho next, lienee tiio diaphragm receives the same movement 30
made by tho'plmnet" wTin''?. mnkine illdc " t ' ,fcions . consequently tho sounds
W,llb0the8am0 1,8 th0se operated upon tho diaphragm
the mechanism'for miLdinr? , S , ectl0n ° f ‘>‘0 phonograph and sectional elevation of
tlio samT I lng tlle surface t0 be indouted; and Fig. 2 is a plan of 35
pobt? h TKdvnor d0 1 th ° bot >y Portion a, diaphragm b, and indenting
the' pivoted at 5 & the vertical stud 0, so that
purpose horoofter explained. 804 lower ^ verticaHy, or moved horizontally for a
mouth-pFcco of if with bis mouth near 11,0
and vilLto^ «?d V ,‘ br . a . tions V 511 upon tho diaphragm,
«... if . r». of metal foil »
A.D. 1878,—N° 1644. 'B
Edison's Improvements in Recording and Rep roducing Sounds. ~
beneath or behind the indenting point and caused to move rogularly, or tho indentin''
point movod over the matorinl; that Bal'd material will bo indonted and form a
perfect record of tho sound vibrations.
I will now describo tho moans for sustaining tho shoot to bo indontod, and tho
5 mechanism for moving tho snmo :—d is a disk or plate secured to and turning with
tho shaft c, and hinged to this disk is a ring frame/; this disk d has two spiral
grooves 3,4, in its surfaco.’ There are pins 2, 2, upon tho surfaco of the disk, and
holes nt corresponding places in tho ring frame ; tho shoot to bo indented is of a
size and simp to correspond with that of the disk d and frnmo /. and said sheet
10 has holes in it corresponding to tho position of the pins 2, 2, and these holos form
register marks in placing or replacing tho shoot upon the disk d, and after the sheet
is so placed tho ring frame/is brought down upon the sheet mid holds it firmly in
piaco. There may bo a central oponing in the indented shoot of a size slightly
larger than tho space occupied by tho spiral 3, and the outer edgos of tho sheet aro
15 stiffened by a ring of thick paper or pasteboard caused to adhere by gluo or otlior
adhosivo matorinl. Tho surface of tho disk d is mndo with two spiral grooves 3
and 4 ns aforesaid ; tho groove 3 is a guide for a pin that is upon nn arm g on tho
phonograph, mid tho groove 4 is for the indenting point e. As tho disk and sheet
are rovolved tho groovo 3 causes tho indenting point to occupy a position itnmo-
20 diately over tlio lino of the spiral 4, and tho indentations will bo made upon the
sheet of foil in a line corresponding to that of tho spiral 4, shown in Fig. 2. The
indentations mndo in tho foil aro a complete record of tho sound vibrations that
noted upon tho dinphragm b, and from this indented sheet, which I term a “ phono¬
gram,” the sounds are reproduced. The phonograph is carried outwardly by tho
25 spiral 3, nnd in so doing tho parts swing upon tlio vortical stud (i. By depressing
the outer end of tlio lever i tho phonograph is raised so that it can bo swung asido
from tho disk d to allow of tho ring fraino / being thrown back and tho indented
sheet or “ phonogram ” removed from tho disk.
The shaft c is revolved by a weight, or spring, nnd gearing at li, and tho spring
30 is wound up by moving tho lover k back and forth, which acts upon a rntchot and
pawl of ordinary construction ; l is a lover provided at its outer end with an inclined
groove, in which is a pin nn the lever m, and tho other end of this Iovor m is con¬
nected with tho coupler m 1 by moving tho lovor I one way or tlio other, the shaft e
will bo connected to or disconnected from the gearing h, and hence tlio disk d
35 stopped or started at pleasuro without interfering with the motor.
As it is necessary that the shaft c should be revolved with uniformity I provide
a governor at n to prevent the apparatus revolving too rapidly; and this may be
made us in Figs. 1, 3, & 4, in which tliero aro inotal blocks o nt tlio ends of spring
arms from a cross head on a shaft that is driven by the gearing h, said blocks
40 swinging radially and acting against tlio interior of a stationary cylinder^ if tlio
speed becomes too great, thereby checking the speed by the friction of tiio blocks
against the cylinder. Those spring arms may bo socured at ono end to a prisinntio
block as shown in Fig. 5. It is preferable to cover tlio surfaco of tho blocks o next
tlio cylindor p with felt or similar material that will slide upon tho interior
4a surface of tlio cylinder p, but produce more or less friction, according to the centri¬
fugal action.
The guide spiral 3 may bo dispensed with, and oither of the dovices shown in
I igs. C, 7, 8, or 9, made use of,
. bl Eigs. 0 nnd 7 tho shaft e projects nbovo tho surfaco of the disk d, and there
50 is a tootli upon the shaft contiguous to a rack bar extending from the phonograph,
honco end) revolution of the shaft, tho rack bar, and phonograph will bo moved tiio
spneo of ono tooth, consequently tho lines of indentations will bo parallel and con¬
centric to tho shaft e, excepting nt tho places when tlio tootli acts to move tho
rack bar and phonograph outward or inward. In this case tho spiral grooves aro
55 cut to correspond to tho feed.
,,,8. 8 n worm upon tho shaft e acts upon a worm pinion to revolve tho shaft e 5 , •
nml the worm at tho otlior end of this shaft e 5 acts upon teeth around tlio base of
_ Edison's Imp rovements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
tho lover i on the stud 0. By this device tlio phonograph will ho moved outward
gradually, and tho lino of indentations will bo in a spiral corresponding to the
continuous spiral groovo iu tho pinto d.
In Fig. 9 tho shaft a is mado with a fusoo at p', nnd ono ond of a swinging arm
connected to tho phonograph takes against tho same. Tho spirals of tho fusoo 5
gradually movo outward tho phonograph, as tho disk nnd shaft are rovolved, nnd
tlio lino of indentations will bo spirally tho same as that mado by the spiral 3.
In rig. 10 tho shaft e is provided with a scrow pinion meshing with teeth upon
groove 8 06 * 118 e ' lvos tbo 811,110 movomunt to tho phonograph as tho spiral
, 111 Fi f- } * t,le g" i(, ° groove 3 for tho arm and pin g is upon a disk <1* upon tho ^
smite, but the groovo 3 occupies tho snmo relative position upon tho disk d' ns
iu gioove 4 upon tho disk d, so that tho phonograph is moved outwardly by the
g'oovo of tlio disk d 1 , swinging both tho arms g nnd i upon the vertical pivot 0
instead of tho sheet of metal foil being upon the disk d it may be wrapped upon 15
the S.® Tn F f 12 - In . , tlli8 0,180 tl10 °y I!ll<l01 - i0 u l ,on a Shaft e 1 revolved by
o gearing at A 1 , nnd upon said shaft there is a right and loft hand screw at k\
The a ool : l,oapondl ng Joublo spiral groove in the surface of tho cylinder q.
W?. 1 l 0 . n0 S r a p h‘s secured to a shding shaft l\ and said shaft is moved endwise
slmft ' A l' Jy , tl10 SC1 '° W ^. llctil, e "Pon an arm m 2 that is secured to the said 20
mode Inirnireilf P 10 a®S^aphis moved m one direction tho lino of indentations is
oTthe s P erew y i/W !°, ful1 °“ cyli,ldo1 ' * nlld w,10n 1,10 reaches the end
«tw 1 n SCI ? W lfc ™ ho moved m tho other direction by tho reverse scrow thread
the first snirn?°i^ >l 'n, •'"'iK 0, aCC ? ,ul s I ,iml lln0 of '"dentations that will cross
Tl' 1 " Mature is especially available for a phonot where the 25
so that th wo° y D Or? 18 ^° m0d °[ a " olootrot yP° or other copy of tho phonogram,
desired. S0Unds may bo rc P roduccd automatically and at intervals if
. dt , ls prcferablo to make uso of a thin metal platen 2 , seo Fi"s. 13 nnd 14 nivoted
for securin-Mhe edm? n?"' a , lo 1 n ? i . t , u<lillnI groove in the surface of tho cylinder q 30
Tl e o of°tl s l g t„ 5 ? d lmd lloIdin g ^ securely upon said cylinder*
i.,»SrttaX5«' ■" “ ■!*» »«•
$ :£: u"„t zhs$ Sst M
sheet of foil is to be indebtedXJR ^ F™, 0,0 P ho ?°8 rB I* if a now
accomplished by raising the arm o' I ? * boon removed. This is readily
“'luRglni’e 0 ^'^ 1 ' 1Ve ,° bo 1 ' 1 "ved bal 0 and forth '° ” W * 1 ^ 45
as in Fig! I b t't'Xft 1 ”' "a Sn"”!, horizontally instead of the cylinder,?,
hence tlfo phonlXI to I n , W 1 ,th / 1 BC }™ lllr ? Ild 1,1 «» d i'-°ction only,
from the screw 7c 1 . 1 lt,onw * ^ uuul aftor ^ l ° arm o l I ms been raised
indmulfg'pliriom tho cvUndf ap1 ' T wiug up , on tho 8 > mft 1 ‘ to raise tho 50
sheet of foil, and there s a sYon ’Vr nnd ,. rill ?. w tho removal or insertion of a
when brought down to indentUm foil 01 “ djUstlng tho P 081t,0n of tho phonograph
bo swung\orizontallynway'from tlio e V P Y an r an , 1 ? pivolod at 9, so that it can
adjustable stop 8 is also provided * W 3 f ° r th ° pul 'P 080 aforesaid, and the 55
Thus far I have described thi ••phonograph” or instrument upon which the
Spodfiauion. A.D. 1878.—N° 16U. >f
_ Edison's Improvements in Recording and R eproducing Sounds.
sound vibrations act, and which instrument nets to indent tho sheet of foil and
produco tho •• phonogram " or record of such sound vibrations.
Mechanism has also been described for prosonting tlio sheet of foil to bo indontod
by tho phonograph.
■6 I will now doscribo how tho sounds nro reproduced from tho phonogram.
If it is desired to roproduco tho sounds from tho phonogram in tho snmo instru¬
ment in which tho phonogram was produced it is only necessary that tho indenting
point c bo made to travorso tlio lino of indentations in tho phonogram, nnd that a
funnel-shaped month-piece, shown by dotted linos in Fig. 1, be added to tho phono-
10 graph to aid in increasing tho loudness nnd distinctness of the sound. Tho instru¬
ment in this form I term a ‘'phonot."
In tho instrument shown in Figs. 1, 2, G, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 13, 14, nnd 15, tho
phonot requires to bo positioned by hand, as before explained, in order that tho
point c may bo placed at tho beginning of tho spiral lino of indentations. As
15 the point c passes from one indentation to tho next, either by tho foil beino
moved beneath said point, as in Figs. 1, 2, G, 7, 8, 9, 10,11, 13, and 14, or by tho
point moving over tho foil, as in Figs. 12 and 15, tho diaphragm b receives a move¬
ment corresponding to the depth of the indentations, and corresponding also with
the same movement it received from tho sound vibrations when making those
20 indentations, hence nir waves will bo produced by tho movement of the diaphragm
that will make sounds by passing through tho mouth-piece of the plionet that
will be exactly tho same as tho sounds that acted upon tlio diaphragm of tho
phonograph.
The material upon which the record is made may bo of metal foil, such as tin,
25 iron, copper, lend, zinc, cadmium, or a foil mado of composition of metals.
Paper or other materials may bo used, the samo being coated with pamfine or
other hydrocarbons, waxes, gums, or lacs, and the sheet so prepared may itself bo
indented, or tho material, say paper, may be made to pass through a bath of hot
paraline nnd thence between scrapers. Thin metal foil is now placed on tho
30 material, nnd the sheet passed through rollers, which give it a beautiful smooth
surface. The indentation can now be mode in tho foil, nnd the pamfine or similar
material, nnd tlio indenting point, does not become clogged with the pnrafino in
consoquonco of tho intervening foil.
If tho copper foil, or tin foil with copper surface is used, aud a matrix of iron or
35 steel mado by electrotype deposit or otherwise upon the phonogram, such matrix
may bo hardened nnd used for impressing a sheet or roller of metal ns hereafter
mentioned; thereby tho original phonogram can bo reproduced indefinitely in
metal that may bo hardened and used for any reasonable length of timo to utter
tlio scntonco or words or sounds phonetically.
40 I will now briofly describo some modifications in tho construction and operation
of tlio phonograph and phonot.
In Fig. 1G tho indenting point c is upon a spring arm c 2 , ns in Figs. 1 nnd 2, but
there nro short sections of rubber tubo c 2 at each side of tho diaphragm b to dampen
the diaphragm nnd prevent fnlso vibrations.
45 In Fig. 17, the rubber of the diaphragm acts against tho outer end of tho
arm c- to increnso tho loverngo nnd losscn tho depth of indentations in tho
foil UIld ld *° W ° P tbo rooord being mado in loss yielding material than tin
rn P |-"\ 18 s ' lows a modification of tho last-montioncd dovico, tho pressure being
cl) applied to tlio arm c a between tho indenting point and tho support for tho arm so
ns to increnso tho depth of tho indentations.
hig. 19 shows the arm c 2 made as a lover with a spring.
tig. 20 shows tho indonting point upon the center of a spring bar tlint is firmly
55 or otllo ° nd ’ tbe bar 13 conucotcd at its conter to the diaphragm 6 by a string
P;g.-21 represents tlio diaphragm b as of concave form instead of flat.
il o 1 allows the indenting point upon a spring secured to tho diaphragm.
8 A.D. 1878.—N° 1644. Bpeotaotioo.
Edison's Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
Fig. 23 shows a disk upon tho spring o’ of tlio indenting point; this disk is
piaeod quite eloso to tho diaphragm and is moved by the air as tho diaphragm is
vibrated, the disk being so close to tho diaphragm that tho two will vibrato
togother, as air cannot pass botwoen or escape ns rapidly ns the vibrations tako
plaeo. g
Fig. 24 shows tlio diaphragm vibrated by electro-magnetism; in this ease tho
diaphragm is to be of iron, and the power of tho electro-magnet will bo varied by a
rise and fall of electric current passing through tho helix of tho oleetro-magnet; this
riso and fall of electric tension is to bo produced by tho action of sound upon a
diaphragm and conueetions in an electric circuit. Id
Jjig. 25 shows tho method of vibrating tho indenting spring and point by tho
direct action of an olectro-magnot without tho use of a diaphragm, the electric
tension m tho holix boing varied by sou: .a vibrations upon n diaghrngm.
Fig. 20 shows tho spring arm c ! connected to ono end of a permanent magnot so
as to highly magnetize tho reproducing point; tho foil should be of iron. Whon 15
tlio pomt passes an indentation tliero will bo less attraction than whon passing no
indentation, this will givo good nrticulntion freo from tho scraping noiso of tho
point on tho foil, for in this case it does not touch tho foil, but is worked bv
magnetic attraction. 3
Fig. 27 represents two instruments in connection with the cylinder n; in thisenso °l)
«io plmnet and the phonograph are separate. Tho phonograph records in the usual
manner, but the phonet has its diaphragm set in motion by the riso and fall of tho
f his reduces tho scraping noiso of the foil and acts by lovoram, and a
point c tenS '° n t0 '" 0V0 tho dia P llrft 2 m “s fcl| e phonogram is moved beneath tho
nniTw 28 B ' l0 "i' 8 nn arrangement whereby four persons may speak simultaneously
OTmn will “Pf™ 1 , 0 P arnl,el l; nes upon ono cylinder, and tho phono-
one voi™ 1 d the sounds the same os though it contained tho record of but
as ^n'sdin r 1 sln S le p h°uogi'aph adapted to receive tho voices of three persons 30
or n^ ( l, r°T d3 , made by the tllroe voices are convoyed through flexible
t, tio s l , f b wl.co '° d,0 J , hragm, and will bo recorded in a single lino of indon-
tho three voices! repi ' 0duced b F tho P hone t the sounds uttered will correspond to
■e“ ved This no „ • WayS Lo ,°PP osito the lin ° of perforations ns tho cylindc? is
evorytimo a ZZnL\ ZT^ K* S ?, UrC ° of ?o'»P*cssed air or other fluid, and
oylimlerand asound is tiro ) UCS i° 1>p0Slte i tho nozsslo, a puff of air pnsses into tho 40
be placed on a snrhit htf l ' P °, n tbo ,I’ rinoi P l0 of the siren. The nozzle may
forations. P g t k ep tbe cnd of the nozzlo in contact with tho line of per-
diapln'agm andlL^VthTieco ' 1 ’!! - nS - " mde • W , i 1 t ' 1 a oba,nbor botwoon tho
the person speaking or tho sound e 16 'especially useful in collecting sound when 45
instrument 5 d to bo rccol ' dod 18 made several foot from tlio
tho plionogmph! 8 Th^funnol'formh th “. indo , ntin 8 P oinfc , may bo dispensed with in
at the larger end or monllllLcc , 8 11,0 P hon osraph is made with a diaphragm
to the foil on tho cylindor o pin a , vel 7, s {“ al1 liolo at tho pointed end adjacont 50
will be made by tYe direct ’a!,l M,° Uld • b ° ^ thin 60 that tho indentations
without the interposition of the indenting“pokt™ “ ° 0UC0ntrated ^ tho funno1
upon an endless bolt'° this'll Tne'' tb ? P[ lono tP» m or sound record has beon modo
be made to imitate tho bark of °a doc'ijr 1 othar'rf’ 8m0n *' , or , to >' 3 > n8 the same may 55
K ot a dog or other nomo made by an animal; and this
BpedfleAUon. A.D. 1878.—N° 1041'. 0
Edison's Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
belt may bo of stool or otlior hard material that allows tho same to be used for a
long poriod of time.
Fig. 34 is a perspective viow showing a double phonet, there boing a spiral lino
of indentations on onch sido of tho revolving disk d, ono phonet coining into action
5 ns tho other finishesin this ca-so tho spirals should bo in opposite directions, so
that tlio disk continuing to revolve in the same direction moves ono phonet from
tho contor outwards, and then the other phonet is oonnoetod and moved back
towards tho contor ; this may bo used as a toy.
Fig. 35 represents a phonet in which the phonogram containing a sentence,
0 speech, words, or other sound record is upon a bolt or strip wound upon a rcol;
tins bolt is drawn along gradually and wound upon tho socond roller by any
suitable moclmnism, and ns tho phonogram is thus moved it actuates tho
phonet c, b.
Fig. 30 shows a phonograph or phonet similnr to that shown in Fig. 12, tho
5 cylinder q is revolved, but remains in ono positson, and the phonograph or phonet
is movablo back and forth over tho cylinder. In this instanco tho arm mr is
extended beyond tlio screw Id, and passes beneath the inclined spring guide m 5 ,
when the screw is carrying the arm and phonograph towards tho right; as tho
arm m" passes from boneath tho end of the guido m s it is no longer hold to tho
!0 screw, and tho arm m- and phonot are lifted by tho guido m 2 as tho springs m°
„ . . and arm, along to the place of beginning, at which
place the arm m- drops oil' tho end of tho inclined guide m 5 into tho thread of tho
screw, and as this revolves it carries the arm along beneath tho guido m° as
5 Fig. 37 represents the phonograph or phonet upon a pivoted arm, so that it may
swing across or at right angles to tho line of movement of the intended material or
phonogram. In this case the lino of indentations may bo lengthwise of tho bolt, or
across the same in tho arc of a circlo.
Fig. 38 shows a phonograph similar to that shown in Fig. 31, except that tho
0 sound chamber is of a different shape.
Fig. 39 shows n mouth-piece with an orifice of soft rubber to fit the mouth or tho
lips of tho person speaking, so that all sound waves will bo confined to the chamber
and diaphragm.
F ig. 40 shows tho mouth-picco of tho phonograph made with cross slots with
5 irregular edges.
Fig. 41 shows tho mouth-pieco as perforated with numerous holes.
Fig, 42 shows but one oponing in tho mouth-pieco; tlio edges of thisaro irregular.
Theso irregular edges roinforco tlio hissing sounds and cause a more perfect phono¬
gram to bo produced.
0 Fig. 43 represents a mouth-pieco of mica with a central opening protected at its
edges by a wooden ring.
In Fig. 44, the diaphragm b is of wire gauze with a backing of paper connected
to it by any suitable cement, and there is a ring of still' papor at tho edges of tho
flauze disk to strengthen it.
d Fig. 45 represents a diaphragm b of parchment or similar material strotchcd
tightly within tho framo 5° by cords and screws. Tho cords may bo of different
lengths and tension, and respond to and roinforco certain sounds.
* *B- 40 shows a mouth-pieco for tho phonot mado in imitation of the human
mouth.
11 Fig. 47 ioprosents the body portion of tho phonograph or phonet mado triangular,
and the diaphragm is of corresponding shapo.
1’ig. 48 represents three cylinders, each provided with a phonograph or phonet;
111818 useful in recording and reproducing threo-part singing or musio.
Fig. 40 represents a phonet mado os a tube, with flaring or trumpet-shaped ends,
a anil with two diaphragms 15, 10, placed crosswiso of tho tube so os to form an air
chamber. Tlioro is a third diaphragm b, which is vibrated by tho movement of tho
•reproducing point o, and said diaphragm gives motion to tlio air in the chamber,
with a central opening protected at il
10
Edison’s Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
nnd vibratos tho diaphragms IS, 10, which latter product) air waves, and tho sounds
issuing from tlio two trumpet-shnpod ends will blond nnd increaso tho volume of
sound.
Fig. SO ropresonts a dovioo whereby dcon indentations nro inado in tho motal foil.
Two dinphragms nro omployed, tho first (6 s ) is vibrated by tho sound vibrations, 5
and controls a vnlvo 6’ in a tubo connected with a source of compressed air or other
fluid; this vulvo id allows more or loss air to pnss to tho diaphragm b, according to
tho vibration of tho diaphragm lr, hence the diaphragm 6 will vibrato in harmony
with the diaphragm lr, but it will bo noted upon by greator force, nnd consequently
the indentations will bo deeper in tho foil than if tho dinphrngm b was noted upon 10
simply by tho sound vibrations of tho voice.
Figs. 61 and 52 represent n dovico that may bo used with a phonot to increaso
tho loudness of tho sounds reproduced. Tho sound vibrations from tho phonet nro
conducted by a tubo shown by dotted lines in Fig. 51, to tho dinphrngm 6 s that
controls a valve V in a tube connected with a reservoir of air or other fluid under 15
pressure, and tho nir ns it escapes by tho vnlvo passes into tho trumpet-shaped end
of the tubo, nnd produces sounds that nro very loud nnd clear, and nro a repro¬
duction of tho sounds resulting from the uso of ono of tho phonets beforo described.
This same apparatus may bo usod to reproduce with louder utterances a person’s
voice, tlio the sound from tho voico being used to vibrato tho dinphrngm b\ and 20
thereby rcgulato tho nir waves escaping from tho valvo IP into the trumpet.
Fig. 53 shows the speaker’s head within a box or enso; in this instance nearly all
the sound vibrations act upon tho diaphragm.
Figs. 5 t nnd 55 illustrate how tho movements of tho lips in speakin" may bo
recorded and reproduced In this instance, a lover applied to tho diaphragm carries 25
the indenting point c, Fig. 55, and tho end of this lever is placed in the mouth of
tho speaker, and tho movomont of tho lips regulates tho indontationB in tho foil.
A similar apparatus shown in Fig. 54 within n case is connected to tlio movnblo
lips ot a mask, so that theso lips open nnd closo as in articulation, at the •same time
that the sound vibrations are given by tho phonogram to tho plionot. 30
'ig. jo represents a toy phonot in which tho phonogram strip 35 is secured at
Zi 7 ” T upon which it is wound. By pulling upoii tho strip it is
unwound, and a rubber cord 37 is wound upon tho shaft of tho cylinder. When
win H re 7 VCd fr0m the lndented Btri P' tho rubbor oord rotates tho shaft and
w nds up tlio phonogram upon tho cylinder, and tho sounds are reproduced in tho 35
tl m slmftin 0 I )lono S™ m nctmg upon a point and diaphragm a. Tlio movement of
■tlio shaft is regulated by tlio fan, worm, and pinion 38.
with urns timin' ?5 dlDdor f°r moving tho phonogram strip is shown as provided
along vciy^rogular. 61 h ° leS " Uw ^ ° f stri P ’ “ «•. strip l bo fed ^
fo/the itrip 8 ' th ° ° ylind0r With pi " S is 8llown as nmde with heads to act as guides
ind F cLfons OW TllL°‘ !nd f tiDg u ev!c0 for amplifying or increasing tho size of the
a 3 nnd tliora is n 1°™*° ^'n° r .° 7' one of which a 4 travels fastor than tho other
cylinder Ono nnint Ml 4 ° I? lv< ? to . d at , 41 > “ nd provided with a point o for each 45
upon a 4 and as this * f ° dowi i, tb V ndentnt,lons 4n tbo cylinder a 3 , and tho other rests
and al o dconor e‘ IS ,, trave ! a , tbo f a3tcst > indentations made therein will bo longer
In Fie GO one P ?i nt , b 7 e nt . tb ? outor ond of tho >«vor.
record in relief Tlii«°L 4 tb ?J )air , 18 mado of Pardoned motnl with tho sound
m other motal t d^" “ n? n - V 7=7^° " °«><* process from an iron foil 50
arrangod\o m to knurl or iml,if^ ff bardenod motal with tho record in relief, nnd
Wtasrat’sa--——.
gpcclflcatlon.
11
A.D. 1878.—N° 1614.
Edison's Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
tho cylinder and mold with plaster of Paris orothor suitable material. Tho mold is
of metal with a screw or spiral rib projecting therefrom, and it is mado in two parts
nnd hinged so that it can easily be removed when the plastor of Paris is dry,
For amusement or instruction, the phonograph is capable of extended uso; for
5 instnneo, a revolving cylinder, soo Fig. G3, containing rows of indentations repre¬
senting tho letters of tho nlphabct, and provided with koys containing corresponding
loiters can bo usod in teaching tho alnhabot, and sentences, speeches, nnd other
matter can bo spoken by tho plionot, and repeated by tho learner without tlio oyo-
sight being called into uso.
10 Clocks may bo provided with phonogram cylinders or wheels to call off tho hours,
to givo alarms, &c. ~ , „
The phonogram may bo upon a strip, sheet, belt, or roller, and it can bo of a
dog’s bark, a rooster’s crow, a bird’s song, a horse’s neigh, and theso can bo used in
toy animals with a simple phonet for reproducing tho sound.
15 In copying phonograms, or making duplicates, an original phonogram may
receive a deposit of copper or iron in a plating bath ; and, if of iron, may lie car¬
bonized to convert it into steel and hardened, and then the same should bo backed
up with typo motal, and used for impressing strips or pieces of motal.
A bed of gutta pcrclia, or similar material, may bo used to sustain tho sheet
20 motal while being pressed. Numerous copies of tlio original phonogram can thus bo
reproduced.
A plaster cost can bo used for producing a copy by pressure.
The governor to rc'ukto tbo speed of tlio instrument may bo made of a pen¬
dulum wei'dit Gl, see Fig. G4, hung at tho lower end of a rod that is provided
05 with a universal joint at G2, and tho upper end of tho rod is moved around by a
crank G3 that is revolved by tbo train of gearing. As tho speed increases tbo
weight will describe a circle of larger diameter, and thereby increaso tho
resistance. . .
Tlio universal joint maybe displaced by a spring wire, big. Go, that allows ot
30 tho movement. , , ,,
A magnet G4 upon tbo crank arm G3, Fig. CG, may bo used to revolve the pen¬
dulum by attracting an armature at the upper end of tho pendulum rod, and
thereby avoid the friction resulting from the contact of the surfaces of the pendulum
rod with the crank. ’ . . ..
35 In Fig. G7 the diaphragm b is represented as connected to a pair of delicate
piston valves within a tubo 08 that has three ports; ono, Gl), is connected to a
reservoir of compressed air, the others, 70 and 71, are connected to a chamber {2
at opposite sides of a diaphragm, so as to vibrato tho s.amo in harmony with tho
diaphragm b, but tliorc will be greater amplitude given to tho same by the pressure
40 of the air, and by a connection to tho phonet diaphragm V tho sound producod will
bo greatly increased.
Wlmt I claim os my Invention is,— . . . -
First. The combination with tho diaphragm and point of a flat lccoivmg surlncu
and means for revolving the receiving surfaco, and causing tho point to follow
45 a voluto or spiral lino, substantially as represented in Figs. 1, 2, C, 7, 8, 9, 10,
ami 34. .■ » .
Second. Tho combination with the revolving plato phonograph or plionut ol n
propelling weight or spring and a governor to rcgulato tho speod, and ensure uni¬
formity of movement, substantially ns set forth. , „
60 Third. A revolving disk provided with a clamping frame to secure tlio foil or
other material in combination with tho swinging arm, diaphragm, and point, sub¬
stantially as specified. , , , , ,, ,
Fourth. In a phonograph or phonot, a spring introduced botween tlio diaphragm
nnd tho point, substantially as set forth nnd shown in Figs. 1G, 17, 18,19, 22,
55 nnd 2G.
Fifth. In a phonograph or phonet a rubber spring, or similar dovico, to dampen
12 A.D. 1878.—N° 1044, ww.
Edison's Improvements in Recording and Reproducing Sounds.
tho vibration of tho diaphragm, nnd provont falso vibrations, ns set forth and shown
in Figs. XC nnd 21.
Sixth. Tho combination with tho diaphragm in n phonograph or phonet apparatus
of a lover to modify tho relative notion of tho diaphragm and point, substnntinllv
ns described, and shown in Figs. 17,18, 27. *
Seventh. Tho combination with tho dinphrngm nnd point of a pormnnent or electro¬
magnet, substantially as describod, and represented in Figs. 24, 26, 20.
. Eighth. The method of recording and reproducing two or moro sounds or Bpeoches
-ultanoously, substantially ns describod, and ns illustrated by Figs. 28, 20,
Ninth. A phonet composed of n perforated sirene nnd a jet tubo, substnntinllv ns
described, and represented in Fig. 30.
Tonth. Tho mechanism for producing n phonogram, nnd employing tho snino in a
phonet, substantially ns described, and illustrated in Figs. 32, 33, 35 30 nnd 37
Eleventh. The combination with tho phonograph, diaphragm, nnd’ point of a 1
nnd53°somber, substantially as described, and illustrated in Figs. 31, 38, 39,
delwibml^n l dinp -n rn8 » lu , an , d . m ° l ! th -P iecos speaking phonograph, substantially
as desenbod, and ns illustrated m Figs. 41, 42, 4.3, 41, 45, nnd 40.
6ntb ' Th ° c , ombination witl ' a diaphragm nnd its point of two diaphragms 2
for the purposes, nnd substantially ns shown in Fig. 49. ! °
viStan!! nth ' Th ° °° mbiDation with a diaphragm and valvo nctuntod by sound
vibrations a source of compressed fluid and a trumpet, os in Figs 51 5“> or a
phonograph ns in Fig. 60, substantially ns set forth. & ' ’ 0r ft
Fifteenth. The combination of two diaphragm*! with a valve and a sour™ of 0
o“XTs e ound m n; “ *** ° 7 ' for in0l0a9i "e «» volume of the voice “
soil^
->—« vt— - **»
hand^nd Teal,* thL 17th °day of^Sep^^bw^ A.D ^^ my *
Witnesses, THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (l.s.)
Cha 8 . H, Surra,
n _ 7G ‘ Cliambers St,, Now York, ,.
HABOLD Sebhell, 70, Chambers St., Now York. 45
LONDON: Printed by Okoiiok Eim*Ann Fviiu •». i w „ "
For Her* Mfycsty’u Stntionety Office,
A.D. 1878, IBth June.
Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Electric Circuits.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tiio State of Non
Jersoy, United Stntes of America, for the Invention of “ Improvements in
Telephones and Apparatus employed in Electric Circuits."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Alva Edison at tlio
Ollicc of the Commissioners of Patents on tlio loth Juno 18/8.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tlio Stato of Now Jersey, United
States of America. " Improvements in Telephones and Apparatus employed
5 in Electric Circuits."
In this apparatus I mako use of a pinto or body against which tho sound waves
in the ntmosphero act, and connected therewith is a button or buttons of carbon or
other semi-conducting material placed in tho electric circuit. Tho pressure duo to
tho impact of the sound waves acts on tho carbon, and produces tho rise and fnl. of
10 electric tension in tho circuit.
The circuits are nrrnnged to bring into action one or more primary and secondary
currents, and an reduction coil or coils, and switches and a call, so that signals can
bo sent and messages transmitted in opposite directions over ono lino. The receiving
instrument is provided with an oicctro-nmgnot and an armature formed of on iron
15 plate diaphragm, and a hammer is attracted or repelled so os to strike upon the
diaphragm to form a call, and a stand is used to keop the telephone instruments in
premer position for tho call to act. ... , ,
Two or more vibrating instruments connected in tho same circuit, and operated
by electro-magnets are thrown out of tho circuit by a shunt, and act to give
20 “goals in two distant instruments provided with diaphragms. I employ a. con¬
denser in tho local or main line circuit to neutralize tho static charge or discharge,
Which condenser is preferably made of two strips of foil wound into a spiral form,
with non-conduoting material intervening, and to which strips the respective
circuit wires are connected. , , , ,
25 The carbon employed in tho circuit is proforably tho finest quality of selected
lamp-black, consolidated by heavy pressure, but plumbago and various forms of
carbon or iodide of copper, black oxide of manganese, finely divided metals,
[Price 10d.]
Edison's Impls. in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Eleelrio Circuits.
poroxido of loud, or similar semi-conducting materials reduced to a powdor and
moulded in buttons or discs may bo employed.
The induction coils servo to throw into the lino a powerful induced curront, and,
in some instances, I employ a battery connected with the lino, and balanced so that
the sound waves noting on tho carbon or other resistance, cause oither the positivo 5
or negativo of tho battery to preponderate on tho lino. The condenser introduced
in the same circuit gives both static and induction currants. Fine wires may take
tho place of tho strips of foil in the condensers.
Where tho air waves strike upon a vibrating plato or disc, tho chnngo of pressuro
upon tho carbon may be obtained from a thin strata of air intervening between the 10
diaphragm and the platina plato of tho carbon.
A nmgncto-eloctric rancliino is sometimes used ns the soureo of electric energy in
place of a battery, and tho telephone instrument placed in tho Wheatstone bridge,
and place resistances to balance the electric forces, so that variation of tho resistance
in the telephone sends tho current on tho lino. 15
telephones in local circuits or shunts at wny stations, with induction coils in tho
mal ° lino, are used for operating local telephones on tho main lino.
. *be sound vibrations act by leverage upon the carbon or other resistance, to
increase or lessen the motion ns circumstances require.
A secondary battery in somo cases is employed in place of a condonsor, and a 20
thermal battery can bo omployod as the source of electric energy.
\\ here the electric curront is made to pass through water or an electrolytic
solution, the diaphragm acts upon a valve or cut-off to vary tho volume of liquid
whero tho current passes, and effect a rise and fall of electric tension.
A Uuluco dry pile is combined with a diaphragm at each terminal for transmitting 25
and receiving sound.
An olectropliorous similarly combined is sometimes employed for tho same
purpose. A ¥
Calls are combined with tho telephono so as to attract attention to tho
instrument. gQ
These calls are operated by pendulums, forks, or reeds, which set up magneto-'
electric currents when vibrated, and from these tho boll or other cull receives its
movement iroui the distant station.
il r . e< : eivi "E portions of tho telephone aro of a character adapted to respond to
the electric pulsations from the transmitting telephones aforesaid. 35
~ 1 “ 0 there are two or more receiving diaphragms to one air chamber to
augment tho sound.
i\rili i , l ,!!! 1 ° r i"! lt i*' 0 USe a - d. am P er u P on the diaphragm to prevent falso vibrations.
omnloveiW 8 “ recolvlll g motion from tho electric action aro sometimes
the receiving diaphragm, and tho magnet of tho receiving 40
diaphragm is polarized with a local battery and double coils.
electric'!„ gm “needed directly u P on the induction coil will respond to tho
electric waves and give audible sounds.
joints anTproforaWo 19 Wir ° S ^ ^ telepllone conne ctions, wires with universal
sound, S funnels are uset * the tolophonio receiver to increase the volume of
ture ll orTv^ 6 mm!p r n COn r^ 0t ' 0n ° f 8nsCB an< * °** lor mat erials by change of tempera-
m ’ a, °
Induction coi?s lire‘miido of V f Un ^ or > 1 )lacc(1 in * Wheatstone bridge,
and the condense™ nv, °5 f ° lms speomlI y adapted to tho telephone apparatus,
a tno condense!s are sometimes connected in a continuous metallic circuit 55
Edison's Impts, in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Electric Circuits.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of tho Letters Patent filed
by tho said Thomas Alva Edison in the Groat Seal Patent OMco on tho
13th December 1878.
Thomas Ai.va Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jorsoy, United
5 States of America. “ Improvements in Telephones and Apparatus employed
ix Electric Circuits.”
In this apparatus I make use of a plate or body against which tho sound waves
in tho atmosphere act, and connected therewith is a button or buttons of carbon or
other semi-conducting mntorinl placed in tho electric circuit. Tho pressuro due to
[0 tho impact of the sound waves acts on tho carbon, and produces tho riso and fall of
electric tension in tho circuit.
Fig. 1 is a vertical section of tho transmitting instrument, and Fig. 2 is a plan of
n portion of tho same.
The body of tho instrument is made of the two shells a and h, between which
[5 the diaphragm c is clamped at its edge, and said diaphragm recoives the impnet of
tlio sound waves which enter through the opening or moutli-pieco 6'. c is a disk of
insulating mnterial secured to tho screw/, and in a cavity in this disk is tho carbon
button h botweon tho platina disks 1 nnd 2 ; tho disk 2 is secured to tho scrow /,
and tho disk 1 is connected to tho metallic ring 3 by a strip of platina at 4, in
i0 order that said disk 1 may bo free to move.
Tho disk 1 is connected to the wire 5, and the disk 2 to tho wire G.
Upon tho dinphrngm c there is a short tube i that rests upon tho disk 1. As
said diaphragm receives tho impact of tho sound waves, tho carbon button is sub¬
jected to different pressures, and varies tho resistance to the passago of tho electric
15 curront through the same, consequently, tho current passing in tho circuit is varied
in its electric tension; this current acts in tho distant receiver ns hereafter ex¬
plained, to givo movement to a diaphragm, and produco sounds corresponding to
those which are received upon the diaphragm c. Tho screw / allows of the carbon
button and disks 1 and 2 being raised or lowered to adjust tho initial pressuro of
10 the dinphrngm on tho carbon button.
Tho carbon employed for tho button A is preferably tho finest kind of selected
lamp-black consolidated by lienvy pressure, but plumbago, carburet of iron, gas
retort carbon, or various compounds which aro partial conductors in the dry stnto
may be used, such as iodide of copper, black oxido of manganese, peroxide of lead,
15 or similar scini-condiicting materials, reduced to powdor and moulded in buttons or
disks ; also finely divided metals, such as platinum, black gold, or disks of metal
with n roughened surface having many points may bo used. The circuits are
arranged to bring into action ono or more primary and secondary currents, and an
induction coil or coils, and switches, and n call, so that signals can be sent and
10 messages transmitted in opposito directions over ono lino, as illustrated in tho
diagram Fig. 3. .
A at station 1 is tho carbon transmitter, and said instrument is included within
the primary circuit of the induction coil D, E. D is tho primary wiro of tho coil,
and is wound on tho outsido of the secondary coil E. 0 is a switch, which, when
15 moved to the right in contact with 15, places tho transmitter A in tho primary
circuit containing tho battery It nnd coil D. When tho switch is in tho center the
primary circuit is open, and tho apparatus is ready for tho reception of a call
signal.
When the switch is turned to tho left at 1G tho instrument A is thrown out of
in circuit, and tho battery only is connected to tho primnry coilD. Tho movoment of
tho switch from 1G soveral times sorves to open nnd closo tho primary circuit, and
throw a powerful induced current into K, and then to tho lino. The polarized
relay p, coil nn( j reC eiving instrument B, aro nil placed in tho main line wire at
both stations. The poworful current thrown into tho secondary coil and line by
>5 tho movement of tho switch C from 1G works the tongues of both polarized relays 1<
Edison's Impts, in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Electric Circuits.
in unison with tlio switch, tho tongues closing against tlioir contact points close a
local circuit containing a call hell H.
Ths same battery K that is omploycd with tlio telephones is utilized to ring tho
bell. Tho connections for tho transmitter A arc from tho battery K by wire 20
to 21, then through tho telephone A to wire 22, and from 22 to 15, through tho 5
switch lover C to tho primary coil 1), nnd to wire 23, back to battory. This is
the connection for transmitting and receiving tclophonically. When not thus
working the switch C is placed in the central position between 15 and 1G. When
in this position, if tho switch of tho distant station is moved to operate tlio call,
tho tongue of F closes tho local circuit at g, thenco by wiro 21 to battery K, and 10
through K to wiro 25, thenco through tho magnets of tho bell call to wiro 20, nnd
then through tho tonguo of the polarised relay. When tho switch C is moved to
work the distant call it is brought into contact with 1G, and tho current passes
from K by wiro 20 to 10, thenco through C to tho primary wiro D, thenco to 23,
back to tho battery K, nnd sotting up a powerful induced curront in tho coil E and |J
line. I will mention that it is not necessary to use a polarized relay, ns an
unpolnrizcd relay of tlio ordinary character may bo used as tho current duo to tho
opening of the primary circuit is much tho strongest, but tho lover of the unpolnrized
relay should bo light nnd tho spools very short. It is not even necessary to uso
the call bell H in many instances when the terminal is very quiet, ns tho sound 20
given by the polarized relay itself is sufficient, or a small bell may bo worked by the
tonguo of tho relay itself. The tongue of tho polarized relay should bo biased, so
that it will always be away from the point g, except when moved by tho signalling
currents, so as to prevent short circuiting tho battery K when transmitting
telephonically. By employing two cells and a considerable resistance in tho magnets 25
upon the call bi-11, it is not essential to bias tho tonguo, but it may bo mndo to
respond to both positive nnd negative, a shunt from one cell being used to furnish
current to tho call bell. The receiving instrument is provided with an electro¬
magnet, and an armnturo formed of an iron plato diaphragm, and a hnmmcr is
attracted or repelled, so ns to strike upon tho diaphragm to form a call, and a Btand 30
is used to keep tho telephone instruments in proper position for tho call to act;
these devices are shown in Fig. 4. A is tho receiving instrument, provided with a
diaphragm and a magnet for giving motion to it, tile same as shown in British
Letters Patent No. 2909, of 1877, granted to me. Tho magnet of tho receiving
instrument is included in tho main lino a, a, a; C is tho primary coil; D, the 35
secondary coil, which latter is included in the main line circuit; e is tho soundor
lever resting upon the diaphragm of A ; X is a rack or stand for holding both tho
receiving and transmitting instruments when not in use. S is a switch; when it
“ .^ u ™ ecl l ,° , tlle P oiut the transmitter B is included in tho primary circuit with
con O nnd battery Q, and tho transmitter serves to increuso and dccreaso its 40
resistance when the diaphragm is vibrated by sound.
The transmitter is provided with a carbon button, through which tho current
passes, and it produces more or less resistance, according to the strength of the
sound waves impinging on tho diaphragm, as beforo described. When tlio switch
lover S is moved to the point 2 the secondary wiro of tho coil is short circuited; 45
it remains in this position for the recoption of a call signal from the distant station;
were the coil D loft in circuit it would tend to weaken tho signal call by its
re„iotanco to the passngo of the curront from the distant station. When tho switch
Jovor is at tlio point 3, the curront from the battory Q passes only through tho
“meeting nnd disconnecting tlio switch S from tho button 3 50
* m l uotl ? n waves are thrown into tlio lino, and act upon tho distant
receiver to attract and repoU the lover c, and give tho signal call. Tlio induction
coil C, D, may bo made as in Firr. r. 1_ n c _u_
th ° ? no wire D wound around tho same forms tho secondly coil, tlio latter
explained ” 4mam olromt ' and tho formo F in the local circuit, as heretofore 55
Two or more vibrating instruments connected in tho same circuit nnd operated
llwltt , llon . A.D. 1878.—N° 2390. 8
Edison’s Impts. in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Electric Circuits.
bv cloctro-mngnots aro thrown out of tlio circuit by a shunt, and act to give signals
in two distnnt instruments providod with diaphragms. This arrangement is shown
in Fig. 6, in which tho connections at ono oud of tho lino aro represented. Fig. 7
is a section of the resonant tubo.
5 F and O are tlio vibrating reeds kopt in continuous vibration by the electro-
iiiu'-ncts K and S in a local circuit, provided with a suitable contact spring operated
liyllio rood in the usual mannur, but which aro not shown hero for clearness.
J[ and N are electrolytic cells arranged and operated similar to those shown in
aforesaid Patent. No. 2909, The armatures of the electro-magnets are harmonic
10 reeds. The vibration of one of tho electrodes serves to increase and decrease the
resistance of tho electric current by causing tho current to pass through a greater
or less amount of water between the electrodes. L is tho main battery in tho main,
lino T, in which are the cells M, N. II and Iv aro keys used for the purpose of
stopping nnd starling tho waves over the wire, which they accomplish by short
15 circuiting tho electrolytic cells N or M. The reeds F and G aro tuned to give
different tones and several reeds, substantially the sntnu as herein described, may
be included in the same circuit, all being toned differently. A and B are the
receivers which are shown as resonant tubes. Upon the ends of tlio resonant tubes
are iron or steel diaphragms, which act ns tho armatures of tho electro-magnets
20 E E 1 , which are facing them. X and X 1 aro secondary tubes which slide within
the tubes A & B like tho tubes of a tclcscnpo. The objoct of tho tubes is to allow
of tho lengthening or shortening of the column of air in tho resonant tube, so as to
bring it in unison to the particular note or tone which it is desired to hear. The
iron diaphragm responds to all the tones with equal power, and were not some
25 means provided for strengthening or reinforcing ono particular tone it would bo
very difficult for tho operator to pick out tho tone required, but by the uso ot the
resonant tubes this difficulty is ovorcome, becauso tho tone is given distinct when
the armature is vibrated in harmony with tho noto of tho tube.
Tlio induction coils servo to throw into the lino a powerful induced current, and
30 ill some instances I employ a battery connected with tho line, and balanced so that
the sound waves acting on the carbon or other resistance cause either tlio positive
or negative of the battery to preponderate on tho line. The induction coils and
their arrangement in tho electric circuits aro shown in Figs. 9, 10,11, and 12. In
Fig. 9 tlio transmitter is provided with tho diaphragm c and carbon button A, as
35 beroro described 1, 2, and 3 aro induction coils having their primary cods wound
on the outsido, and all connected in the same circuit, in which also is included the
disks 1, 2, carbon button h, and local buttery B. Tim secondary or inner coi s o
1, 2, nnd 3 are nil connected together and are included m tho mam lino circuit wun
tlio receiver and call boll. The impact of tho sound waves upon the diaphragm c
40 subjects the carbon button to moro or less pressure according to their strength,
hence the resistance of the circuit will be varied owing to the small resistance of
the local circuit and tho power of tho battery; a very slight change in the
resistance of the circuit throws a powerful induction current into tlio secondary
coils, which passing over tho lino sets tho distnnt receiver in vibration corre-
45 spending to tho air vibrations striking the diaphragm of tho transmitter,
object of using moro than ono induction coil is to get a greater amount of wi
nearer tho iron cores, which are bundles of iron wire. In Fig. 10 the same kinds
of coils are shown, but they are connected in the local circuit shghtly diffoiont^
being connected in derived circuits, or for quantity. In Fig. 11, but one eecondary
M coil is used, tho primary circuit being divided into several coil?, arranged for
quantity. This brings more current from tho battory and a very slight change in
the resistance in the carbon button of tho transmitter causes a power! 1 nd cid
curront to circulate in tho secondary coil nnd line. In Fig. 12 is shown Mother
method of arranging tho local batteries so that when the diaphragm of the
55 transmitter is in its normal position its resistance is equal to R when no current
passes in tho primary coil of the inductorium, but tho shghtest change in the
resistance of the carbon button h destroys tho balanco between the batteries, and a
Edison'a Impts. in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Electric Circuits.
current pusses to tho primary. In Fig. 8, a condensing induction coil is shown
Tiie coil 1 is formed of two Jong strips of metallic foil presenting n largo surfneo
to each other; the strips arc wound into a spiral with non-conducting material
intervening, and to these strips the respective circuit wires nro conncetod. The
curicnt passes from end to end. One coil of foil is connected in the main lino 5
circuit and forms part of it, whilo the other is connected in the local circuit
with the battery and carbon transmitter. Tho induction coils and circuits aro
sometimes arranged as in Fig. 33,
At station A the transmitter A is provided with the carbon button and disks
afore-mentioned. B is the receiver, provided with an iron diaphragm opposito tho 10
cores of an electro-magnet, the saino as in aforesaid letters Patent, but an ear
tube at the end of a flexible tubo connected to tho body of tho recoiver is shown
nt .. 1 • Tbo . transmitter A is included within the primary circuit of an induction
coil G. C is n switch which when moved to the right in contact with D plnces
transmitter A m snid primary circuit containing battery F and coil G. It also 15
allows the line current to pass through recoiver B, secondary coil II, switcli point C
and transmitter A to ground. When the switch is placed to the left in contact
with 1 the instrument A is not in circuit, and tho receiver B and coil II nro short
circuited, so that the lino is completed through the calling sounder J, switch point E,
primary coil G, battery F, to tho ground. oq
The batteries are so arranged at each end of tho lino that wlion both switches are "
placed to left on E they will act together instead of against each other, there being
sufficient battery to work the calling sounders at each end of the line. At station B
tiie calling sounder is replaced by a relay J'; this device I use when the lino is too
ong for the sounder to operate distinctly, or when the call bell K, which is worked 25
iW.Cnnt. 0f -n ^ nV- re , qlm ', ed to , lje l >!nced nt 11 distance from tho other
Iiiptiumcnts. file bell Is. is placed in a local circuit witli battery L
Sometimes I employ a buttery connected with tho line and balanced so that the
=Z^, nC ,n H °" , t ie Cnrb °, n 0r other '“'Stance cause either tiie positive or
Zldi. I *?. l )re P™deniteon the line. In Fig. 14 the polaHty of the 30
i o co.e oi the induction coil D, E, is reversed at every vibration of tiio
r* W0 C , nrb0 ? button V nd tho di8ks 1 and 2 connected
with th. batteries B, B and primary coil D. When tho diaphragm o moves
“ n '- dwb “ 5t «- backward h sends a
unc^the carbon “‘'u “'"i? vibra f in S P^te or disk the change of pressure
a ,"! ' . b n ( " ny , ° bt ", In l ° d a tbin strata of nir intervening between the
the rarbon lmtt he ? , tho c,lvbon ' -%■ 15 "hows a transmitter and
the an bon button A and disks 1, 2, arranged so that tho pressure on the enrhon is
L^Xagm m t vibrated me ‘ lt ° f tb ° “ ir between tho diapliragm c and disk 1 ns said 40
nhme'of a n imt'tl 0Ctri ° wf 1 '" 0 ,’ 9 fnotimes used as tho source of electric energy in
and rf istanoe» ^ d i tbo telephone instrument placed in tho Wheatstone bridge
the^hril^e^^ d alS ° Sh0WSth ° Cir ° uit — P ctionswith
secured aured^'cf T? tru,n ° nt t( V. ns tho mouth-pieco b and a diaphragm e
tho button h ofra;b n n 1U irf ntr0 , 0 , he v d V , I ,llra e m is platinized, and upon this rests
the rod a”d surin„ «\ J bo . ,neUll, o di, k 2 is kept in contact with the button by 50
plate 2 unon the au’h'mJ'f h ' 3 ? n nd J“ot'ng screw to regulate tho pressure of tho
that is secured to t in ? S,lld scrw P ttasc9 through the metallic support
nected to the wire 4 ™ T* 6 TF i nrou " d tbo button - ' rh ° diaphragm is* Jen¬
neting o„ the Zhraum c nrocSt 2 t0 - tbo Any atmospheric vibrations
similar button h in the electi-inld B0 a ™ rlftt,lon ln 4,10 resistance of tho carbon or 65
upon such carbontnttai T ““"“lU'" 1 * "f Hie difference in pressure
i eu.cn carbon button, resulting from the momentum of the parts and the inertia j
Edison's Impts. in Tele phones and Apparatus Employed in Electric Circuits.
of tho plate d. Tho transmitter is in one branch of tho Wheatstone bridge ; II s is
a resistance equal to that of A when not subjected to sonorous vibrations; It 1 , B-,
form the other sides of tho balance, and liavo equnl resistances. Tho bridge wire
from M to N is contained in the telegraphic circuit that extends from N by the
5 line wire to the distant receiver H, thence to the earth, and returning to tho earth
plate at tho distant station and to M. The battery B of several cells is between 5
and R 1 , R s . When the resistance of A, IV, is equal to that of R 5 , IV, no current
circulates upon the line. Wlion sonorous vibrations vary tho resistance of the carbon
button h in A tbo current will pass upon tho line in ono direction or tho other.
10 When the resistance of A is increased tho current passes in ono direction. \\ lien it
is lessened tho current passes in tiie other direction in consequence of tho bnlnnco
bt Tho^inih lotion coil H has its secondary coil included in the line circuit, and the
primary coil is connected with a transmitting instrument T consti noted and
15 operating in a similar manner to the transmitter A, the bad battery B being in
tho circuit through the carbon button and primary coil. The receiving instrument L
is provided with a diaphragm that is acted upon by the core of the induction coil 1J,
and hence the induction ceil is utilized and serves ior receiving or transmitting
tclcphoiiically. In Fig. 17 tho balance of the similar batteries 13, B , with opposito
20 poles to line is obtained by tho rheostat IV that is or a resistance equal to that of
the instrument A when at rest, and when the resistance ol tho carbon button in A
iB increased or decreased by tbo sonorous vibrations the current will pass upon tho
line either positive or negative, according to the resistance in A. In rig. lo a
modification* of tho transmitter is shown. Tho plate c rests against a disk ot
25 fibrous substance c\ such as silk, with a finely divided material such as plumbago
worked into its fibers. There may bo several such disks, and the plate L is at
tiie opposite side of these disks. There aro edges that are turned over to recoivo
tiie edges of the mouth-piece b, and a spring c presses the plate c towards tiie
disks ol' silk so as to hold them against 2. One conductor I... an .induction
30 coil passes to 2 and tin* other to c, and the slightest sonorous wav us acting
against c varies tho resistance according to the pressure upon the fibrous.material.
Telephones in local circuits or shunts at way stations with induction coils in the
main lino are used for operating local telephones on the mum line, as shown m
35 F 'VVaml B 5 aro magnets placed at way stations; A', A 5 are carbon transmitters
which serve to short circuit the magnets more or less, according to the vibrations ot
tbo diaphragms of said transmitters. . ,
The sound vibrations act by lovernge upon tbo carbon or other resistance to
increase or lessen the motion as circumstances require. I" *• >g- 20 110 cai on t is
40 acted upon by tho lover X upon the fulcrum x, and said button is placed between
tho fulcrum of said lover and tho point whore the lever is acted upon by tho dia¬
phragm of the transmitter. In Fig. 21 tho carbon button is acted upon by tho outer
In Fig.°22 V tbo^arbon button li is secured to the outer end of tho lever X, and
45 said button rests upon a button of carbon m 1 secured to tho diaphragm c ot tho
tr TlieW is weighted at a 4 , and there is a spring at a» and adjusting red by which
the initial pressure of tho carbon button A upon the bu ton a:'may bo ad listed.
There is a plate A» of mica or other light material secured to tho lever X and upon
50 this plate the sound waves strike. Tho transmitter is shown as upon a resonant
box c with an opening in tho toil of tbo box immediately beneath tho dmphrn m c.
The slightest vibration or jar given to tho apparatus, such as that resulting train
walking about a room, or front the articulate speech or sound vibrations, vary the
pressure of A and upon each other, and in so doing tho dcctric conditioni o a
55 circuit passing through X, A, as 1 , nnd c, and wires 7 and 8 is varied, and cor
"ponding responso occurs in a distant receiving telephone.
A secondary battery is sometimes omployed in place of condensor, ns in lig. ii,
A.D. 1878.—N° 2396.
Edison's Impts. in Telephones and Apparatus E mployed in Elcctrio CirouitsT
this is used with ft AVftlloston electrode. This arrangement allows the first part of
n. we to be strong, followed by n weakening, duo to resistance placed in circuit by
polarisation of the small point. This extra resistance allows moro current to n Z
to secondary cod. A thermal battery similar to that shown in my Letters Patent
aforesaid may be used as the source of electric energy
When the electric current is made to pass through water or an electrolytic solution
the diaphragm nets upon a valve or cut-off to vary the vohimo of liquid where he
current passes, and eflect a rise and fall of olectric tor.sion . 1
24 ! S £ V0 ^° nl lon e ltudinn . 1 sectio " of o transmitter fitted with this improve¬
ment ; and Fig. 2o is a cross section at the lino x, x. 1
B is a cylinder of insulating material divided by a partition b> into two com-
partinonts or cell, filled with a conducting fluid. In each cell is an electrode of
, atina, carbon, or other conductor, one of which is connected to the line wire and
the other to the battery and earth. The top portion of the partition b' is slb’ditly
throng tlnTsmall aperture at 2 =0
t^and^n’Zte^'^ “' C ^ b « ‘ 3 -uUd the dn- “°
it, and through the slot in'tlio cu", c on'Z hilT^e c!db“
decreased in size at every vibration thus inereasiL 1 m.^r 80 '™ 7 '? lncre . ased and
the passsage of the current from one cell' to tl n° d dt ‘ creasm g tho resistance to
size of the liquid conductor. If thS amplitude of th °'H t0 t,,0 . alt “ ati ° a in th » 30
space is nearly, if not altogether dosed a le r tbe dla l ,b,a S''> » very great, the
its fullest extcAt by the backward ?heTnTtudo a " d t0
slight increase and decrease in size of the ai ei tnl L I , n,n P lltudo > 3 small only a
of the opening, so there will bo ?' 0 ' ,lace - “cording to the size
through tlio liquid at this point and there w il l '° S18 nnC<i to .! ,ho current passing 35
electric tension on the lino at this noi, t 7 1 f ■ con ;? S V oni ' n S aad ™ "f
the lmrmonical and other sounds P incident to bv ,l° U ? Wlth a ,noljil ° Paid all
spending changes of Pr ° dU0 ° T 0 '
standing vertically instead of horizontally, asinFi^i.iL } 9 ro P ro .f ntfld “ J(1
diaphragms c and c being dispensed with. In Fh? 2fi T^bn * P 0 ™ 1 * 8 of th ? 40
narrow slits in tho partition b 1 between tbn e»ll= 2? i represented several
the diaphragm i, running down at the sido of tbo \& m 8tri P, of motal
tho slots in tho normal position do not corresnnn l P artltl< ®i and also slotted, but
diaphragm, the openings are increased or lessened^ndtT’ f "° vibrat!ou of tho
curront increased or decreased. d ’ and ^ 10 re siBtanco to the electric 45
cell to tlie other boing a controlhid n b^a*vnlvo I '(n' J pluiinre pnssng0 , wn y from on0
through tha partition. In Fig. 28 the nassami ° /’ armn g ed at an aperture
colls by moaus of a flexible tube m und^tho oLnYn y • ■ bQtweon two independent
movement of tho diaphragm acting’tlirougl ft fin™ ° r lc8sc,lod b >' th “ 50
tube. I will mention that moremy mav bo usfd W VT MS u P on tbo floxibl °
porous material, such as paper, may se?ve to cnnl ! ° ad ?. f an ol “trolyto, or a
sonts a piece of porous matorinl, such as naner or mnM ° M t ,°g° tbor - « ropro-
liquidm the cells, so as to be kept moist P bv eanillorJ“V? t le onds P 033 into
this is a pressor p, connected to the diaphragm to "
Ellison's I mp/s. in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Elcotrie Circuits.
be moved by tho samo, and press with moro or loss forco upon tho moistened
strip, anil interrupt tho passage of electricity more or less, according to tho
amplitude of vibration.
A Duluco dry pilo is combined with a diaphragm at each terminal for trans-
5 milting and receiving sound ; this is shown in Fig. 31. D is a tube containing a
Induce dry pile of many pairs; ono ond is connected to earth, tho other to a
disk iP, facing a metallic diaphragm o connected to tho lino and distant station,
whoro it connects to ft precisely similar apparatus. Tho movement of the
diaphragm to and from tho disk causes a rise and fall of electric tension on the
10 lino. , , , ..
An clcclrophcrous, similarly combined, is sometimes employed for the same
purpose, ns in Fig. 32. Tho base 1 of inetal is connected to earth. Upon said disk
there is a disk of sulphur 2, charged with electricity that faces tho metallic
diaphragm c, which Intter is connected to the line. The rise and fall of tension
15 on the line is produced by tho movement of tho diaphragm to and from tho sulphur
Calls arc combined with the telephone, so as to nttract attention to tho instru¬
ment. Those calls are operated by pendulums, forks, or reeds, which set up
magneto-electric currents when vibrated, and from theso a bell or call receives its
20 movement from the distant station.
In Fig. 33 the tuning fork X is vibrated by tho electro-magnet x\ by waves set
in motion by n similar fork at tho distant station; when tho fork has received
considorublo vibration it strikes tho lover ar, which latter releases a clock move¬
ment that gives tho alarm.
25 In Fig. 34 the fork X strikes tho boll and gives tho alarm. In Fig. 3o tho
fork X closes a local circuit, and the bell is rung by a magnet and local battery.
In Fig. 30 a polarized relay is used with its tonguo centered by a tightly drawn
wire. This tongue closes the local circuit containing a magneto call-bell. In Fig. 37
two magneto pendulums X serve to give the call; tho signaller lowers his bell
30 and gives the pendulum a large swing by hand, which soon sots tho pendulum in
motion at the distant station by tho currents which it sets up in tlio magnets n, n ,
which are polarized.
Tho receiving portions of tho telephone aro of a character adapted to respond to
tho clectrio pulsations from tho transmitting telephones aforesaid. Sometimes
35 there aro two or more receiving diaphragms to ono air chamber to augment tho
sound.
Fi«, 38 shows a receiver provided with two metallic diaphragms d and two
electro-magnets d' through which tho lino curront passes. Fig. 30 shows the
armature diaphragms il arranged edgeways to tho opening in the mouth-piece,
41) with magnets opposito i d 1 ni 1 gins This arrangement pormits of the reception
of signals, but prevents tho transmission of any by magneto induction. I'lg. 40
shows suvoral electro-marmots, each provided with a diaphragm, all included in one
case, and all in the main line circuit; the sounds received aro augmented.
Dampers may bo employed upon tho diaphragm of the receiving and trans-
45 witting instruments to prevent false vibrations. Theso may bo the same as those
shown and described in my British Lotters Pntcnt, No. 1044 of 1878.
A diaphragm connected directly upon tho induction coil will respond to the
electric waves, and givo nudiblo sounds. This dovice is shown in Fig. 41. _
In [dace of flexiblo wires for tho telephone connections, wires with universal
50 joints are preferable. Long funnels may bo used with tlio tolophomo recoiver to
increase tho volume of sound. , . . , , , ,,__
I he expansion or contraction of gases and otlior materials, by change of tempera¬
ture or hygromotric condition, are employed to vary pressure upon tlio carbon
button or disk, between its two platina armatures, and a galvanometer in tho
55 circuit by its movement indicates with the greatest and most absolute accuracy
the oxteut of tho disturbing causo that is exerted on the carbon. In h ‘g- 42 is
shown an instrument for measuring minute qualities of heat. A is tho carbon
A.D. 1878.—N° 2396.
Edison's Impts. in Telephones and Apparatus Em ployed in Electric CircuitT~
button, nnd 1, 2, tlio platina disks connected to tho battory B and galvanometer 0
M is n strip of vulcanite or other material tlmt expands by heat. X is nn adjusting
screw winch sorvcH to force M against tho disk and carbon, and bring sullicinm
pressuro upon tho carbon to deflect the galvanometer to tho point whoro tin.
carbon button is most sensitive to a slight pressure. When in a stato of rost tlm s
lieat of tho hand acting upon M will expand it, and tho elongation causes tlm
pressuro upon the carbon button to bo increased, bonco moro curront will mus
through it, and tho galvnnomotor noodle will bo doflcotcd. In Fig. 43 is shown 1
mercurial barometer with a float at b" to net upon tho carbon button The
galvnnomotor G may bo wound difTorentinlly or placed in a Whontstono bridge in
tho button being placed m one sido of tho balance. ^ '
In Fig. 44 the diaphragm at 12 is provided with n pin vnlvo tlmt idlows tlm
SSrl"l- 0 ®" ”" 1th I 1 ’! 1 ’ 013 ^^ t0 ‘ ho W" 14 1 lll P ! 11 1
1 ms dinphingm I.> is of iron nnd faces tho coro of n polarised magnet and it
' n0 T, m0 r fl ;° m °» air than it would if noted upon by |j
When TL ?Tt' X - diaphragm 15 vibratos in harmony with tlio diaphragm IS
otherwise ^ 1S VI J ™ te< tho soun<1 vibrations of tho human voico or
Within fl' >43 l tl '°tf inpl ' r ‘' Srn d an<1 Inoutll -P' cco is at the side of n closed box
of w L Lto Tlm • m,0USly » tatinS 7 lind ° r ° f C,mIk ,P * on tho *"«>'<*
ot wnicn lests tlio end of a spring arm <7, 1 secured to tho dinnhrnmn Tlm
by'wator. 1 " 0 ^ 11 “ ^ or othcl ' “ducting electrolyte? and ii kept ,,S
diaphragm 0 VlZZL t0 ?“ d,n ' k y ,ind « «»> other to the spring or
* fr '* "i" *
■ii u iS, 1 ^ ir'rs 1
"SM::,."” s"tss». s ' “;f tt °»»•
iS'EiS'i 1 i ,l ”.
F?"io ,1”" I ?' 3 V P.ta.t MoS^oihs” 7."' |,,0,I “ “
,, =• JO shows a tube containing mercury, in which is a flout in i as
vibrTIL 0 by tiio nLtl^'d^hTL t0 the if. The diaphragm will'bo
through the same. Fig 47 showsTi tmr^’ Lt™' b> i 1,10 Ileftt ° f 11,0 curro,lt passing
formed of disks securedTLthe d anTni ?" a 811111,1 mica condenser
for tightening tho disks The Z me? of M prov ‘? od with nn ad > stin K ■«"» X
40
SSS* mnterial —LoSr^^slSyl pSS
2s ?. $ s 45
itli tho adjusting screw f diimlu-nm en 10 ] P n , ft 1 «nd 2 in combination
Third. Tho combination of tmnSnP a”* "V’^-P^^HubstftntiaUy as specified,
bell H, battery IC, an circuitsTrZ L ’ ,°° llS ^ swito1 ' 4 polarized relay F,
forth and as sLwn in Fig 3 ^ “ °P oratill S substantially as heroin set
coil tlio buttor™f I tompLlnokZaT°bTn ll0niCnnd i tl10 I ’ rimnr,5roil ' ouitofnn intluct,on
and electro-magnet,''a'swin'gil^ToLor I pTaced*witli° iu'm 0 ™" 4 ’having a diaphragm 6
tho receiving diaphragm, and*a switch o^koy Zr IncroaSng 1 "^ oTeotrio^rrent'anil
Edison’s Impls. in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in Elect ric Circuits.
operating tho lovor ns a soundor or call upon tlio diaphragm, substantially as sot
forth aud shown m Fig. 4. J
Sixth. In combination with tho tolophono transmitter B and rocoivor A tho
induction coil C, D, battery Q, local circuit, switch S, nnd circuit connections
5 substantially as sot forth and as shown in Fig. 4. ‘ *
Sovonth. In combination with tho main lino circuit and local circuit nnd tho
tolophonic instrument tho induction coil composod of two wiros, tho lar mat of which
is surrounded by » finor insulated wire wound helically, tho two being 0 then wound
into n helix to form tho induction coil, substantially as shown, and de“cribed in
10 connection with Fig. 5.
Eighth. Tho combination with an electro-mngnot of an iron or steol diaphragm
secured to a resonant casn for rendering nudiblo acoustic vibrations, substantially
as described, and shown in Fig. 7. J
Ninth. The combination with a diaphragm vibratod by an electro-magnet of a
15 resonant tube variable in its length, so as to adjust tho column of air to°tho tone
of tho transmitting instrument, substantially as shown and described with reference
to Fig. 7.
Tenth. The combination with a vibrating reed aud electrolytic cells placed in
»0 F' 6 °e CCtrie CirCUifc ° f a k ° y pIaC ° d ia a slmnt circuit < substantially as shown in
Eleventh. The condensing coil 1, Fig. 8, arranged in tho electric circuit and
operating substantially ns described.
Twelfth. Tho induction coils 1, 2, 3, Fig. 9, electric circuits, and carbon trans¬
mitter, arranged nnd operating substantially ns aud for the purposes set forth.
25 Thirteenth. The induction coils and electric circuits and carbon transmitter
arranged and operating as described, and shown in Fig. 10.
Fourteenth. Two or moro primary coils wound upon one secondary coil, as in
Fig. 11, in combination with tlio electric circuits and carbon transmitter sub¬
stantially ns specified. ’
30 Fifteenth. The induction coil 1, resistance It, batteries B, electric circuits, nnd
carbon transmitter, arranged aud operating as described, aud as shown in Fio. 12.
Sixteenth. Tho induction coils G, II, telephonic instruments A, B, switch"^ key
and sounder, arranged and operating in tho electric circuits, substantially as described
nnd ns shown in Fig. 13. ’ ’
35 Seventeenth. The carbon transmitters h, h\ nnd induction coil D, E, nnd
diaphragm c, Fig. 14, in combination with tlio batteries B, B, and electric circuits
substantially as aud for tho purposes set forth.
Eighteenth. The carbon button h and disks 1, 2, in combination with tho
diaphragm o of tho speaking tube, arranged and operating as shown in and described
411 "'‘tli reference to Fig. 15.
Nineteenth. Tho combination with an induction coil of a diaphragm tlmt is acted
upon by such induction coil, and gives out sonorous vibrations, substantially os
described aud shown in Fig. 1G.
4’ t /'r^' 1 ' c °mhination with tho balnnced circuits shown in Fig. 1G a
’’ c f “j’homc instrument included in one circuit, and ucting to vary the electric condition
us set fou by tko r0sisti,U00 that in controlled by tho sound vibrations, substantially
1 wenty-fir.it. A transmitting telephono containing a variablo resistance in thn
in Liu * 0 Cll °mt and a body acting by inertia, to vary tho resistance in proportion
sound vibrations, substantially os described in connection with Fig. 1G.
twenty.second. Tlio induction coils in local circuits or shunts at way stations in
«nbination with tho tolophonic instruments, also in such circuits, substantially as
“Ud for tho purposes described in and as shown in Fig. 19.
!■ , twenty-third. The carbon transmitter h, lovor X, nnd diaphragm c, arranged as
5a shown m Figs, 20 and 21.
din ' 1 ! cut y- four th. Tho combination with a resonant case o 1 , Fig. 22, of tho lovor X,
foitl c ’ ear h° n3 h and x\ disk k, and circuit connections, substantially as set
Edison's Impts. in Telephones and Apparatus Employed in El ectric Circuits.
Twenty-fifth. The npparatua ahown in Fig. 22, capable of receiving atmospheric
and othor vibrations, and transmitting the samo olcctrically to a receiving telephone
through a circuit wire and connections, substantially as sot forth.
Twenty-sixth. The carbon transmitter in a local circuit, containing a secondary
battery, in combination with tho induction coil D, E, connected in tho main and
local oircuits, as illustrated in Fig. 23.
Twenty-seventh. In an acoustic tolegraph apparatus, tho combination of two
stationary electrodes immersed in two colls, a conducting fluid in said colls, and a
fluid connection between such colls and mechanism actuated by a sound vibrated
body for vaiying the dimensions of such liquid connection and tho conductivity of
the same, substantially os set forth. J
Twenty-eighth. Tho Duluce dry pile battery, arranged in connection with tho
telephonic instrument, as illustrated in Fig. 31.
Twenty-ninth. The electrophorous arrangod in connection with tho tolophonic
instruments, as illustrated in Fig. 32. 1
Thirtieth. A telephonic call consisting of a reed or tuning fork vibrated by an
olectro-magnet, and acting to strike a boll, roloaso mechanism that sounds an alarm
33 "al^nd^fi 088 a 1<>Cal ° ir0uit in wIlich is an alam or call > 03 illustrated in Figa
Thirty-first. The polarized relay in a tolophonic electric circuit, and , “
lie, diflorences of weight,
in f tube'e£ 1 tn h i'n- 1 ’ ,, ° dia P hra S la * the telephonic instrument connected to a 11,
8 mercury and water, said diaphragm being vibrated by I
Thirty-ninth 11 ThlPt - sul ? sta ? tl “ 11 y “a described in connection with Fig. 40. *
47 ' mad8 ™«i • mica condens
Witnesses, THOMAS ALYA EDISON, (us.)
A.D. 1878, 7th Noveubeb. N°4502.
Lighting by Eleotrioity.
LETTERS PATENT to Edward Grimth Brewer, of tlio Firm of Brewer mid
Jensen, of !!3, Clmncery Lane, ill tile County of Middlesex, Patent Agents,
for the Invention of “ Improvements in Lighting iiy Electricity." A
coinmnnicntion from nbrond by Thomns Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tlio
State of New Jersey, United States of America.
Sealed the 21et January 1871), and datod tbo 7th Novembor 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tlio said Edward Griffith Brower at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patonts on the 7th Novembor 1878.
Edwahii Griffith Brewer, of the Firm of Brower and Junsen, of 33, Chancery
Lane, in tlio County of Middlesex, Patent Agents. “ Improvements in Lighting
5 ny Electricity." (A communication from nbrond by Thomns Alva Edison, of
Menlo Park, in tlio State of Now Jersey, United States of Amoricn.)
According to this Invention the light giving material is employed in the form of
cylinders or prisms consisting of finely divided metals, such ns platinum, iridium,
ruthiniuiu, or other material having a high melting point, mixed with nonconductors
10 such us magnesium or zircon oxides that are with difficulty melted. Tlicso aro
Mixed and compressed into tlio proper form for the light, and rendered luminous
“Ml incandescent by the passago of tlio electric current.
Rpocllliutlnn.
JpetUollotL
A.D. 1878.—N° 4502.
2 A.D. 1878.—N° 4502.
Bmvcr'a Improvements m Lighting by Electricity.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tlio conditions of tlio Loiters Patent filed by
the said Edward Griffith Brower in tlio Croat Seal Patent Office on tlio 7tli
May 1879.
Edwaed Giuffito Brewer, of the Finn of Brewer and Jenson, of 33, Chancery
Lane, in tlio County of Middlesex, Patent Agent, “ Improvements in Liauma 5
BY Electricity.” A communication from ubroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of
Menlo Park, in the State of Now Jersoy, United States of America.
Tlio light giving dovico or candlo is in the form of a solid, such as a cylinder or
prism. In the Drawing a form of candlo is shown that is convenient for use in tlio
present Invention. ...
Fig. 1 is a section of the candlo showing also tlio circuit connections.
„ 2 is an enlarged section of tlio candlo detached ; and
„ 3 is a perspective view of tlio candle portion x, which is a slightly tapering
hollow cylinder, and split vertically except at tlio upper end ; this ensures uniform
and comploto incandesceuco as tlio electric current passes up one side and down tho 15
The boso is by preference enlarged, ns shown, in order that the electric conductors
may be easily connected therewith, and in Fig. 1 a thermal circuit regulator is
shown similar to that in Letters Patent No. 422G, granted Octobor 23rd 1878, in
Groat Britain, to tho said Thomas Alva Edison. 20
The electric current enters at n\ passes by tlio wire k to tho candle x, up one
side and down the other, there being clamps to connect tho wires to tho bnso of tho
split candlo, thence by the circuit regulator n, spring L, and clamp to the other wiro
of tho circuit.
If tho current is excessivo tho regulator n becomes heated, and expands so as to 25
bring L into contact with the adjusting screw m, and short circuit the current and
lessen its action in tho light.
The special feature of this Invention rolates to the candle itself.
Metals or oxides of metals aro mado uso of that produce in a comparatively large
candle sufficient resistance to render tho wholo candlo incandescent. 30
Finely divided metal or particles of rnotal having a high melting point are
caused to adhere by earthy materials, such os magnesium or zircon oxides, or
magnetic oxide of iron or other substances that are witli difficulty fused. Tho
oxides of metals may bo obtained by chemical precipitation or otherwise, and tho
candlo is moulded in either a moist or dry condition by pressure. 35
Tho fine particles of metal may bo platinum, iridium, ruthinum, or other metal
that can only bo melted at a very high temperature. Tho earthy materials should
bo such os are infusible, such os oxide of magnesia or zirconium, lime, silicum, boron,
or other suitable material.
In cases where these oxides or earthy materials are mixed with the fhio motallio 40
particles such particles aro thoroughly nnd uniformly mixed into tho mass before
it is moulded, and hence such particles aro kept soparate by the earthy material,
and cannot fuse or run together, nnd tho motallio oxides thomsolves aro olectric
conductors to a greater or loss extent, and liouco may in some instances be used
without tho particles of metal. In all cases tho substances aro mouldod and pressed 45
into shape undor powerful pressure, and if tho particles do not adhere togethor
sufficiently sugar, tar, silica, or similar material may bo used in moulding tho candles
to shape, und theso substances may be volatilized by tho heat.
The metallic particles aro rendered highly iucandcsoent, and the earthy materials
or oxides also aro rendered luminous by tlio passago of tlio olectric current. 60
In some instances tho rods or prisms of oxides aro saturated with a salt of metal
difficult of fusion, and this salt is reduced to tho motallio state by heat, aud the
metal permeates the.entire body in very minute particles, and theso particles ore
Brewer's Improvements in Lighting by Electricity.
not liablo to bo molted and run togothor in consequence of the intervening oxido or
Ctt This Lavomtion is not limited to any particular form in which tho candlo may bo
moulded or otherwise shnpod, but it rolatos to tho materials omployod in such
5 caudles whereby tlio mass is adapted to tho passago of an electric current, nnd it is
rendered highly luminous or ineandoscont by such current. .
Having now described tho nature of tho said Invention and in what manner the
mmo is to be performed, I declare that,— , .
What is claimed os tho Invention of the said Thomas Alva Edison, and to be
10 secured by Letters Patont is,— . , , , .
A caudle or light giving body for olectric lights, ill which particles of metal or
metallic oxido are moulded into a mass that is adapted to tlio passago of tho olcctnc
current nnd rondored luminous by tho same, substantially os sot forth.
In witness whereof, I, tho Baid Edward Griffith Brewer, have horouuto set
15 my hand and seal, this Sixth day of May, in tho yonr of our Lord Une
thousand oight hundred and seventy-nine.
E. G. BREWER, (m.)
A.D. 1878, 28f/i December. N° 5306.
Developing Magnetism and Elootric Currents, and Apparatus for
Illuminating by Electricity.
LETTUKS PATENT tu Thomas Alva Edison, of Monlo Park, in the Stalo ol
Now Jersey, United States of America, lor the Invention of " IMPROVEMENT
IX MKAN'S Foil DEVELOPING MAOSETISM AND ELECTRIC CURRENTS, AND IN
APPARATUS Foil ILLUMINATING BY ELECTRICITY."
Scaled the 28th February 1879, nud dated tho 28th December 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Thomas Alva Edison at tho
Otlice of the Commissioners of Patents on tho 28th December 18<8.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United States
of America. “Improvement in Means for Developing ILvonetism and
5 Electric Cukukxts, and in Apparatus for Illuminating by Ellciriuia.
The first part of my Invention relates to a dynaino-magnoto-olectrio machine.
Ini Chinese! tins class electric currents have been developed in helices, andla
portion of the current has been taken through the helices of the held of force
magnets, and other portions have been employed in electric lights and for other
10 In these machines the currents that pass through the field of force inngnete are
expended simply in developing magnetism. 1 have discovered a method ot
developing magnetism, and increasing the same to the maximum point « «o d.ag
the power employed in rotating tho parts, without tho uso ot lichees around tl o
15 held or force inap.ets j hence the electric current that is developed m the magne o
electric machine can be entirely employed for lighting and other uses outside ot the
machine, instead of a portion being used to develop magnetism. ,
When o niece of steel is brought within tho magnetic held of u peimnnent
! magnet the same becomes a mag-net. I arrange a machine so that; the'induced
I 20 magnetism rc-acts upon the permanent magnet to mcreaso its Iiower and th
! develop magnetism by mechanical force in a manner somewhat similar to the develop-
| luent of electricity in a magneto electric machine.
2 A.D. 1878.—N° 5306. s j&!S“
Edison’8 Impts. in Means for Developing Magnetism and Electric Currents, ic.
Ono of tho dovices I lmvo omployod consists of a shaft having radial bars, which
is revolved with the onds of tho bars os near us possiblo to tho polos of permanent
nmgnots, and tho other polos of tho magnets boing adjacent to tho hub or near tho
other onds of tho bars. In their revolution tho bars bocome magnetized, and
increnso tho magnetism in tho pormanont magnets until tho maximum magnetism 5
is developed.
Theso magnets aro omployod as field of forco magnets in tho magnoto electric
machine.
The dovclopmont of a continuous curront of olootricity is also dosirablo, for which
purpose I employ copper rings or segments around an iron core, and I use mechanical 10
revolution, whereby tho electric action, developed upon tho genoral principle of the
copper disc between two magnetic poles, as oxporimonted upon by Arago, is con¬
verted into n continuously flowing electric current.
I make uso of an electric candle composed of a strip of platina or similar metal
that withstands a high temperature. Tho same is made by rolling out flat n strip 15
that is thicker at one edge than the other, and at tho same time coiling it into a
spiral. It is then coated with a pyroinsulator formed of some oxide or other com¬
pound or mnterinl, such as asbestos, that is fused with difficulty. The oxides aro
preferably dissolved in an acid and applied to tho helix, and then the salt decom¬
posed by heat. The helix is compressed into a compact cylindrical form, and it is 20
rendered incandescent by tho passage of the electric current, mid by its expansion
it is made to regulate tho electric current and prevent injury to tho light giving
body, ns in a Provisional Specification heretofore filed by me. A resistance or
rheostat is thrown in or out of circuit, either automatically or in diroctmg tho
current through tho candle, so ns to maintain uniformity of resistance. 25
The aforesaid helix may bo polished on the outer edges of tho coil, or a cup be
used around tho same. When finely divided iridium or similar metal not easily
fused is mixed with an oxide, such as the oxide of titanium, iron, or other metal
that acts os a conductor when highly heated, the resistance is lessened in proportion
to the heat, and by properly proportioning the mixture tho bar or candle is self 30
regulating to prevent the heat becoming too great.
Tho conductors aro largest near tho source of electric energy, and decrease in
size in proportion to tho number of lights that have boon and aro to be supplied.
I provide a magnetic safety switch actuated by an electro magnet, so ns to supply
to each building only tho current required, and to disconnect the circuit if tho 35
current is too powerful or the wires in tho building come into contact. I also
provide for storing the electric current or energy, so that tho same may bo used as
required. This is done by tho uso of secondary batteries, and there are dovices for
shifting tho current from one secondary battory to another periodically, so that ono
may be in use wliilo tho other is being charged from the main circuit. Induction 40
coils when used should be placed with thoir primary coils in a shunt from tho main
conductors with curront shifting dovices, and tho secondary currents developed by
induction are used in the electric candles.
A.D. 1878.—N° 5306. 3
Edison's Impts. in Means for Developing Magnetism and Electric Currents, &c. \
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by
tho said Thomas Alva Edison in the Groat Seal Patont Office on tho 28th Juno
1870.
Thomas Ai.va Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jorsoy, United States
5 of America. “ -Imwiovement in Means for Developing Maonbtism and
Electric Currents, and in Apparatus for Illuminating dy Electricity.”
One part of this Invention relates to an electric lamp or burner mado from a wire
or strip of platina, platinn-iridium alloy, or other metal which fuses at a high
temperature. This wire or strip I coat with an oxide of metal, such as corium,
10 lime, magnesia, or other inotal or material which will not be injured by a high
degree of heat; this coating I term “ pyroinsulation.”
Tho wiro or strip may bo pyroinsulated by dissolving the oxido in an acid, coating
tho wire or strip with the solution, and then passing the wiro or strip through heat
from a (lame or otherwise, to decompose tho solution and cause tho doposit of the
15 oxido upon tho wiro or strip.
If the burner is mado of wiro, tho wiro after boing pyroinsulated is wound upon
a spool or cylinder of lime or other infusiblo material, and when the burnor is
placed in an electric circuit and tho circuit closed, tho electricity passes through tho
entire length of the wiro of the burner and brings it to incandescence. The metallic
20 oxido forms a pyroinsulnting coating that protects the metal of tho wire, and
renders it more difficult to fuse, and prevents tho electric current passing from ono
coil to the next, thereby compelling tho current to travel the entire length of tho
If the burner is made from a strip of metal, the same should bo thicker at one
25 edge than tho other, so that it may be rolled to an uniform thickness, at the samo
time that it is coiled into a spiral. The strip of metal should be thin, so as to
obtain considerable length in a short spiral. Tho spiral or helix thus mado is pyro-
insulatcd, as aforesaid, and then compressed into a compact cylindrical form.
Sometimes tho pyroinsulating mntorinl is placed as a layer between the coils of
30 the spiral or helix.
When tho expansion and contraction of tho burner a is mado to regulate the
amount of current to the burnor, the helix or spiral is placed-between heads 2, 3,
ns shown in Fig. 1, and the rod b is connected to the upper head 3 and also to the
lover v. The lower head 2 is supported by tho legs i, 4. The spiral expands or
35 contracts ns a whole, nnd gives motion by tho rod b to tho bent lover c, which latter
opens and closes the circuit at 5. When c is away from 5 the current enters by
wire 7 and passes to tho burnor, thenco by rod b, lever c, and wiro to tho line. If
the current becomes excessive the heat expands tho spiral, raises tho rod b, and
moves the lover c into contact with 5, short circuiting or shunting tho current, so
■10 that it pnsses by the route having tho least resistance, going by 7, 9, 5, c, and 8 to
lino. A resistance coil equal to tho resistance of tho burner may be placed in this
short circuit.
Tho lover c is a safety device which closes tho short circuit through tho screw 10,
in case c nnd 5 should fail to rnako electrical contact.
45 Fig, 2 shows in onlargod sizo a burnor mado of tho flattened pyroinsulated wiro,
tho exterior of tho burner may bo polished, or tho pyroinsulating material may be
wholly removed from said extorior surfneo.
Fig. 3 shows a porspectivo view of a burnor composed of six helices of pyroinsu-
latcd wiro, enoh helix being wound upon a spool of infusiblo material, such as lime,
50 and tho spools secured to a divided disk of tho same matorinl supported upon
metallic rods or half cylinders. Tho wires 7 and 8 of the lino connect to opposite
helices as shown, and tho helices aro connected to each othor, honco tho current is
obliged to pass through all tho helices, and brings each holix to tho samo degree of
incandesconco.
Edison's Impts. in Means for Developing Magnetism and Electrio Currents, £o.
Tho thermal regulators sot forth in my British Patont of Oct. 23, 1878, may
ho used for regulating the current to humors mndo like those in Figs. 1, 2, 3,
the special foaturo of this part of my present Invention relating to tho burner mndo
of a wire or strip of metal coated with a pyroinsulatiug material for tho purposes
aforesaid.
This pyro-insulating coating allows of very line wire being used for tho burner,
honco several layors of the wire may bo wound upon tho spool of infusible material,
and tho burner will havo a resistance of several hundred ohms which permits of
several hundred burners or Inmps boing connected quantitivoly in multiple arc,
without requiring largo main conductors. ' |0
In Fig, ‘1 tho burner a is mndo of pyroinsulatod wire, and said burner is sur¬
rounded by a motnl cylinder a 4 which becomes incandescent from the heat of tho
burner, and radiates the light. Tho expansion bar b\ when tho heat of tho burner
exceeds a pre-determined point, moves the lever c, and opons tho circuit between c
nnd 5, and closes tho short circuit 9 through 5 and C, in which short circuit thero is 15
a resistance R equal to that of the burner ; this arrangement of thormal regulator
and circuits is similar to that shown in my aforesaid Letters Patont.
All tho burners of wire or metallic strips shown in my aforesaid Letters Patent
may bo coated with tho pyroinsulating material.
In Fig. 5,1 have represented a menus for pyro-insulating tho wire, consisting of a 20
carriage fitted to move back and forth under tho stretched wire, and enrrying a
sponge c 3 moistened with the pyro-insulating solution, nnd a lamp for drying tho
coating applied to the wire. The sponge is moistened with a soluble salt of tho
pyroinsulation, such as tho nitrate, oxalate, or acetate of lime, zirconium, magnesium,
or cerium, nnd its group of metals, whoso oxides aro infusiblo after being heated 25
The first passage of tho wire in contact with tho moistoned sponge lays a vory thin
layer of the solution on tho wire, and the heat from tho flame which is behind tho
sponge serves to decompose the salt, driving off tho acid and leaving an adherent
oxide upon tho wiro. This operation may be repeated many times, each time tho
deposit becomes thicker, until the oxido has reached a thickness of about ono third 30
that of tho wiro itself. Tho wiro should bo wound upon a spool having a largo
circumference before boing wound upon tho spool of tho burner to provent tho
cracking of tho oxido.
In some instances I mako a burner or candle of finely divided iridium or other
metal that is not easily fused, mixed with an oxido of titanium, iron, or otlior metal 35
which acts as a conductor when highly heated ; this is to be mouldod into tho
desired form, nnd by properly proportioning tho mixture, tho current to tho burner
is regulated by tho heat of said burner, the rosiBtanco beiug lessoned in proportion
to the heat. 1 r
Another feature of this Invention relates to the arrangement of tho main con- 40
ducting wires so os to obtain a completo metallic circuit, and at the same timo take
advantage of the conductivity of tho earth, so that tho moss of metal in ono of tho
conductors may be reduced ; tho cnrtli and metallic conductor servo at tho samo
time as a protection for the insulated conductors. Fig. G is a diagram illustrating
the connections. 45
Tho magneto electric machines may bo of any suitable character and driven by
power. They may bo arranged between tho two main conductors A, B, in ranges
or multiplo arcs of three, four, or more in each, and tho connections should bo for
intensity. I have represented four such magneto electric machines M in each range. -
A is a tube laid in tho earth and preferably of iron, nnd it forms together with tho 50
earth ono half of tho circuit; within this tube is an insulated conductor B, pro-
lerably of a number of strands of coppor twisted togother in tho form of a cable, ono
strand of the cable being droppod, say, every 100 feet, so that at tho extreme end of
the circuit there shall be but a singlo strand. This cablo is insulated from tho tube
by any cheap or economical insulation, such as tar or nsphnltum. A branch tube 55
containing a single strand from tho cable is to onter each house or building, nnd
tpeeisution. A.D. 1878.—N° S306. 5
Edison's Impts. in Means for Developing Magnetism and Electric Currents, Sio.
from tho bnsemont smallor wires are run to tho various parts of tho houso whore
tho lights aro required,
Each lamp is to bo provided with a switch 22 so that it may bo disconnected
from tho conducting wires.
5 The electric generators nt tho contra! station arc provided with constant field of
forco magnets, the helices of which are in tho electric circuit, honco if all the Inmps
feeding from the main conductors aro disconnected by tlioir switches tho oircuit will
bo broken nnd no current passes through tho conductors luading from tho station to
the lights, henco tho steam ongino driving tho magneto machines runs lightly nnd
10 with tho oxpondituro of a vury small amount of force. If now tho switch of a
single lamp is turned tho lamp is connected to tho branch wires from tho main
conductors, tho circuit is closed, and only sufficient current passes from the control
station to supply that lamp because the external resistance determines the amount
of current. In this way tho current will bo proportioned to tho number of lamps
15 in the circuit. Each lamp I prefer to contain a resistance, when incandescent, of
1000 ohms. As before described, the connecting of one or more lamps causes a
sufficient amount of current to be developed at the contra! station to keep tho samo
incandescent, it follows that if the machines at the station are arranged expressly
for tension and quantity many hundreds of lamps may ho placed in circuit botweou
20 the main conductors, tho reduction ol resistance upon placing each lamp in circuit
drawing the proper quantity of current from the station, hence the greatest economy
possiblo is obtained by causing all the resistance outside of the main conductors to
be light giving resistances.
In Fig. 7 I have shown a safety device for shutting off tho current from tho main
25 wire to the house in case the wires should get “ crossed,” or from any other causo
the current passing to tho house should become in excess of that required for the
burners, m is an electro-magnet in tho same circuit as tho burners. The armature
lever of this magnet is kept upward by means of a spring resting against an adjusting
screw, and the tension of this spring is to be such that the lever will not bo attracted
30 until the current passing through the magnet reaches a certain intensity. When
so attracted the lever is separated from to 1 , latched at to 2 , and the circuit broken to
the house, hence no injury results to tho burners from tho excess of current on tho
line. Word must now be sent to the central station, and when tho fault is remedied
the lever m 3 is unlatched by baud nnd tho circuit again closed to tho houso by tho
35 lever to 3 coming in contact with to 1 .
Another part of this Invention relates to means for storing tho electric current
or energy so that tho same may be used as required. This is done by tho use of
secondary batteries, and there arc devices for shifting the current from one secondary
battery to another periodically so that one may bo in use while tho other is boing
40 charged from the main circuit.
In tho diagram Fig. 8 tho circuit connections are illustrated. Fig. 9 ib a
perspective viow of tho switch; and Fig. 10 is a side viow of the socondary
batteries.
Tho secondary batteries A 3 , B 3 , are of any desired construction. I prefer and use
45 two sheets of lead wound togother into a square or cylindrical form and immersed
in acidulated water in a closed case. The main lino a 3 is connected with any
magneto-electric nmchino or otlior sourco of electric energy, and 6* is tho return lino
or earth connection, Tho main lino o s is connected by tho wires c- to tho secondary
batteries A 3 , B 3 , and tho return wires tl a , <?, pass through tho switch / and wiro i
50 to ii 2 .
The electric lamps are represented in branch circuits between tho wires h and k.
The wiro h connects to ono end of tho secondary batteries A 3 , B s , and tho wiro k
connects to tho switch/.
Tho switch / is profombly cylindrical with two insulated half cylinders 14 and 15
53 against which tho springs or <?, d?, rest, and from these half cylinders are metallic
connections to tho insulated disks 1G aud 17 respectively, against the peripheries of
6__ A.D. 1878—N° 6306, _s WC i telM .
Edison's Impls. in Means for Developing Magnet ism and Electric Currents, <tc,
wlrioh tho springs of i, ft, rest, and this switch can bo rotated periodically by a
handle, or by clook-work, or other suitable means.
When the switch / is in one position the main circuit is closed through a}, c\ A* d‘
U, 10, and i to h 2 , and tho secondary circuit is closed from B 3 through ft, lamp’s a
wire k, switch 17,16, and wire e 2 to B 3 . When the switch / is in tho othor position fi
tho main circuit from o a passes by c a to B 3 , and by c a , 14,16, and i to b\ whilo the
secondary circuit from A 3 is by ft through lamps a, wire ft, 17,16, nnd wire d? to A 3
so that when the secondary battery B 3 is furnishing the accumulated electricity to
tho lamps a tho main current is charging the secondary battery A 3 , and vice versa.
When a secondary battory is fully charged tho decomposition of tho liquid in
commences and gases are developed. 1 avail of this to actuate a circuit regulator
nnd disconnect the main current. b
Tho two closed eases in which the secondary bntterics are placed are provided with
tubes s passing to a chamber r beneath a flexible diaphragm t, nnd in tho metallic
circuit or there is a switch or levor u that is acted upon to brenk tho electric circuit is
to the secondary batteries when tho gases have accumulated sufficient to move said
diaphragm. The accumulated gases combine, and in so doing maintain tho electric
closed by tliVlever l>atterl0S ’ and t,u> P res3ure decreases and the circuit is again
ih“ g - n r^°i i)edth 1 e T naturo of tho 8aid Mention, and in what manner 2 0
tho same is to be performed, I declai*e that ^
I claim a8 my Invention,—
First. An electric lamp or burnor made of a wiro or strip of motnl coated with
T Innter i a ' 3ub3tan , tiall y 113 and for ^0 purposes specified. Second.
of metal with intervening pyro-insula- M
casl a 3d su™?inSto bi, ?i atl ?. n With “ i burn T f ° rmed of Py roin3 “>“tcd motal tho motnl
° bUn,0r and made ' nCandeSCCnt ^ thereof, sub-
combtinn innZn^lf I , >™ insula , ti . D e «> B wins « “trip of metal for the conductor, 30
similar mate™ 1 nn fu TJ lrB °{' 3 ^ r, P through a solution of lime, magnesia, or
8 “ a fl0me t0 efIb0fc decom P os ‘tion of the
the F earth7h 0 fi i ^hl eC l met f i0 c , onduBto 1 1 ; 3 within a metallic case which forms with
with e etr e lamr,, nn,f ' . sub . 3blnial y a3 specified. Sixth. Tho combination 35
nections at,,1 IwTh d | 1 malacircuit of two secondary batteries and circuit cou-
and substantially as sot forth, to alternately change the main and
secondary circuits, substantially as specified. *
dianWmor 1 iiJr b !i nat - i0n '''l itl , 1 a secondary battery and its enclosing case of a
41
si «• uiSss srf:£"“surr
l " mt ° 45
Witnesses, THOMAS ALVA EDISON, (ml)
Cha 3 H. Smith, 140, Nassau St„ N.Y.,
William G. Moit, 140, Nassau Str,, NX 6 „
For Her Majesty’s Stationciy Offico.
A.D. 1878, 23 nl October. N° 4226.
Developing Electric Currents and Lighting by Electricity.
LETTERS PATENT to Tliomns Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of
Now Jersey, United States of America, for the Invention of "Improve-
MEN " r in' the Method or and Means rou Developing Electric Currents
and Lighting nr Electricity."
Sealed the 14th January 1879, and dated tho 23rd October 1878.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Tliomns Alva Edison at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on tho 23rd October 1878.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United
5 n os °*' America. 11 Improvement in the Method op and Means for
developing Electric Currents and Lighting nv Electricitv.”
I make use of an electric gonorntor in tho form of a very largo tuning fork, the
to magnetised or not, and the samo is firmly supported in the middlo,
o™ the free ends are vibrated by mechanical force, such as small steam cylinders,
10 „ i “ l ’ iston rotl connected to each end of this fork, or any other device, such as a
wank, may be used to keop tho free ends in vibration; but little power is required
0 kce P «P the rate and amplitude of vibration that would result if the free ends
''are drawn aside and then allowed to vibrato liko a tuning fork. Tho mechanical
mrce applied to keop this largo fork in vibration is converted into electricity by
15 u P° n the fork soverol magnets, and opposito to them stationary electro-
““gnets, tho helices of which are so connected by commutators that tho induced
wrent set up in the holicos by tho approach and recession of the cores will bo con-
Si n t0 1 in ° upon 11,0 P™ 10 *? 1 ® 8 known in connection with mngnoto-oloctric
20 J l,e , elcc W<! enorgy thus set up is carried by a wiro to the lighting apparatus next
sinfl i ’ or il may Lo used at a distant station for vibrating by magnetism a
llM large tuning fork, from which mechanical movement can bo givon by tho
[•Price U]
2 A.D. 1878.—N° 4226. sSSS.
Edison's Improvement in Developing E lectric Currents cfc Lighting by Electricity.
notion of a pawl on a wheel or a crank moved by tho mechanical vibrations of tho
tuning fork.
The electric light is dorivod by tho passago of tho curront through a spiral coil
of wire, or through a loaf or strip of metal, or through carbon or any other material
that will become incnndesccnt. Tho incandescence of bodies under electric action 5
has boon known, this portion of my improvement relates to tho mnnnor of rogu-
atmg tho curront, so tliut it can nover beeomo so intonso as to molt or injure tho
light-producing body. To offset this I mnke use of an automatic apparatus that
becomes operative according to tho intensity of tho curront to check, divert, or
partially neutralize the action of the current in tho light-giving body. 10
The heat developed is caused to expand a wire or othor body either by tho
passngo of electricity through it or by its proximity to the source of light, and this
expansion gives a mechanical movement through a lover or similar devieo to operato
a circuit closing dovico, to shunt or short circuit more or less of the current, or to
throw a resistance into the circuit, and thereby lessen tho electric current passing 15
through tho light-giving body and prevent injury to tho same. The same result
is attained by the expansion of confined air acting 011 a diaphragm, or by directing
a curront of air upon the light-giving body to lessen the temperature thereof. And
m some instances I employ a secondary battery in a local circuit, that is opened or
closed mechanically to throw the electric energy into the coils of plntina or othor 00
light-giving bodies; a number of these coils or light-giving bodies are placod in
one circuit, and means employed for proventing tho breaking of tho circuit by any
injury to ono of the lights. 3 J
.Edison’s Improvement m Developing Electric Cmrcnta <6 Lighting by Elcetrioity.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of tho Letters Patont filed bv
lprin87o! 10mnS A V “ Edl301 ' thn Great Soal Patont Offico on tho 23rd
Developing Electiuc Cuihients and Lighting nv Elkctmcity;" M
Tho first feature of this Invention relates to a means for developing a curront of
electricity by mechanism, so as to obtain the necessary electrical foreo cheaply and
the second part of tins Invention relates to tho electric light itself tho method of
10 regulating the intensity of tho light and preventing injuiy to tho .Z “ and tlm
peculiar dovicos that are employed 111 au incandescent state to givo tho light,
It has long been known that if two oloctro-magnets, or an electro-mmmot and
a permanent magnet, bo drawn apart or causod to pass by each othor, that oloctrio
currents will bo sot up 111 tho helix of the eloctro-mn<met
15 It.1ms also boon known that vibrating bodies, such ns a tuning fork or a reed
can be kept in vibration by tho exercise of but little power. I avail of those two
known forces, and combine them in such a manner as to obtain a po verf. e e ic
curront by tho expenditure of a small mechanical force
c 0 I?r ' lWin r g a i.i Uni r e / 0I ' k is rc P rese,,ted " s attached to a
-U stand b , this fork is preferably of two prongs, but only ono mbdit bo omnloved
uiion tho principle of a musical reod. This vibrating bar or fork may b- (Two
metres long more or lass, and heavy in proportion fit luus its regular rate of
'ibration like a tuning fork, and the mechanism that keeps it in vibratm- i« to
25 iTIn,.'? '“VT? V a C1 r nk Und ,r ov . olv * n g 01 otl ei t bl cl si r
tho™‘]! yCd ' lUt 1 I,r0fel ' " 8ma11 ah - ^ or wat0 ‘- “"g™ “PPlied to each end o*
The cylinder a 1 contains a piston and a rod b' that is connected to tho end of tho
bar, and steam, gas, wator, or other fluid under pressure acts within tho cylinder
30 vni ng n n m,t < ; C Cra 5 ?? ono “ ido of 1,10 I'iston and tlien the othor by a fuitablo
30 valve; the valve and direct-acting rod c 2 are shown for this purpose.
Iho bar or fork a, 2 may be a permanent mngnot or an electro-magnet, or olso it
IS provided with permanent or electro inagnots. I have shown an eloctro-mu"uet c l
tl I e I a e ™ 1 H 1,l ' 0llg0f r t ! , , U f< J rk ; tliero u “y be two or more on each, and opposed to
« ■' are .'T. co r ca .°f t j 10 0 ectro-magnots d, hence as tho fork is vibrated a current
, “p 1,1 tlle ijolix of encli electro-magnet d in ono direction ns tho cores approach
each other, and in tho other direction as they recede. 1
Ihis alternate current is available for electric lights, but if it is desired to con-
vert tho current into ono of continuity in tho samo direction a commutator is
an !i"i -i ° |10ratccI V tll<! vibrations of tho fork to change the circuit connections
polarity tU>n ’ a “‘ tllerob y mako tho Pupations continuous on the lino of ono
A portion of tho curront thus generated may pass through the holices of tho
ciectro-mngnets c 1 to intensify tho same to the maximum powor, and tho remainder
10 curront is employed for any desired olectrical operations wherever available.
LsJT'r US ° t ,'“l. s ! l,no 0S P° ciall y witl > my electric lights, but I remark that
electricity for such lights may bo dovoloped by any suitable apparatus.
l have represented commutator springs or lovers c 1 , c', operated by rods that
s mo through the levers o a , o', and by friction move them. When tho prongs o 2 , a 3 ,
,- n !!! ovl "g from each other tho contact of lovers c 3 , o', will be with tho screws
, !l, ! d tbe current will bo from lino 1 through c 1 to c, thonco to e 2 , to 41, 43
nnu to circuit of eloctro-magnots d, d, and from d, d, by 42 to 40, c* and line as
lb - tCd ', by .V, 11 ; 01 ' r , 0WS - When 1110 P ro ngs or, o?, are vibrating towards each other
circuit will bo through c 1 , c, c 3 , 42, in tho reverse direction through tho circuit
and magnets d, d, back to 43 and by c* to line.
4 A.D. 1878.—.N 0 4226. Sptolaaltel .
Edison’s Improvement in Developing Electric Currents <£• Lighting by Electricity.
Platinum and other materials that can only bo fused at a vory high tomporoturo
have been employed in olectric lights, but there is risk of such light-giving sub
stanco melting umlor the oloctrio energy. This portion of my Invention relates to
the regulation of the electric current, so ns to provont the samo becoming so intenso
ns to lnjuro tlio incandescent material. The current regulation is primarily effected s
by the heat itself, mid is nutomatic. * 1 u 6
In Fig. 2 I have shown the light-producing body as a spiral a connected to the
posts b, c and within the glass cylinder g. This cylinder has a cap l and stands
upon a base to, and for convenience a column n nnd stand o of any suitable
character may bo employed Most of the other Figures are in the form of diagrams in
to more clearly represent the electrical connections. I remark that it is preferable
to have tho light within a case or globe, and that various materials may bo employed
such ns alum water, between two concentric cylinders to lessen radiation, retain the
heat, and lesson tho electric energy required, or colored or opalescent glass or
0 U 1 11 1 leJ “ rofrangibility of tho light, such ns sulphate of quinine 15
pi iere^or°i' i ‘a'vacu m™ ° tU<l 1 ° U '° 1, S^t S nnd the light may either be in tlmntmos- 15
stances ar?sot 1 L t ifhmlnftS,^ nd eSpCOi “ lly adnptcd t0 USe 88 sub-
-J 1 ' 0 - 0 , 1 ? 011 ' 10 . cil ' e ‘! it ' F js- 2 - by line 1 to tho post r and by a wiro to tho 20
Si turn It :r r0d h ; SP 1 ‘ wire ?’ t0 thB P“t C, thigh the double 2 °
f’., ‘ 0 po , at .r' , d 11 . met i ll,lc connection or wire to the post n and lino 4
and so on through the electric circuit and the light be developed in a
heift dVvItd 1 J 3 H P '" ,d !n Pr01 :°;, ti0 " t0 thu h f lt * tlio coil or in proportion to the
1 ™i !n d i 3 1 ff'ss'igo oi the current through the fine wiro *, and if tho 95
^o 7Z:tTr ly / i njU ^ l ° l !’ e ft PP’ lratus ■» prevented by tho expansion '
£ .7 ° the le ver/ to dose t!,e circuit at i nnd short circuit or shunt a
aroi^nd'whkh^arboMs madoto^adimi VI ^ b ° dy fonne ' lof a P Itlfc!na or similar wire 45
the action of tho electric current by pressuro; tho snm ° becomes luminous by
toiEthS I? & *• -fety
thereby break tho circuit • thn ™ n I°7 ” , w 0 k or 00,1 0 should fuse and
i. to line 4 when switcli a’ is in “ t 'wTthll ,'-"h C0 ,1 V} 0 t l ,oi,, t 2, and block 50
but whoa x is movod to 3 the cnUt’Ll, ‘J", 8 tllrow . s ‘ho light out of action j
is broken the spring lover f closes to land lino 4 > but if a or k
a to i and line 4. 8 1 1 laod ouric "tgoes by \,f t, to 3, nnd by switch
lever/MdMmrtTiwuSu the^mren/from fS' "’d' 1 2 Pf® 88 , 0 * tho s P rin 8 . 1 up0 " 53
of „„,1 tasistance to J,“
spedikAtioA A.D. 1878.—N° 4226. 5
Edison’s Improvement in Developiwj Electric Querents c6 Lighting by Electricity.
In Fig. 10 tho switch * when at 3 allows the current to pass through tho
resistance coil R or rheostat that is of equal resistance to tho light-giving material,
5 so tlint othor lights are not influenced by lighting or extinguishing one electric light;
tho other parts are liko Fig. 2.
Fig. 11 represents an electric light liko thntBhown in Fig. 0, only aspring and arm
/ tako the place of tho lover.
Fig 12 corresponds to Fig. 7 exeopt that the spring arm / is used instead of tho
10 lover.
Fig. 13 ropresonts a carbon pencil or rod nnd spring levor; the carbon itself in
this enso expands when tho current is too strong nnd the spring short circuits tho
curront and becomes as boforo an automatic thermal regulator.
In Fig. 14 tho light-giving body a is ropresonted as a strip of plntina or similar
15 foil, and tliore is a safety switch t in tho form of a spring, and this is used in addition
to tho spring or lover/, so that in case of tho spring boing interfered with nt i by
dust or oxyd upon tho contact points tho rod h by a slight additional expansion
touches tho safety spring t and short circuits tho curront.
Fig. 15 represents two strips of plntina a, a\ If tho strip a expands under heat
-0 so as to causo levor/to leave spring lever/' and break the circuit, that cannot
lmppon until tlio spring/ 1 rests upon tho contact point i; this allows tho olectric
circuit to divido and pass through both a and o*; this reduces the temperature of
both and tho twi
25 In Fig. 10 tho lover spring /■ when it comes in contact with i closes the
shunt circuit through tho rheostat It, that lessens the power of the current on tho
plntina strip a. The spring s is adjustable to maintain tho proper tension on the
lever/.
In Fig. 17 the end of tho spring lever / rests upon a small plntina wheel 10
30 that is upon nn arbor in jaws at tho end of the scrow 11. When this screw is
turned one way it causes tho wheel to touch the spring nnd extinguishes the light
by short circuiting it. Wlion tho screw is turned the other way the contact is
broken and tho light induced. By tho movoment of the jaw and roller up nnd
down tho plntina wheel is rovolvcd progressively by two stationary spring
35 pawls 12 and 13 acting on a ratchet wheel on tho arbor of tho wheel 10. By
this devico a now contact surface is brought into action each time the light is
In Fig. 18 tlireo bent levors / are Bliown, the vertical ends being in a eup of
mercury to which one line wiro is connected. Tho circuit passes through these
■10 lovers/and foil a, but when tlio foil becomes too hot it expands and allows the
levers to make contact with i and short circuit tho current; one of tho tlireo lovers
will ho almost suro to operate, but if not and tho light-giving body a still expands
tho point 15 will touch tho spring 10 and throw tho circuit through tlio resistance
lb In placo of the levers last described tlireo or moro springs may be usod, as in
+5 Fig. 19, tbo action being the snmo ns levers ; or four or moro springs may be used ns
in Fig. 20, there being an adjustable spring 18 to apply a slight tonsion to the strip
plntina and to preserve tho continuity of tho circuit should the springs fail to
connect. Tho automatic thormnl circuit regulation is in some instances effected by
, dm heat given by tho electric light to air or gas in a confined vessel. Tho apparatus,
oO Fig, 21, corresponds generally to that shown in Fig. 2, except there is a diaphragm
v of thin metal or othor material across below tho perforated bnBO that holds tho
glass g, so that this diaphragm will bo prossed downward by tho expansion of the
nir contained in tho glass, and when tho maximum tempornturo is obtained tho
curront will bo short circuited by tho point on tho diaphragm making contact with
00 tho insulated spring 21. Tlio current passes by the wire 1, metallic head l, incan¬
descent strip a, metallic baso to and column, to tho lino 4. When tho heat of tho
spiral roaches within a few dogrees of the melting point of said spiral the air in the
■0 maintained in the circuit until the contraction of a separates
G A.D. 1878.—N° 422C. spodjcuion.
Edison's Improvement in Developing Electric Currents it Lighting by Electricity,
'glass g lias become expanded and tlio diaphragm is bulged outwardly and makes
contact within tlio spring 21 and the curront is short circuited; tlio current now
"being through wire 1, spring 21, diaphragm v, metallic base m and column, to the
lino 4. If the circuit should fail to close by tlio contnct of the diaphragm and spring
: 21 the further movomont of the diaphragm will bring tlio spring 21 in contnct with 5
the screw i, and tlio short circuit will bo through tlio spring 21, seraw i, and metallic
column to the lino 4. It is to be understood that in all cohos tho notion of tlio short
circuit or shunt is momentarily to lessen tho curront through tho light-giving sub¬
stance, and tlio circuit-closing devices play up and down at tho contact point
maintaining uniformity of brilliancy in tho light. Id
The device shown in Fig. 22 acts tho same as before indicated, but the coil is
horizontal and tho wires reach it by passing through a piece of chalk or similar
matorial resting upon a base m and tho short circuiting is by contnct with tho screw
i of a platina projection on the diaphragm. A spring circuit closer nmy bo used as
shown in dotted lines. If mercury or a liquid is introduced in tho confined space, 15
containing also tho light, and the air or gas heated thereby, a tubo may lead to a
circuit-closing cup, ns shown in Fig. 23, to short circuit tho current whon tho
maximum temperature is obtained.
In lighting by electricity it is often important to uso a secondary battery in
connection with the main current. The diagram, Fig. 24, shows four electric light 20
coils a, a, a, a, in a secondary circuit containing cells S, B, with plates iu a conduct?!!"
liquid, and the lover 28 is vibrated by an electro-magnet 20 or by clockwork; when
the lovor 28 is in contact with 39, tho current from lino 1 passes through 29 and
S, B, to 4, but when 28 leaves 39 the lino is closed, but a local circuit is made
between 28 and 30 through the coils a and secondary battery, tho discharge of this 25
secondary battery gives the light, and the movement is so rapid that tho light
appears continuous. A single secondary battery may bo introduced with one or
more lights, as in Fig. 25, the expansion of the light-giving material short circuiting
the current through tho secondary battery S, B, tile light-giviim device may be a
spiral such as that shown in Fig. 2, the same being illustrated by dotted lines. A 30
coil cr may be used in a vessel containing water or other fluid ns seen in Fi" ‘>0
Bnid coil being of less resistance than the light, so as to heat the water and operate
the circuit-closing diaphragm. Instead of a rheostat in the shunt circuit I some¬
times employ a button of carbon 32, as seen in Fig. 27. In this case tho spring
lever / bearing »upon the carbon button lessens the resistance by the increase of 35
pressure as the platina strip expands, and as it contracts and lessens the pressure on
tiio carbon button the resistance of that carbon button increases and a greater
portion of the current is sent through tho platinum strip; this regulation is very
accurate If a helix of wire 33 is placed in the same position as the carbon as seen
1 a, ii . actlon Wl11 bu th0 samo - for who “ 1,10 Mils of tho helix touch each 40
other the resistance will bo less in the shunt than when the helix is distended by
the contraction of the platina strip or wire a, and tho proportion of current passing
through a may be increased by the contraction of a, and tho reverse. This con¬
struction prevents electric sparks, ns the motallic circuit is continuous. When an
ls ' n ‘ ro .‘ laood 1 in tl,e eli;ct,io circuit - nnd its armature spring is set 43
s .° tbat W11 not rcs po"d until tho maximum current is flowing
tlnough the circuit, then tho movomont of the armature can bo mndo to short
lessen t 10 1 , * ht ^ ,v, J l ? , bo ty , ns “'"strated in tho diagram, Fig. 29, nnd thereby
rheostat T? f °T ont a f tbo b S bt ' , 01 ' lfc mny bo made to throw in a resistance or<
lhcostat K to , en Mo How of the curront, ns shown in Fig. 30. Ono lover / or 60
l&hfcF °‘Th 11 r 0801 ' Inay re° raade .to regulato tho flow of electricity through several
Tho diagram, Fig. 31, illustrates several lights placed in one or mom
remdnf«. 01t w- lto ’oS" 011 lg H bein 2 regulated independently by its own thermal
aUka un’nev 32 J“f >rc “ e, ? ts ran S 0S of lights, ono branch circuit boing connected
at the upper ends of tho lights, and the other circuit wires to tho lower ends to the 35
liahu'S which th °f 0l8 ‘ r F ' e ‘ v 3 i i , U . U8tl '“tos toe circuit connections of ranges of
lights, m winch tho top of ono light is connected with tho bottom of tho noxt, the
Edison's Improvement in Developing Electric Currents di Lighting by Electricity.
A vnrioty of holiccs, coils, ribbons, and other forms of light-giving materials are
illustrated iu Fig. 34 to 42, nnd in Figs. 48, 49, and 50, and I remark that in ull
3 cases the light is duo to tlio incandescence of the body, and that tho thermal
regulator of tho circuit is to be adjusted or made to act automatically to losson tho
electric curront before tho samo becomes sufficiently intonse to injure tho light¬
giving substance; this point will vnry according to tho material employed in tho
light. A cylinder of platina foil around a rod of limo gives an excellont light, nnd
10 strips, wires, rods, beads, and pieces of iridium, ruthinum, rhodium, osmium, titanium,
and other metals that fuse at a high temperature may be used ; also conducting
oxides nmy bo used, such ns oxides of titanium. In Fig. 43 tlio two strips of
platina «, a 1 , are connected at their ends to the Inrgo nnd small pulleys 50 and 51,
nnd the lower end of a is connected to tho spring / nnd of a 1 to tho block 52. If
15 the foil a 1 expands, it allows tho pulleys to be rotated by tho spring /, drawing off
foil from 50, and thoroby increasing the length of tho foil that is incandescent, and
increasing tho rosistanco in tho circuit. The same effect is produced by the dovico
shown in Fig. 44, in which the axial electro-magnet a 0 lias a suspended core; ns
the electric current increases tho core is drawn into the helix and the pulloys 50
20 and 51 turned so ns to lengthen tho strip of foil o. Fig. 45 shows a cylinder
of platina foil a as tho light-giving material. Fig. 46 shows a magnet a 7 in the
wire between 1 and i. Whon tho spring / touches i tho current passes through the
magnet, and its armature closes a metallic circuit that divides tho olectric curront so
that it does not ull pass through the foil. In Fig. 47 tho lover /, as it descends,
25 comes into successive contnct with tho yielding points 56, and tlio current passes
more freely from 1 to 4 in proportion ns the one or more of the resistance coils may
lie short-circuited by the lover/
When tho electric force is generated by a magneto-electric machine, it is important
to regulate tho speed of tho machino in proportion to tho strength of tlio current,
30 so as to prevent injury to tho machine when tho electric lights are extinguished. I
effect this either by an index or galvanometer nt tlio central station to denote to tho
engineer tho strength of tlio current, so that he can regulato tho machine, or olso a
governor is omployed to throw in rosistanco or to short circuit the electric
current.
35 Fig. 51 is a modification of the dovico shown in Fig. 21. Thore is a chamber g-
connected by a tubo to tho glass g, and this chamber g- is covered by a diaphragm
j 3 , over which is a lever /. Whon tho spiral a reaches its maximum heat, the
expanded air nets upon the diaphragm <f and moves tho same, so that it is brought
in contnct with tho lovor/; this in its turn makes contact with tho screw i, and the
40 current is short-circuited.
Fig. 52 shows another arrangement of parts, whereby tho heated air in the
glass g operates tho lovor that short circuits tho curront whon tho burner reaches
its maximum heat. The glass g rests upon tho top of the case or box h\ and within
this box there are flexible chambers h\ h\ similar to thoso used in an aneroid
45 barometer; there iB an oponing in tho top of tho box, through which a tube from
the chamber it* passes, so that tho air mny havo freo passngo from the gloss globe or
shade g to said chnmbors. Upon tho under part of tho lower chambor there is a
lover/ connected thereto at f* and pivoted nt /°, nnd a contnct point /° on said
lover is contiguous to tho lever /’ that is pivoted to the adjustable block/ 3 .
"0 Tho current onters by tho fine 1 and passes by tho screw 23, spring 22, and wire
to tho lover f, thenco by contact /”, and wire to tho motallic support /'“and
burner u, nud by tho other motallio support / u to tho wire 30 and line 4. Whon
tho maximum liont is attained by tho humor, tho heated air as it ospands acts
within tho flexible chambers h\ h\ and bulges thorn downwardly, moving tho
55 lever /, and bringing tho point / 6 in contact with the lever f, and breaking the
circuit between f and /» to the burner «. Tho current now passes by line 1,
8_ A -°- 1878.-N” 4226. 8pcoltalh0i
Edison'* Improvement in Developing Electric Currents,{; Lighting by Elc cM^j.
wiTsMoTjoi 22, Wir ° 2 *’ l0V01 ' P ‘ °° ntO0t P ‘ ' OVOr f> rosistm]co coiTuT^d
• Tho resistance R is equal to that of tho humor a, and said rosistanoo nrovonfs
OXCOSS.VO sparks at tho con (act points. Tho block /», upon which thoCSW
“f / , nr “ ll0 ‘]. w movable, and is adjustable by tho soiow /> By moving 5
t m.mh V t 5 ) '« 1 ' d!< t l0 . ^urnor, tho circuit is broken to tho lamp and closed
sprh a 03 and sL’w n " d n-"i d °m S tho oircuit fro,n 1 «* b ™kcn bet e tl 0
automation lly conneoted! 0 * *^ ^ rUV ° rS ° n0nmmt ^ th ° hm P to
52 «* composed of six spirals connected as shown in 1(1
Tig. So, so that tho oloctnc currant passes through all of them 1
» " 4 th ° samo arrangement of circuits is shown as in Fig. 52, but tho heated
air nets upon mercury in a tube to expand tho mercury, move a flout and 0 a n
Md /- “ nd the circuit to ttic lamp, and close itT ^
In tho sectional I elovation, Fig. 5G, and sectional plan, Fig. 57, tho thermal retm 15
rm o^ S raeW so h, t R r' n 7 ^ th ° *“ m l> 18 uponTswing^
7 . °, 1 . urncKot » fi0 be swung like a mis fixture. Tlio bracks „« ,*«,
insulated aii Ut • 1 ™ °?° of the clectric conductors ; the same is
ftgsB„
S,“E„£3 thut
««k 11...,./! ™ rkr "'•*« »
a deposit upon tho t dn nllto P;r P „ n ' tl °," atl j f l’ mntlt y P a83i "g through tho cell ofl'ects
deposited, Sso on kuho’eml of ^7 aoaneBM ’ doobfe tho quantity is
■ by the inipeotoi to thfcenlal oin If "° d ’ "ft ° n ° ™ nt . h ’ tho P lat ° is **«•
copper upon tho thin plate will be nrnI < l(" <!0UI wly woigllied. As tlio deposit of
passing into tho ho-so tho samo 1 P 10 P 0rtl0Ded to tho total amount of ouiTcnt 45
charge for tho electricity supplied be °° mos 11 «««>* measure or standard for the
“sx‘r 11 ” r> “ ta
placed in ono branch, and in another h™™!" 1 ? i“’ mv , ln& sa /> 1000 ol, ms resistance
burners a 2 , n? a t j„ ono i n . , Jrnnc ‘ * bavo shown lour electric candles or 50
in two branch Jirouito, tooi T ' S 7 ° ° P™xin.ity and arranged
star to ~ »*“ 4 sS3"‘ u ::s,e «
Edison's Improvement m Developiny Electric Curve
* it Liyhtiny by Electricity.
In Fig. 50 tho thermal regulation is effected by the olectro-mngnots e' : , o 7 . Tho
current from ono lino passes through tho spiral a, and thon through tho oloctro-
inngnets o°, c 7 , lover e", contact screw c 2 , lover e 10 , and sorow e" to the other lino
wire 4. Tlio lovers nro provided with rotrnctilo springs, and their tension is
5 adjusted so that tho magnets will not attract tho levers if tho currant is of such
intensity as to produco tho proper incandescence of tho light-giving body ; if tho
intensity of tho current should oxccod this proper point, then tho mngnuts attract
their lovers nnd keep thorn vibrating, thus breaking tho circuit at tho points e J
and e 11 , nnd weakening tlio currant passing through tho burner a.
10 Two magnets nro used in order tlint the spark at tho contact points may be
lessened.
Fig. GO shows tho same form of thermal regulator as tlint shown in Fig. 51), but
only one lmignot is employed.
In Fig. G1 the lover e' of the electro-magnet c r ’ acts upon a lover c 12 that has a
15 spring to draw it towards c u . When the current is of tho proper intensity tho
circuit passes through the spiral a, magnet c°, lover c 12 , and contact c 11 to tho lino 4; if
the current becomes too intenso tlio lover of c r ’ is attracted and tho lever c 12 is moved
from c 11 breaking the circuit to the burner; this is but momentary, for the
spring o 1 * draws tho lover c“ upwards, and this latter moves the lover c 12 , again
IP closing the circuit to the burner, and if tho current continues to bo too intense, the
lever c’ is kept vibrating, opening and closing tho circuit and weakening tho current
to such an extent ns to prevent all danger of tho fusion of the light-giving body. In
Fig. G2 tho lover c r ' acts upon a lever c 12 atid opens tho circuit moro quickly than by
tho direct action of the lover c*.
!5 In Fig. G3 tlio circuits nro so arranged that the magnet c“ is in a branch circuit
and tho current divides, part going to tho magnot nnd tho principal part to tho
light. If the current becomes too intense the magnet attracts the lever c" and
breaks tho currant at c 2 .
Fig. G4 shows a magnet provided with two coils, the current passing through in
10 opposite directions. The coil i r ’ is of largo wire and is ill the main circuit with the
burner, while the coil i 7 is of great resistance and shunts the burner and coil I' 1 .
Tho inequality of tho resistance of the burner produced ,by rise of temperature
serves to disturb tho balance, the magnet i 7 becomes energized and attracts the
_ lover i" and opens the circuit.
15 Fig. Go shows a thermal regulator consisting of a bunt tube containing mercury,
which latter is expanded or contracted by' tho heat of the current passing through
tho same. A float in tho mercury at tho open end of tho tube is connected to tho
lever/, and there is a second lever/ 1 provided with a contact point or screw that
presses upon /* so long as the electric current is of tho proper intensity. As tho
:0 mercury expands and by tho float raises the lever /, the lever/ 1 rises also and
presses the continuity of circuit until /' touches the stationary contact i; then if
the mercury continues to oxpand/separates from /' nnd the circuit to tho burner a
is broken.
Tho device shown in Fig. GG operates tho same ns that in Fig. 0U, but the electro-
5 magnet is adjustable nearer to or further from its armaturo lever in order that said
lover may vibrato quickly or slowly according to tho distance of tlio armature lovor
mid magnet from each other. In Fig. 07 the lovor c s is kept away from the
magnet c° by a flat spring c 17 instead of a retractile spring; said spring c 17 is upon
a block moved by tho sorow c 1 " so that tho spring cun boar with more or less
0 lmcssuro upon tho armature lovor and thus dotormine tho point at which tho lovor
will bo attracted by the magnet and consequently regulating the amount of current
passing to tlio burner a.
Iii Fig, G8 a thermal regulating coil is shown within tho iloxiblo aneroid
. chambers A 6 , A 11 , tlio heat from tho coil acts upon tho air within said chambers and
o operates tho levers// 1 , tho sumo as lias been described with roferonco to Fig. 52.
I claim as my Invention,—
First. The combination with an electric light of a thermal circuit regulator to
10 A.D. 1878.—N° 4226. sp^n^
Edison's Improvement in Developing Electric Currents <Si Lighting by Electricity.
lesson the eloetrio action in tho light when tho maximum intensity 1ms been
attained, substantially as set forth.
Second. Tho combination with tho elcetrio light of a circuit-closing lever oporated
by heat from the olectric current or from the light, and a shunt or short circuit
to divert the current or a portion thereof from tho light, substantially as set 5
forth.
Third. Tho combination with the eloetrio light and a resistance of a circuit closer
oporated by heat, and serving to placo moro or less resistance in tho circuit of tho
olectric light, substantially as set forth.
Fourth. Tho combination with an olectric light of a diaphragm operated by tho 10
expansion of a gas or fluid in proportion to tho tomperaturo of the light to regulate
tho electric ourront, substantially as sot forth.
Fifth. Tho combination with a vibrating body, similar to a tuning fork, of
mechanism for maintaining the vibration, and magnets, cores, and helices, wheroby
a secondary current is sot up so as to convort mechanical motion into eloetrio force 15
or the roverse, substantially ns sot forth.
Sixth. Tho combination with electric lights, substantially such ns described, of
means for regulating tho electric current to the same in proportion to the heat
ovolved in the light so as to prevent injury to tho apparatus, substantially as set
forth. 20
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, have hereunto sot my
hand and seal, this Second day of April, A.D. 1879.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON, (its.)
Witnesses,
Stockton L. Griffin, of Menlo Park, N. J. 25
George E. Carman, „
A.D. 1879, 17th June. N° 2402.
Eleotrio Lights and Apparatus for Developing Eleotrio
Currents, &o.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Monlo Park, in tlio Stale of
New Jersoy, United States of America, Eloctrieian, for tiio Invention of
" Improvements in Electric Lights, and in Apparatus for Developing
Electric Currents and Regulating the Action of the same.”
Sealed the 14th October 1S79, and dated the 17th June 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION loft by the said Thomas Alva Edison at the
Office of tlio Commissioners of Patents on the 17th June 1879.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of Now Jersey, United
Slates of America, Electrician. “ Improvements in Electric Lights, and in
5 Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents and Regulating tub Action
I have ascertained that when wires or sheets of platina, iridium, or other
metallic conductors of electricity which fuse at a high temperature are exposed to
a high temperature near their melting point in air for several hours by passing a
lu cu >Tent of electricity through them and then are allowed to cool, the metal is found
to bo ruptured, and under the microscopo there is revealed myriads of cracks in
every direction, many of which nro seen to reach nearly to the centre of tlio wire.
1 have also discovered that contrary to the received notion platinum and iridium
alloy loses weight when exposed to tlio hent of a candle, that even heated air causes
it to lose weight, that the loss is so groat that it tinges a hydrogen flarno green,
and under tlio influence of an electric current and at a yellow wliito heat tlio loss
is very great After a timo the motal falls to pieces, hence wire or slieots of
platinum, or platinum or indium alloy, as now known in commerce, are useless for
20 by '"“"defence. .
itirst, becauso its loss of woiuht makes it expensive and unreliable, and causes
the burner to be rapidly destroyed.
oocond, because its electrical resistance changes by loss in weight and its light
B'Ving power by the cracks or ruptures, the melting point being determined by
tne weakest spot where the greatest difference of potential of the electric current
“ present, which causes this point to be brought to a higher heat than the rest of
0 surface of the wire; again, as it is essential to obtain a steady light the
t^ricc 10d] A
2 A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. iSSS.
Edison's Improveme nts in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, etc.
platinum burner must be screened from tlio air, and when thus screened by boing
placed in a glass vossol the glass soon becomes coated with a black deposit of
platinum.
A platinum spiral brought to incandescence under these conditions may bo made
to give a light of tlirco standard candles when near its melting point, and when the 5
radiating surface is 3 / u of an inch, but this amount of light will be rapidly reduced
as before described.
From my researches and experiments I am led to believe that the causo of tho
rupturing of this metal when brought to incandescence is due to tho action of the
gases contained in the pores of tho metal. These gases aro probably compressed 10
within tho pores during the rolling or drawing of tho sheet or wire.
These gases or air when subjected to high heats are greatly oxpandod and
rupture the metal, and it cannot be driven out by slowly heating the metal.
I have also discovered that the loss of weight and apparent volatilization of tho
metal is due to the action of the air or gases against tho highly heated surface. 15
Having thus ascertained tho cause of fracture and loss of woight I linvo conducted
experiments to obviate theso defects, and havo succeeded by the following
method A spiral of platinum wire is placed in a glass bulb, with its ends passing
through and sealed in the glass, and tho air exhausted from the bulb by a Sprengel
pump, until tho discharge from a three inch induction coil will not pass between 20
two subsiduary wires in the bulb, tho ends of which aro four millimetres apart;
tho wires of the spiral are thou connected to a magneto electric raachino or battery
whose current can bo controlled by the addition of resistance. Sufficient current is
allowed to pass through the wire to bring it to about 150° Fahrenheit; it is allowed
to romnin at this temperature for 10 or 15 minutes ; whilo thus hoated tho air or 25
gnses in the pores of the metal is expelled by tho action of the bent and tlio
expansion of tho gases which tend to pass outward in consequence of the vacuum.
While this air or gases is passing out of tho metal tho mercury pump is kept con¬
tinuously working. After tho expiration of about 15 minutes the current pnssing
through tho metal is to bo augmented so that its tcinporatnro will bo nbout 300 30
degrees Fahrenheit, and it is allowed to remain at this tomperature for anothor 10
or 15 minuies. If the mercury pump be worked continuously and tho temperature
of the spiral raised at intervals of 10 or 16 minutes until it attains to vivid incan¬
descence, and tho bulb be then sealed, tho metallic wire is then in a state heretofore
unknown, for it may have its temperature raised to the most dazzling incandcsconce, 35
emitting a light of 26 standard candles.
Whereas before the treatment the same spiral would only omit a light equal to
three candles before attaining the melting point. The wires subjected to the
process of freeing them from air and gases are found after the process to have a
polish exceeding that of silver, and obtainable by no otlior means, no cracks can 40
bo seen oven nfter the spiral has been raised suddenly to incandesccnco many times
by tho current, und no volatilization takes placo ns there is no doposit upon tho
glass bulb, nor does a delicate balance show any loss of weight in the spiral after
burning lor many hours continuously, because tho spiral is in iv vacuum that is so
nearly perfect that tho action of the gaseous molcculos is reduced to the minimum, 45
and wore it possible to obtain an absolute vacuum there would bo no loss what¬
soever, and tho total loss after a year’s use would scarcely bo noticed. I havo
further discovered that if an alloy of platinum and iridium, or even platinum be
coated with tho oxide of magnesium in tho manner hereafter stated, mid subjected
to the vacuum process described, that combination lakes placo botweon the metal 5U
and the oxide, giving tho former rcmarkablo properties. With n spiral, having a
radiating surface of “/io of an inch, light equal to that given by 40 standard candles
may bo obtained, whereas tho same spiral not passed through my process would
molt before giving a light of 4 candles.
The effect of tho oxide of magnesia is to harden tho wiro to a surprising extent 5
and render it moro refractory. A spiral spring niado of tho wire is as clastic and
springy when at dazzling incandescenco os whon cold.
fqWbft A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. 3
Edison's Improvements im Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, &e.
1 havo found that chemically pure iron and nickel drawn in wires and subjected
to the vacuum procoss may be made to give a light equal to that of platinum in
the open air.
Carbon sticks may be also freed from air in this manner and be brought to a
6 temperature, that tho carbon bocoraes pasty, and if then allowed to cool is very
homogonoous, nnd hard rods or plates made of mixtures of finely divided con¬
ducting and non-conducting materials may thus be freed from air. It is nlso
obvious thnt the metal might bo heated by subjecting the containing bulb to a
considerable tomperature, but this only partially frees tho wire from its air or
10 gases.
I will now describe the form of burner of lamp which I employ.
To operate several hundred electric lights practically, each equal to an ordinary
gas jet, upon one circuit, it is essential for many reasons, both on tlio score of
economy, facility, and reliability, to place them all in multiplo arc, and to prevent
16 tlio combined resistance of several hundred lamps from falling to such a low point
as to require main conductors of immense dimensions with low resistance, and
generating machines of corresponding character, it is essential to revorso tho present
nnd almost universal practice of using lamps which have but ono or two ohms
resistance, nnd construct lamps which shall have, when giving their proper light, a
20 resistance of several hundred ohms, because tho moro lamps there arc in circuit the
less will bo tho resistance. I liavo ascertained by experiment that tho loss of
energy is in proportion to tho extent of the radiating surfaco independent of the
resistance of the conductor; hence wo liavo 100 lamps, each of l / t of an inch
radiating surface, and each of 1 ohm resistance, or 1,000 lamps having tho same
25 radiating surfaco nnd 1,000 ohms resistance each; the loss of energy from each
lamp, when giving each a light of 15 candles, will be nearly the same, but the
combined resistance of the 1 ohm lamps will bo of an ohm, requiring an enor¬
mous main conductor, whereas tho combined resistance of the 1,000 ohms lamp will
be 1 ohm, requiring a conductor of very moderate dimensions. In practice, a
30 resistance of 200 to 300 ohms in the burner will be sufficient.
Again, with lamps of low resistance, tho lamp connections nnd leading wires
must be large to prevent great loss of energy by resistance, the leading wires from
the mnin conductors nro large, oxpensivo, and bulky to linudlo, tho low resistance of
the burner or incandescent conductor requires large terminals to convoy tho current,
35 and these offer by their conduction a medium for the rapid dissipation of energy
without producing nny effect, whereas with a lamp of high resistance nil those
objections are obviated.
My burner consists of n bobbin composed of an infusiblo oxide, such ns oxide of
calcium, cerium, zirconium, magnesium, freed from silica, nnd turned in a latlio from
40 sticks moulded by hydraulic pressure in a mnnnor hereinafter set forth.
Theso wires servo to hold the bobbin in tho centre of tho sealed glass vacuum
bulb and at tho samo time servo ns conductors of the electric current to tho wire
coiled upon tlie bobbin.
Tho two platinum wires nro first passod through small tubes of glass which are
45 melted round tho wires. The burner is introduced into the bulb and the wires aro
passed out through the sides of tho narrow neck loading from tho bulb, and the
glass is melted around them to prevent leakage, the glass of the neck being melted
to tho small gloss tube around the wires.
Before tho burner is permanently sealed at tho neck tho air pump is connected
50 therewith and tho wire upon tho bobbin is subjected to the vacuum process hereto¬
fore described, and tho electric current is used to produce incandescence for about
one hour to heat tho bobbin nnd thereby oxpel tlio air and gases, after which tho
oalb is permanently sealed by molting tho glass of tho neck, nnd it is ready to bo
ased as a lamp.
55 Tlio method which I adopt for regulating tho light radiated from the burner
consists in a small rotating magnot provided with a governor which sorves to open
tho lamp oirouit when the strength of tbo current is greater than is necessary to
i A.D. 18*79.—N 4 2402.
Edison's Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, <6<j.
produce the proper light in the bobbin. This apparatus is very reliable, and
although tho current supplied is not perfectly continuous tho total energy passing
to the lamp in ono hour is nearly tho same, no matter what tho strength of the
current may be. Tho magnets are so arranged that tho continuous inotnllic circuit
cannot bo broken by tho commutator of tho revolving magnet and the extra current 5
produced by tho reversal of tho current in the revolving magnet is short circuited
by tho fixed magnet, licnco tho sparks which would occur at the break points of
tiie governor are prevented.
The rotating magnet is upon a vertical shaft supported in suitable bearings, and
immediately over tho rotating magnet is tho fixed magnet, tho cores of which are 10
in tho patli described by the rotating magnet Upon tho shaft is a rovorsing
■commutator formed of an insulated ring, tho periphery of which is faced with
platina and cut in two parts, one part being connected by a wire to ono holix of
tho revolving magnet and the other part to tho otlior helix of said magnet, tho two
helices being connected. Rubbing on this ring are two contact springs which servo 15
to convey the currents to the revolving magnet.
Tiie curvcnt passes through the fixed magnet, thence througli tho revolving
magnet, the rotation of tiie magnet being kept up by tho reversal of the direction
of flow of tho currents through the revolving magnet.
When the cores of tho revolving magnet are nearest tho cores of tho fixed magnet 20
the direction of tho flow of current is reversed by tho action of tho commutator
springs and commutator, and tho polarity changed; lionco tho attraction ceases, but
tho momentum of tho rovolving magnet carries said magnet forward, nnd mutual
attraction again takes place j as the revolving cores npproach the stationary cores
tho current is reversed nnd tho revolution continued. 25
Connected to tho revolving shaft is a govornor which consists of two collars
connected together by two springs; one collar is secured to the shaft while tho
other is freo to slido thereon.
Upon each spring a weight is secured, nnd tho rotation of tho shaft causes these
to act centrifugally, nnd bow outwards the springs, and raise tho sliding collar 30
upward, more or less in proportion to tho speed of tho shaft.
The sliding collar is made with a groovo to receive tho end of tho circuit opening
lever, which lever is moved by the rise and fall of the collar. The otlior ond of the
lever has an insulated cross bar which is in contnct with two circuit breaking
springs, and serves to disconnect tlio springs simultaneously from their contact 35
points or blocks when the shaft has reached a certain velocity.
The object of using two springs is to open tho circuit at two places simultaneously
nnd thus reduce the spark, which it does in tho ratio of the number of simultaneous
breaks.
One of tho two springs is connected by a wire to one of tho commutator springs 40
and the other is connected to tho wire leading from the mnin conductor or a branch
therefrom. This method of breaking tho circuit simultaneously in many places is
applicable to all kinds of electrical apparatus whore largo and powerful sparks
occur, os, for instance, if it is desired to transfer electric energy from ono point to
another by. dynamo ciectric machines operating upon a magneto electric motor at a 45
distant station. If four springs aro employed and tho circuit opened at tho four
places simultaneously the spark will be reduced to of what it would bo if it
was opened at but ono placo.
The block to which tho two circuit breaking springs aro secured is connected to
a screw so that said block nnd springs can be positioned or adjusted with rofcronco 50
to tho cross bar on tho governor lever.
By turning this screw to the right tho block and springs aro moved until tho
cross bar moves the springs away from their contact points or bars, ami disconnects
tho lamp from the circuit; the reverse movement places tho lamp in circuit, and,
according to the proximity of the springs to tho cross-bar of the governor lover, so 55
the amount of current to tho burner is regulated. A stop is applied to tho screw so
that it can be turned only to a determined point which limits the amount of current
A.D. 1879.—N° 2402.
Edison’s Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electrie Currents, do.
passing to tho burner. I prefer that each burner shall give a light equal to 1G
candles, tho bumor being capable of giving 35 candlo power without fusion.
As thoro may be a point where the rovolving magnet, after being at rest, will not
start when tho current is put on, I uso an automatic starter which consists of a light
6 lever nnd thin armature turned edgewise, which is attracted by the fixed magnet
at tho momont tho current is put on. Tho movement of this lever, which carries
upon its ond a click, serves to givo a suddon motion to tho Blmft of tho revolving
magnet by the click engaging in a ruchot or toothed wheel secured to tho shaft.
Tho click, after mnking this movement, passes beyond tho ratchet and does not
10 como in contact again until the magnet is stopped and tho current is broken.
In tho Specification of my British Patent, No. 530G, of 1878,1 have described tho
manner of coating tho wire with pyroinsulntiug material. I employ that mode in
coating tho wire, after which a coil of snid wiro is wound upon ono or more lime
’ supports nnd placed in a sealed bulb that is connected to a Spengel vacuum apparatus,
15 nnd by gradually increasing the heat of tho wire by tho gradual rise in tho strength
of the current, as described in tho first part of this Specification, tho wiro is not only
freed from air and rendered moro refractory, but tho oxide is vitrified and shrinks
upon the wiro, from which it cannot be detached.
The coil, after passing through this process, may bo wound upon the lime bobbin
20 of the lamp without breaking tho pyroinsulation.
After the bobbin is wound nnd placed in tho final bulb it lias any air which may
hnvo passed into tho oxides expelled by a gradual accession of current in the manner
heretofore described, and tho bulb is then sealed.
The oxides of the alkaline materials which aro infusible attack the plutiua to a
25 slight extant, and, ns herewith, greater tonacity to it than the oxides which do not
attack it, such as cerium or zirconium ; but the compound thus formed renders tho
wiro more refractory.
It is not essential that tho oxide should be in the form of a soluble salt, as it may
be put on the wiro directly by mechanically mixing tho oxido with water, alcohol,
30 or other liquids, but special devices aro requisite to keep tho mixture iu constant
agitation to prevent sottling.
It has been found vory difficult to mould slender sticks of tho oxides enumerated
on occouut of the bonding nnd brenking of tho plunger of tho mould, which, owing
to tho pulverulent nature of most of tho oxides, must be long and slender.
35 I have obviated this difficulty by dovising a mould and plunger by which
pressures to the crushing point of steol may be concentrated upon ono quarter of an
inch surface.
This apparatus is applicable to tho moulding of any substance.
Tho block that recoives the mould is of cast iron, with a taper hole in tho contra.
40 Tho mould is made of three pieces, and has the same tapor as the hole in tho block.
The object of tho taper and split mould is to allow tho pressed piece to bo taken
out without injury, which it would receive were it forcod out of tho mould endwise.
The plunger is upon tho end of a sliding stock, and snid plunger is only about
1 of an incli long nnd about of on inch in diameter, and it is adapted to pass
45 downwardly into the liolo in tho centre of tho split mould.
After tho mould has been filled to tho top with the pulverulent oxido a steel
washer or punch section is placed upon tho oxide nnd forcod into tho mould by tho
plungor. Afterward another punch section is placed upon tiie first ono and forced
into the mould in tho same manner. Thus sections may be added until tho desired
50 pressure is obtained without any disarrangement of the apparatus. So powerful is
the pressure which may be obtained by this means that cylinders of tho oxido of
magnesium are rendered semi-transparent.
The cylinder of oxide thus obtained is placed on a lathe and the bobbin turned
with a cutting tool without fear of brenking.
55 Tho electric general iug machine which I propose to use consists of a powerful
field magnot, between tho poles of which rotate an induction bobbin. _ _
Tho cores of the field magnet are each three feet in length nnd about six inches
6 A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. ,. ^ y
Edison’s Improvements in Apparatus for Dev eloping Electric Currents, Ac.
in diameter, and wound with a helix of insulated copper wire having a resistance
of about ono ohm.
Tho number of coils and the resistance of the wire may of courso bo varied to
suit various conditions. By the uso of largo masses of iron I am enabled to reduce
tiio resistance of the magnetic circuit to a vory low point, and at tho same timo by 5
reason of this large mass of iron of great magnetic conductivity tho use of a singio
layer of wire is possible, thus obtaining the maximum economy.
Tho back or bar that connects the two cores of the inngnot is of iron, and is
greater in mnss than in the same length of core. Tho surfneo of both the back aud
the end of each core arc ground together, and arc permanently secured by bolts 10
and nuts. By thus employing a largo mass of iron for the bnck, and grinding tho
faces of contact to a point where air suction becomes powerful, I reduce the resistance
of this point to a minimum nnd prevent the appearance of free magnetic poles.
There aro iron poles bolted to the cores, tho surfaces being ground togother.
Between tho two poles there is a circular aperture in which tho induction IS
cylindor rotates.
The cylinder may be of wood upon a shaft, and at each end of the cylinder thorn
is n wrought iron head.
This cylindor or bobbin is wound with fine wiro until tho wiro is (lush with tho
edge of tho iron heads. 20
Over this cylinder is wound longitudinally tho insulated induction wire, the ends
of which are connected to tho commutator. Tho wiro of the purallel induction
helix is substantially endless, and it is wound with reference to obtaining a con¬
tinuous current.
The number of parallel coils may bo moro or less in number, but I find tho 25
desired Object can be obtained by using an even number of parallel coils longi¬
tudinally of tho cylinder, and an odd number of the commutator plates.
1 hero aro two insulated discs upon the shaft of tho field inngnot, nnd a metallic
brush or spring is in contact with each disk; tho lino wires are connected to these
disks. One end of the wire of the field magnet is connected to one disk, nnd tiio 30
other end of the wire is connected with one of tho commutator brushes; tho other
coiiiimitntor brush is connected with the second insulated disk.
I lie path of the current is through one insulated disk to tho field magnet, through
it to one commutator block, then through tho induction coil to tho opposite block
on the commutator, and by brush and wiro to the second insulated disk, and thence 35
to the hnc.
The current will bo continuous, or nearly so, nnd travel in ono direction ; there
will however sometimes bo a spark between tho commutator bars when the circuit
ot tiio parallel induction coil is interrupted, hut this will bo lessoned by having the
commutator springs bent to rest on moro than one commutator bar. 40
It will be apparent that tho shell and parallel induction coil may bo revolved if
the magnet cylinder remains stationary ; nnd I remark that the cylindor supporting
thejminllol induction coil tnny be of any suitable material, but I prefer vulcanized
pa ; ls of ‘ ,lis '"“Chine are not liable to become heated under ordinary eircum- 45
USe ’ heC T e • t ’'V v,r . ea aro nofc woun< l O"® the otiier and the atmo¬
sphere has an opportunity to circulate.
• f l, ‘°"' cver “Pl’iy 0 6omo instances upon tho shaft of tho field inngnot
Lue e LT».? ra p ra -T tu,S L W L th the internal portions of tho machine, sow to
induce a current of air through the same. 50
tririL\vW? 1 ' t ? etofore 80 J» forth the maximum economy of illuminating by elec*
torkhJ 3 a er - at namb , er of ^t giving points is only obtainable by
rntiurr ° rosl ®tanoo in multiple arcs, nonce it is also necessary that the gene¬
rating nineinnes should also be worked in multiple arc. *
abillM taJES* i n , U , m l’ 0r „ of , mac, ‘ in ® a in multiple arc with economy and roli- 65
means 1 w nl1 ; 1,,,vo U, ° motive force, nnd that
means must be devised to provent the insulating covering of tho induction bobbin
Edison’s Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, Ac.
of any machine being burned should the snmo stop for any reason, such as by the
breaking of a belt; because if tiio wiro of tiio bobbin cease to bo tho seat of an
electro motive forco tho current from tiio other machines pass through it and tend
to produco sufficient bent to destroy tho insulation, and at tho samo timo cause a
5 loss of avnilablo energy.
I prevont any such action by the uso of n polarized magnet, which prevents the
electric circuit boing oponed by tho direction of the flow of the current from tho
machine whon in action tending to hold its tongue strongly against a contact point,
but if tho machine should stop nnd ceaBO to bo the scat of an electro motive force, a
10 current from the other machines passes through tho machine in a contrary direction,
whoroupon tho tongue of tho polarized magnet is nttracted from its contact point
nnd tho circuit opened.
Koch machine boing provided with this apparatus, it is freed from tho danger
aforementioned.
15 An ordinury magnet with its nrmuture lever provided with a retractile spring
might replaco the polarized magnot, but tho margin for adjustment would be very
The resistance of tho polarized magnet is made an exceedingly small fraction of
tho resistance of tho maoliino to prevent loss of energy.
20 The field magnets of tho machine aro energized by supplying their helices with
electricity from thermo-electric piles.
Compound condensing Bteam engines are employed at tho largo control stations to
drive the magneto electric machines, and the heat given off from tho surface con¬
densers acts upon thermo-electric piles to produco an electric current, and tho same
25 is passed through the (laid of forco helices.
The field mngnets may all he connected in multiple arc, and tho thermo electric
piles arranged in the same manner with applinnces whereby the strongth of all the
field may be increased or decreased at pleasure, thus increasing or decreasing tiio
electro motive force of the induction bobbins, thus ranking it easy and convenient
30 by the aid of electro motors at tho central stations to counteract tho rise and fall in
the electro motive force on tho main conductors when tho maximum and minimum
number of lamps may he working.
I will mention tlint tho electro motive forco of the maehino is analogous to the
pressure in the system of gas lighting nnd at dusk when the lamps are being rapidly
35 connected to tho circuit the electro meter will shew a slight drop on the electro
motive force or pressure, nnd this may be increased by increasing the speed of the
prime mover or ineroiising tho power of tho field magnets; the later method is the
one I prefer.
The surface condensers which I omploy consists of a great number of iron pipes
40 whose surfaces are painted with n thick coating of a non-conducting substance, lhe
pipes after painting aro about fivo inches in dinmoter.
Over these pipes aro slipped rings of tiio double sulpliido of lead and copper.
Those rings are cast in a mould, and botii tho inner and outer edges are cither covered
or platod with copper. ....
45 Tho inner copper ring of ono disk connects with the outer copper ring of the
adjoining disk throughout tiio ontire series of disks. .
Owing to the exceedingly low resistance of theso disks and tho considerable
electro motive force which they give between the low range of temperature voiy
powerful currents aro obtained, and nearly ns much energy is thus obtained in the
50 form of an electric current from tho wasto heat of the engmo as can bo obtained
from the engino itself through tho medium of tho Fnradie machines.
In British Lottors Pntent, No. 422C of 1878, granted to me, a method is described
and shewn for measuring the total energy passing into the house of the consumer
during a given poriod of timo, tho same consisting of a depositing cell or colls m
65 which tiio weight of coppor deposited by tho current gives the indication.
Instead of the cell or cells shown two cellB connected by a syphon may bo used.
In one cell is a solution of cuprie Bulphito and a copper electrode, and in the other
8 A.D. 1879.—N° 2402.
Edison'a Improvements in Apparatus for Developing EUotrio Cu rrents'^. ‘
cell Biilpliunc acid and a copper electrode. No polaziation takes placo : the liouiti
of the syphon tubo offers tho requisito resistance. ^ ®
Tlio cells are sealed from tho air to prevent loss by evaporation.
Any loss by this means may bo made good by adding wator, tho results nr»
nearly independent of tho strongtli of the solution. b “ aro
The central stations are intended to light an area of * of a mile in every direc-
tion The method winch I propose to adopt for convoying the current from the
central station to various points, consists in laying doublo wrought pipes lined
with vulcanized rubber, known as ebonite, side'by side under tho flaggZstouL
its? 1 ” to 10 “ '’"*•* rots U
The pipes and box are water-tight.
^ The top of the box, which is detachable, has its upper surface oven or flush with
the wn kj from the same box small tubes servo to convoy wires from the ma n
conductors to the houses of the consumers. J ..
n J l ; e .™ rea forcing the main conductors are small, and may citlier be insulated
and laid loosely together or insulated with a thin layer of cotton In this case each
S coXtTfh Le ' ,d0P r° nt, ? nt - but th .° «*«»* is greater when Urn whesare
c ? n taot, as then when few lumps are in use the resistance of tho main con¬
ductor is relatively small as compared to tho lamps. , n
1 lie Prance of causing the total resistance of the circuit extraneous to the
obtained 1, from th q 0 U mad,'n at -° f ^ e " n ®“‘? r ' “ nd b y whiol > the maximum effect is
£25 a.TttRslt 25
lated, owing to the changed conditions, 80 per cent, may be utilized
pAdfleaUon. A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. (
Edison’s Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, £o.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Lottors Patent filed by
tho said Thomas Alva Edison in tho Croat Seal Patent Oflico on the 17th
Dccembor 1879.
Thomas Alva. Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of Now Jersey, United
5 States or Amonca, Eloctrician. •* Improvements in Electric Lights and in
Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents and Regulating the Action
OP TnE SAME.
I havo ascertained that when wires or slioets of platina, iridium, or other
inotallic conductors of electricity whicli fuse at a high temperature aro exposed to a
10 high tomperaturo near their molting point in air for several hours, bvpassin" a
current of electricity through them, and then aro allowed to cool, the’ metal is found
to bo ruptured, and under tlio microscope there is revealed myriads of cracks in
cvciy direction, many of whicli are seen to reach nearly to tho center of tho wire
I have also discovered that contrary to the received notion, platinum or platinum
lo and iridium alloy loses weight when exposed to the heat of a candle, that oven
heated air causes it to loso weight, that the loss is so great that it tinges a hydrogen
flame greon, and under the influence of an olectric current and nt a yellow white
heat the loss is very great. After a time tho metal falls to pieces, hence wire or
sheets of platinum or platinum and iridium alloy as now known in commerce are
.0 useless for giving light by incandescence, 1st., because its loss of weight makes it
expensive and unreliable, and causes the burner to be rapidly destroyed. 2nd
becuuso its electrical resistance changes by loss in weight and its light giving
power by tlio cracks or ruptures, tho melting point being determined by the
u . we “kcst spot wliore tho greatest difference of potential of the olectrio current is
-a present which causes this point to be brought to a higher heat than the rest of tho
surfaco of tho wire. Again, as it is essential to obtain a steady light the platinum
burner must bo screened from tlio air, and when thus scrconcd by boing placod in a
glass vessel, tlio glass soon becomes coated with a black deposit of platinum. A
platinum spiral brought to incandescenco under tlicso conditions may be made to
30 give a light of tlireo standard candles when nenr its molting point, and when the
radiating surfaco is s / M of an inch, but this amount of light will bo rapidly reduced
as bofore described.
From my researches and experiments I am led to beliove that tlio cause of tho
rupturing of tlio metal when brought to incandescence is duo to the action of the
35 gases contained in the pores of tlio metal. Tlieso gases aro probably compressed
within tlio pores during the rolling or drawing of the sheet or wire. These gases
or air when subjected to high heat are greatly expanded and rupture tho metal,
and it cannot bo driven out by slowly heating tlio metal.
I novo also discovered that tho loss of woight and apparent volatilization of tho
40 metal is duo to the action of tho air or gases against the highly boated surfaco.
Haying thus nscortninod tho cause of fracture and loss of woight, I have conducted
experiments to obviate these dofects and havo succeeded by tho following mothod.
A spiral of platinum wire is placod in a glass bulb with its onds passing through
, spbied in tho glnas, and the air oxlmusted from tho bulb by a Sprengel pump until
45 the discharge from a three incli induction coil will not pass between two subsiduary
wires in tho bulb, tho onds of which are four millimetres apart The wires of tho
spiral aro then connected to n magneto electric machine or battery whoso current
ean bo controlled by tho addition of rosistanco. Sufficient current is allowed to
pass through tho wire to bring it to about 150° Fall., it is allowed to remain nt this
tomperaturo for 10 or 15 minutes. Whilo thus heated, the air or gases in the pores
ot tho metal are expelled by tho action of tho boat and tho expansion of tho gases
W \VI*i Cnd to pass outward in consequence of tlio vacuum.
While the air or the gases are passing out of the metal the merourv pump is
_ Edis on's Improvements in Appara tus for Developing Electric Currents, Ac.
kept continuously working. After tlio expiration of about fifteen minutes the
current passing through the metal is to bo augmented so that its tompemturo will
bo about 3011° Falir., and it is allowed to remain at this temperature for another ton
or fifteen minutes. If the mercury pump bo worked continuously, and the
temperature of tlio spiral raised at intervals of ten or fifteen minutes until it nttaius 5
vivid incandescence, and the bulb be then sealed, the metallic wire is then in a
stato heretofore unknown, for it may havo its tompemturo raised to the moat
dazzling incandesconco, emitting a light of twonty-fivo standard candles, whereas
before treatment the same spiral would only omit a light equal to three candles
beforo attaining the melting point. The wires subjected to the process of freeing 10
them from air and gases aro found after the process to huve a polisli oxccoding that
of silver, and attainable by no other means; no cracks can bo seen even after tho
spiral has been raised suddenly to incandescence mnny times by tho current, and no
volatilization takes placo as there is no deposit upon the glass bulb, nor does a
delieato balance shown any loss of weight in the spiral, even aftor said spiral has IS
been burning for many hours continuously, because tlio spiral is in a vacuum so
nearly perfect timt the action of the gaseous molecules is reduced to tho minimum,
and were it possible to obtain an absolute vacuum there would bo no loss
whatever.
I have further discovered that if an alloy of platinum and iridium, or even 20
platinum, be coated witli tho oxide of magnesium in tho manner hereafter stated,
and subjected to tho vacuum process described, that combination takes place between
the metal and the oxide, giving the former remarkable properties. With a spiral
having a radiating surface »/,„ of an inch, light equal to that given by forty standard
candles may bo obtained, whereas tho snmo spiral not passed through my process 25
would melc before giving a light of four candles. Tlio offect of the oxide of
magnesia is to harden tiie wire to a surprising extent and render it more
refractory.
A spiral spring niado of tho wire is as elastic and springy when at dazzling
incandescence as when cold. 30
I have found that chemically pure iron and nickel drawn in wires and subjected
openair aCUUm 1>r0 ° e33 may 1)0 lnade t0 6 ivo “ Rg bt equal to that of platinum in the
Carbon sticks may be also freed from air in this manner aud bo brought to a
temperature that tlio carbon becomes pasty, and if then allowed to cool is venr 35
homogeneous and hard. Rods or plates made of mixtures of finely divided con¬
ducting and non conducting materials may thus be freed from air.
It is also obvious that tho metal might bo heated by subjecting tho containing
bulb to a considerable temperature, but this only partially frees the wire from its
air or gases. 40
I will now describe tlio form of burner or lamp which I employ. To oporato
several hundred electric lamps practically, each equal to an ordinary gas jet, upon
one circuit it is essential for many reasons, both on tho score of economy, facility,
and reliability to place thorn all in multiple arc, and to prevent the combined
resistance of several hundred lumps from falling to such a low point ns to require 45
main conductors of immense dimensions witli low resistance, and generating
machines of corresponding character, it is essential to reverse tho present and almost
universal practice of using lamps which shall liavo but ono or two ohms resistance, and
construct lamps which shall havo, when giving thoir proper light, a resistance of several
hundred oluns, because tho more lamps there aro in tho circuit tlio less will bo the 50
resistance. I have ascertained by experiment that tho loss of onorgy is in propor-
'° n , to . t l0 . exte,lt °f t* 10 radiating surface independent of tlio resistance of tho
conductor ; hence we havo 1,000 lamps, each of 1 /, of an inch radiating surfaco, and
1*000 f| 0n ° °‘™ rcsiatunce , or 1,000 lamps having the samo radiating surfaco and
liZ n/m rCS '“ Un n 0 0, ‘? !■ 11,0 loss of “orgy from each lamp when giving each a 65
one Ohm 1 r “ m "' 1 ", bo "e Car| y tlie Sluue - but t,le combined resistance of tho
m laTnpg will be of an ohm, requiring an enotinoiifl main conductor,
ip»in<uiion. A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. 11
Edison’s Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Cu rrents, &e.
whereas tlio combined resistance of tho 1,000 ohm lamps will bo ono ohm, requiring
a conductor of very moderate dimensions. In praotico a resistance of 200 to 300
ohms in tho burnor will bo sufficient. Again, with lamps of low resistance tho lamp
connections and loading wires must bo largo to provont great loss of onorgy bv
5 resistance; the leading wires from the main conductors are large, expensive, and
bulky to handle; tlio low rosistaneo of tho burner or incandescent conductor requires
laigo terminals to convoy the curront, and these officr by thoir conduction a medium
for tlio rapid dissipation of onergy without producing any effect, whorens with a
lamp of high rosistaneo all these objections aro obviated.
10 My burner 6 consists of a bobbin composed of an infusible oxide, such as oxide of
calcium, corium, zirconium, magnesium, freed from silica and turned in a lntho from
sticks molded by hydraulic pressure in a manner hereinafter sot forth, and upon this
bobbin fine wiro of platinum or platinum-iridium alloy is coiled. This bobbin is
shown in Fig. 1; it is secured to two platinum wires 1,2, as in Fig. 2. These wires
15 servo to hold tho bobbin in tho conter of tho sealed glass vacuum bulb, and at tho
saum time Bervo ns conductors of tlio electric currant to tho wiro coiled upon the
bobbin. Fig. 3 shows tho manner of connecting tho wiro upon the bobbin to the
platinn supports. Tho two platinn wires 1, 2, nro first passed through a small tubo
a of glass, and tho glass melted around the wires. Tho burnor b is introduced into
20 the bulb c, nud the wires 1 & 2 are passed out through tlio sides of the narrow neck
loading from tho bulb,and tlio glass is melted around them to prevent leakage; tho
glass of the neck is melted to tho small gloss tube a. Before tlio burner is perma¬
nently scaled at tho nock the air pump is connected therewith and tho wiro upon
the bobbin is subjected to tho vacuum process heretofore described, and tlio electric
.5 current is used to produce incandesconco for about ono hour to heat tho bobbin, and
thereby expcll the air nnd gases, after which the bulb is permanently sealed by
melting tlio glass of the neck, aud it is ready to bo used ns a lamp, as represented in
rig. 4.
The method which I adop for regulating the light radiated from tho burnor
30 consists in _n smnll rotating magnet provided with a governor, which serves to open
the lamp circuit when tho strength of the current is greater than is necessary to
produce tho proper light in tho bobbin. This apparatus is very reliable, and
although tlio current supplied is not perfectly continuous tlio total energy passing
to tho lamp in ono hour is nearly the same, no matter what the current strength
35 may be, tho magnets being so arranged that tho continuous metallic circuit cannot
bo broken by the commutator of tho revolving magnet, and tho extra current
produced by tho reversal of tho current in tlio revolving magnet is short circuited
by tlio fixed magnet, lienee tho sparks which would occur at tlio break-points of tlio
in !> < ! 1 J? mo r “ ro prevented. Referring to Fig. i, b is tho bobbin with tlio platinum
40 indium wiro which forms tho electric lamp, c is tlio sealed glass bulb; f and g are
supports to hold the bulb in position; tlieso aro insulated from each other. Tho
platinum wires 1 nnd 2 from tho bulb are connected to these supports.
.. *• ' •» » box for supporting the lamp and enclosing tlio governor; n is the back of
the fixed magnet, consisting of tho spools o, o 1 ; p, p', aro tho spools of tlio revolving
4a magnot; r is tho back of tho samo, which is secured permanently to the shaft q,
upon which is a revolving commutator s. This commutator consists of a ring of
insulating material, whoso periphery is faced with platina and cut in two parts,
one part being connected by tho wiro 5 to tlio magnot p\ nnd tho other part by
50 to tl'* 0 * 10 tbo 1,m fi not P‘ Tlio wire 05 connocts the two spools p aud p l
Rubbing on this ring aro two contact springs s l , <*, which Bervo to convey the
currents to tho revolving magnet. Tlio current'passes through the fixed magnot
°> o', see diagram Fig. 6; tlionco by wires 4, 5, springs s', t l , through the revolving
magnet p, p\ Tlio rotation of tho magnot is kopt up by the reversal of tho direction
a of the flow of the currents through tlio revolving magnet. Whoa tho cores of tlio
revolving magnot arc nearest the cores of the fixed magnet tho direction of tlio
current through the former is reversed by tlio action of tlio springs s', t', upon tho
12 A.D. 1879.—N« 2402. nwiuta;
Edison'8 Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, <£•«.
commutator and the polarity changed, honce the attraction ceases; but the
momentum of tho magnotp, p*. carries it forward, and mutual attraction again takes
place j ns tho revolving cores approach the stationary coros tho current is reversed
and tho revolution continued.
Connected to tho revolving shaft q is the govornor, which consists of two collate 5
v, w, connected by springs C & 7, the collar V is permanently secured to the shaft,
while tho collar w is free to slide up and down upon it. Each spring is provided
at its center with a weight, and those weights act centrifugally to bow outwardly
the springs and raise the collar w upwardly more or less in proportion to the speed
of revolution. Connected to to by a sleovo is another collar 19, upon tho surface of 10
which rests tho end of the circuit opening levor l, which rises and falls by tho
action of tho governor. A spiral spring P, see Fig. 5, on tho axis of tho lover {
servos to keep l in contact with 19. Upon tho extreme end of the lover i is a
block 18 in juxtaposition to circuit breaking springs 8 & 9, and serves to disconnect
tho springs simultaneously from tho metallic block 10, when the governor nnd 15
shaft has reached a certain velocity. Tho block 10 is insulated from tho frame 11,
and serves to keep the circuit closed betwcon the springs.
The current passes by wire 81 to tho spring 8, tlionce across the block 10 to tlia
spring 9, thence to tho magnet and lamp by wire 85.
The object of employing two springs is to open the circuit in two places Bimul- 20
taneously and thus reduce the spark, which it does in the ratio of tho square of tho
number of simultaneous breaks. This method of breaking tiio circuit simultaneously
in many places is applicable to all kinds of electrical apparatus where largo nnd
powerful sparks occur; ns for instance, ifit is desired to transfer electric enorgyfrom
one point to another by dynamo electric machines, tho distant machine, which serves 25
to give out tho power for driving machinery, may bo provided with a governor tho
same as herein shown, and the circuit may bo opened in several places simultaneously
by tho action of tho governor shown in Fig. 0. I is tho lover operated by tho
governor; 12 nnd 13 are contact springs, which rest upon tho bar 43 ; 14 nnd 15
are also contact springs which rest on the bur 44. Tho current passes by wire 84 30
to spring 12, across tho bar 43 to spring 13, tlicnco by wire 45 to spring 14, across
bnr 44 to spring 15 to wire 85. When the govornor reaches a certain velocity tho
insulated piece 18 of tho lover l comes in contact with all the springs simultaneously
and separates them from tho bars 43 & 44, thus opening the circuit in four places
simultaneously, the spark is reduced to 1 / u of what it would be if a single break 35
was used. Having shown the importance of breaking tho circuit simultaneously
in many places I will now describe how the illumination of tho burner b may bo
increased or decreased, or stoppod entirely.
Referring to Figs. 4 & 6 t is tho thumb nut for regulating tho speed of tho
revolving magnet and consequently the amount of energy which posses to the 40
burner. The nut 22 is provided witli a slot or groove containing a stationary
pin p 1 , and into the nut 22 the screw 20 passes, and by turning this screw tho
block 10 may bo drawn inwardly or forced outwardly, said block running on two
guide pins 23,24, which prevent the block from turning; tiius tho block 10 may bo
made to approach or recede from tho levor l. 45-'
. ^ 'desired to turn off the light nnd disconnect tho lamp altogether from tho
circuit, the screw is turned to tho right until tho block 18 separates tho springs 8
& 9 from tho block 10 and opens tho circuit. In this position tho circuit is broken
and the lamp and magnets are entirely disconnected from the circuit.
If it is desired to have the lamp give light tho screw is turned to the loft; when 60'
the springs 8 & 9 come in contact with tho block 10 and close tho circuit, tho
magnets immediately revolve; and if the parts are left in such a position that the
piece 18 is in close proximity to tho springs, tho rotation of tho magnet willopornto
the governor nnd lesson the pressure of 8 nnd 9 on 10, and hence the speed will bo
comparatively slow and tho electricity passing to tho light will bo vory small and 55’
but httlo light will bo given out, but by causing tho block 18 to further recede
Edison's Impro vements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, £o.
from 8 & 9 tho speed of the magnet will increase and more energy will pass to tho
lamp in a givon timo.
By continued turning of the screw 20 a point may bo reached where tho
governor lover l will not soparato tho springs 8 & 9 from 18; in this case tho entire
6 electric enorgy passes through tho bobbin b, but in practice limiting stops are
applied so that when tho screw has been turned a certain distanco the further move¬
ment will bo prevented by tho action of tho stops, thereby determining the
maximum light which tho consumer can obtain from tho burner. In practice this
will bo about sixteen candle power, the burner being capable of giving thirty fivo
10 caadlo power without fusion.
As there may bo a point where tho revolving mngnot after being at test will not
start when tho current is put on I use an automatic starter which consists of a light
lever nnd thin armature turned edgewise which is attracted by tho fixed inagnot at
the moment tho current is put on. Tho liiovoniont of this lever which carries upon
15 its end a click servos to givo a sudden motion to the shaft q by the click engaging
in n ratchet or toothed wheel which is secured to it. The click uftor this move¬
ment passes beyond tho ratchet and does not come in contact again until the magnet
is stopiied and tho current is broken.
In the Specification of my British Patont, No. 5300, of 1878,1 have described
20 tho manner or coating the wire witli pyroinsulnting material; I employ that mode
in coating the wire after which a coil of said wire is wound upon ono or more
bobbins and placed in a sealed bulb, and connected to a vacuum apparatus, and by
gradually increasing the heat of tho wire by tho gradual rise in tho current strength,
as described in the first part of this Specification, tho wire is not only freed from
25 air nnd rendered more refractory, but the oxido is vitrified nnd shrinks upon the
wire from which it cannot be detached. The coil after passing through this process
may be wound upon the lime bobbin of the lump without fear of breaking the
pyroimulation. After the bobbin is wound and placed in tho final bulb any air
which may have passed into tho oxides is expelled by a gradual accession of current
30 in the manner heretofore described, and the bulb is then sealed. Tho oxides of tho
alkaline materials which aro infusible attack tho platina to a slight extent and
adhere with greater tenacity to it than tho oxides which do not attack it, such as
ceruin or zirconium, but tho compound thus formed renders the u’iro more refractory.
It is not essential that tho oxide should be in tho form of a soluble salt, as it
35 may bo put on tho wire directly by mechanically mixing the oxido with wntoi,
alcohol, or other liquids, but special devices nro required to keep tho mixture in
™,a .i«i„ **.* .h. T k. ;: t
on account of tho bending and breaking of the plunger of tho mold, which owing
40 to the pulverulent nature of most of tho oxides must bo long and
I have obviated this difficulty by devising a mold and plunger by which pressures
to the crushing point of steol may bo concentrated upon one quarterret an in.ill
surface. Tbisapparatus is applicable to the molding of any substo, ce.amli s
shown by a vortical section in Fig. 7. Fig. 8 is a plan of the divided mold, a is
45 the plunger; upon the extreme end is tho part d* wh'c' o n tora tho d le o nold.
This is o?ily about ono quarter of an inch long and about three eighths of an inch
in diameter, and it is adapted to pass downwardly into the mold.
* is a solid block of cast iron* with a taper hole in its conter, nnd into fo.s tho
divided steel mold/* is forced; this mold is mode of three pieces
50 tnpor as tho holo in tho block c 2 . The object of the taper and div dod mold is to
allow tho pressed piece to bo taken out without tho injury it would reeeivo wore
it forced out of the mold endwise. After tho mold has been faded o tlie op w th
tl.o pulverulent oxido a steel washer or plunger section h- is' P" 00< * u P on ll ‘° ?*
and* forced into tho mold by tho plunger; afterwards ..nothe. “
55 placod upon tho first ono and forced into tho mold in the “ without anv
sections may be added until tho requisite pressure is obtaiued without a y
•14 A.D. 1879.— N° 2402.
Edison's Improvements in Apparatus for Developing E lectric Currents, <fo. ~
disarrangement of the apparatus. So powerful is tlio pressure which may bo obtained
by this means that cylinders of tlio oxido of mngnosiinn nro rendored semi
transparent The cylindor of oxido thus obtainod is placed in a latho and the*
bobbin turnod with a cutting tool without fear of breaking.
Tlio electric generating machine which I propose to uso consists of a powerful s
field magnet betweon the poles of which rotate an induction bobbin This
apparatus is shown by a vortical section in Fig. 0, and sectional plan Fig. 10 F i 9
tlio field magnet, tlio cores of which nro about threo foot in length and tlio
dinmetcr about six inches, wound with a helix of insulated copper wiro having
a resistance of about ono ohm. Tlio number of coils and tlio resistanco of 10
tlio wire may of course be varied to meet various conditions. By tlio uso of
largo masses of iron I am enabled to reduce tlio resistance of tlio ma^notic circuit
ton very low point, and at tlio same time by reason of this largo “mass of iron
of groat magnetic conductivity tlio uso 0 r a single layer of wiro is possible, thus
obtaining the maximum economy, a? is tlio back of tho magnet and the mass of 15
iron is greater than in tho samo longth of core. The surfaco of both the back and
the end of each core are ground together and nro permanently secured by bolts and
nuts. By thus employing a large mass of iron for tho back and grinding the faces
of contact to a point wliero air auction becomes powerful, I reduce the resistance
of this point to a maximum and prevent tlio appearance of freo magnetic polos- 20
a, a, are iron poes bolted to the cores, the surfaces being ground togothor.’
rntr en Tl? t ' V r , 1 '! lc V' 1 . cre 18 r T ulai : a P°'' t,,ro in wllich tbo induction cylinder
lotatco. The cylinder It is preferably of wood upon tho shaft b\ and has wrought
iron heads b . This cylinder is wound with fine iron wire 6° until tho wire is
flush with the edgo of tho iron heads b\ Over this cylinder is wound longitudinally 25
the insulated induction wire in sections, the ends of which are connected to the
commutator % as in Fig. 11. There are heads <f> of hard rubber, vulcanite, fiber, or
eqmvalent material secured to the shaft b\ see Figs. ICand 17. outside the heads Id,
I „n " S r S ° tlmt tl,e .induction wires c‘ that are wound longi¬
tudinally may be kept from contact with the iron helix ¥ or heads ¥, so that 30
tlio current may not bo short circuited even if tho insulation of tho induction wires e*
Whi'cif H 18 II . for dri Y"!e tho ,nao hino ; c° is a looso pulley upon
to bo stopped 8 1 iS ttaown by a allifter wIlG “ tho machinois
onenod ? Ind ca y i . s w *iich t * 10 circuit from the Faradic machine may be 33
in the til;? 1-T th ° co, T utat ? r spring 8 i A’ is a polarised magnet included
in the circuit, which serves automatically to onen thc cimi.il n i„„iu n
ton cue WLV ? f 8 ' y s i T r I3 , ln contaot with thence through the
uron tlm fiehl L1F° ‘ ^ t , hr0Ue 1 tho mn 8 not # t0 kllc P«st A». The wiro
describe the n.cM g l r 1S ?T ecte ? l ? a '° clomping posts P and l>. I will now
currentf mla ^ wlndln g «>o induction cylinder and tho direction of tho
bel « « e commutator brushes :-The wiro of tho parallel induction 45
tinuo, current and lfc n . is Y v , 0H " d with ^ferenco to obtaining a con-
wires- the num'hm- nf n dl j’.S lam > -Hlg- 1 •» illustrates tlio manner of winding the
find thc oldr i ? ^ , “‘l 8 , ? ay , be moro or 1( =ss than that shown, but I
°.,J 0Gt demied can be attainod tho best by using an oven number of
Star inc'sav frem‘tU™ T ,° f tb ° shaft < and ™ odd /umbe^of commutator plates. 50
on ine tad y :/ra^l ^ 1 ° f tho c ? m,nutat or, tho wire posses to tho space 4
space 11 and to the . " m ° 8| ’ aC0 tlle otllcr '"' ad . across tho head to tho
p^oi 'and so n° r?r° 0 ° n th ,° olhor ,load - f'cs across tho head to tlio
the last turn in 11 l.na h th ,°.5 l 2 e “ * n “ d 11 ar0 dll ° d with tho wire, and when
2 and 9 are filled andl^?" th °' vi ! e is , ledto P^te c, and then tho spaces 55
* anu u aro filled, and the wire from 0 led to d j then 14 and 7, and a connection made
6*rfMon. A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. :15
Edison’s Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents, Ac.
with e ; then 12 and 5, connecting with /; then 10 and 3, connecting with g j then
8 and 1, connecting with a ; then C and 13, connecting with 6, tho place of beginning.
1 wind tho wires in such a manner that while the current is continuous, and the
current flowing through tho whole of it, tho current will pass by two wires of the
6 induction coil to ono commutator pinto, and then away, and will enter by an
opposite commutator plate, and pass by two wires out into the coil, and circulate
through the samo to the other commutator plate. Suppose tho springs to rest upon
commutator plates a and o the current will flow towards a from wires 1 and 6,
and away from c by wires 12 and 7. By following tho arrows it will be found that
10 tho entiro coil is a complete circuit, in which tho parallel portions of tho wires in
the south field of magnetic influonco Imvo a current energized in ono direction,
and in tho north fiold in tho other direction, thus obtaining tho dynamic effect,
and there is no break or pulsation of tlio current; tho springs touch ono com¬
mutator before loaving another.
15 As I have heretofore set forth, the maximum economy of illuminating by
electricity when using a great number of light giving points is only obtainable by-
working the resistanco in multiple arc, hence it is essential that the generating
mnehines should also bo worked in multiple aro. To work a great number of
machines in multiple-arc with economy and reliability, it is essential that all should
20 have the samo electromotivo force, and that means must be devised to provent
injury by burning, to tho insulating covering of the induction coil of any machine,
should said machine stop for any reason, such as by the breaking of a belt, bccauso
if tho wiro of tlio induction coil ceases to be the seat of an clectro-motivo force, tho
current from tho other machines pass through it and tend to produce sufficient heat
25 to destroy the insulation, and at the saino time enuso a loss of available energy.
I prevent any such action by tho uso of the magnet Id, Fig. 10, which being
polarized, is prevented from opening the electric circuit by the direction of the flow of
current from tho machine when in action, tending to hold its tongue strongly
against tho contact point i s ; but if tlio machine should stop and cease to be tlio
30 seat of an electro-motive force, a current from the other machine tends to pass
through tho machine in a contrary direction, whereupon the tongue of Id is detached
from the point i 5 , and tho circuit opened. Each machino being provided with this
apparatus is thus freed from the danger described. An ordinary magnet might
replace the polarized ono, and a retractile spring used, but the margin for ndjust-
35 ment would be vory small. .
Tho resistance of the magnet Id is made an exceedingly small fraction of the
resistanco of tho machino to provont loss of energy.
Tho field magnets of the machine aro energized by supplying tliom with electricity
from thermo electric piles.
40 Compound condensing stenm engines aro employed at tho largo contral stations
to drive the magneto electric mnehinos, and tlio boat given oft by the surfaco con¬
densers net upon the thermo olectric piles to produce an electric current, and the
same is passed through tho field of forco helices.
Tho field magnots may all bo arrangod in multiplo arc, and the thermo electric
45 piles arranged in tho some manner with appliances, whoroby the strength of all
tho field magnets may bo increased or decreased at plonsure, thus increasing or
decreasing the electro motive forco of tho induction bobbins, thus making it easy
and convenient by tho aid of eloctroniotors at the central stations to counteract
the rise and fall in tho electro motive forco on tho main conductors, when the
60 niaxiinum and minimum number of lamps may bo working.
I will mention that tho electro-motive force is analogous o the pressure in the
system of gas lighting, and at dusk when tho lamps nro rapid y being connected to
tho circuit, tho olectrometer will show a slight drop on the eloctro motive force or
pressure, and this may bo increased either by increasing the Bpeod of the prime
55 mover, or an increaso in the powor of tho fiold magnets, the latter inothod is the
Tho^surfaco condonsors which I employ consist of a groat number of iron pipes
16 A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. aped4cula
Edison's Improvements in Apparatus for De veloping Electric Cwrents. £o~~
whoso surfaces are painted with a thick coating of a non-conducting substan^
"J'l- aft ° r Pointing aro about fivo indies in diamotcr. Over theso 8 nro slipped
a Tl,otl 1 t *b 0 d i , n„ b ! 8ul ! ,lud .° of , lead nnd . f°PP°«-. These rings arc cast in a mold,
F dl ,o fnd in La - d °, utor . cd e° s a ™ , eltI > er covered or plated with coppor. In
Fi s, 1- am 13, m is the ring or disk of doublo sulphide; m 4 , tho copper rim? 5
^ 0< o n t s e i ‘ 0 0 „° m ,i 1,1 f pp . 0r rin S whie!l ovc tho circumferonco of *
m , to tins l ing a binding post and strip or wire m° is secured, tho latter to connect
to the next disk. m< represents one of the condensing pipes.
of “i eonnectslo’the a current - Tl, ° inner copper
So motivL g foLe ivbich th ing ^ of ^"o disks" «■“ Z cm.sidembk 10
current m ,oldained ^nd I’? f‘ Ve fc T n ! ° W rnI 7 8es of 1 temperature, very powerful
? UB P 011lts consists in laying double wrought pipes, lined with vulcanized
S ™etlk n0 lL a : ) it 0 a , t'| i<1 , 0 b ^; d0 U ( nde / «*? «ng g in g «to’nes near tht edgooftfm
aranlmvT 1 ^ jV" twenty foet len = tlls ' tho four ends passing into a 20
instead of actingns paS ofonem„fa ^ wireS *
by beine coated with a con J tuctol » *J re to bo insulated from each other
i *»
fat, »" bf«o"f bi" r’.T r ” " f . “V. twenty or twn.ly lira j«
tlie lino of pipe for drawing the w°re ZouT bac p kwnrd . and through 35
cover c which is bolted in ° , e ^ lre through each suction. Tho box has a
between tho top and the W-T** S ° ft r “ bbor or oiltd leather washers aro placed
insido of the bo P x and covt L toZT, a,r ^^cr leaking into the box. The
waterproof material. One end of the svs^m ' vdh , cbo " lto or . other non-conducting
and if the other ends nrn i * 18 syster of tubes passes into tho central station, 40
of pipes ^this wiil nromote £ “ "‘7 b ° produced "’ithin the whole system
into the pipes but the vnoum vnpmation ot any moisture which may have passed
pass into P Straf fc tti:L “iL ^ b ° » the twS ends
prevent dampness. In the L i f? b ?. P“ acd through occasionally to
employed on each side of tho street buMbI» Ctn0 i 6 ' 1 "' 8 two lincs of P'P CS al '° 45
boxes. I prefer that both li„»J !r • 1 may bo separate and have independent
nested to one range of bo« a •i?’ P f 8 ° n , C 'J cl ‘ sido of tbo street should be con-
witl. rubbers connected at r^h? ' U ? 8t ? l °.? io *!* «• A small pipe s insulated
the boxes into tho liouso to bn^lhiL*'® 03 ,° tb ® ,nal !‘ P‘P CS . “nd passes from one of
made of one or more wires p- bani , 1 ?' lce 1 l J’ nnd carrlos the conductor, which may bo 60
serves to carry tho second » .t° i r m,un conductor another small tubes
through tbo meter aro carriiTiLt 4 ° t '° l0U8e ' -^eso wires, entering the liouso
in multiple arc between the tivn'^Ti 1 " 083 10 ? IUB, . and 1,10 electric lamps connected
and, as mentioned nLv o,Llv Ln„ T i° WC ? fo ™ in S tlle main conductors aro small,
insulated with a thin iaver ofcotton b ? u ^ ln8ulate “ antl laid loosely together, or {5
spdAauioa, A.D. 1879.—N° 2402. 17
Edison's Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Curnnts, die.
then, when fow lamps aro in uso, the reBistanco of tho main conductor is relatively
■mall as compared to tho lamps. Tho practico of causing tbo total resistance of tbo
circuit extraneous to the generator to bo equal to that of the generator almost
universally prevails, nnd by which tbo maximum ofiect is obtained, is vory wastoful
5 of energy, for by thus arranging tho resistances fifty por cent, of tho onorgy is lost
in the maciiino itself, whereas if the exterior resistance is four times greater than
the maciiino tho capacity of tho machine to translate energy from ono to tho other
is lessened, but of what is translated, owing to tho changed conditions, eighty per
cent, may bo utilized. For this reason I so arrange the resistance of the main
10 conductors that thoy should bo but one tenth of tbo total resistanco of all tho lamps,
and tlio resistance duo to tbo generating machines is kept down by keeping in
multiple are a greater number of machines than iB necessary to supply all the lights
which may lmppcu to be in circuit at tho timo.
I claim ns my Invontion,—
15 First. Tho combination with a sealed vacuum chamber made of a glass vessel of a
continuous incnudcsccnt conductor wound upon n bobbin of infusiblo material,
substantially as set forth.
Second. The method herein described of preparing metals and metallic conductors
for electric lamps or burners, consisting in freeing tho metallic conductors of gases
20 in a vacuum, nnd then hermoticnlly sealing the surrounding air tight transparent
case, substantially as specified.
Third. In an electric lamp, tlio combination with a sealed transparent vacuum
esse of a bobbin of pyroinsulated wiro wound upon an infusible substanco,
substantially as specified.
25 Fourth. In combination with an electric light and tbo circuits thereof, two oleotro
magnets, ono of which is caused to revolve, a governor operated by tho spoed, and a
circuit regulator controlled by the governor, whereby tlio uniformity of tbo current
passing to the light is maintained, substantially as sot forth.
Fifth. In combination with nil electric light, nit adjustable circuit regulator
30 composed of the insulated springs connected witli tlio circuit wires, a contact block
upon which said springs rest, and a governor lover l to regulate the pressure of tho
contact springs upon the contact block, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. Tbo process of molding sticks of pulverulent material, consisting m filling
the mold with tho material to be compressed, and then compressing tbo mass by
35 successive operations by means of a plunger nnd plunger sections, substantially ns
described. , ,
Seventh. Tho divided mold f nnd block c- in combination with the plunger a
and plunger sections A 8 , substantially ns and for the purposes set forth.
Eighth. Tlio combination in a ningnoto electric maciiino of the helix of wire b
40 and the wires e 4 , wound and connected to tho commutator blocks z 4 as described, and
formirg a parallel induction coil that occupies tlio space and revolves between tho
poles of the Sold magnet, substantially ns set forth.
Ninth. Tlio combination in a magneto electric machine of tbo magnetic cylinder,
composed of tlio liolix b” surrounded by tbo parallel induction coil e , and revolving
45 between tbo poles of tbo field magnot, tho commutator %*, springs il nnd d , and
circuit connections, substantially as set forth. , .
Tenth. In a magneto olectrio machine, a parallel induction coil, tlio wires of which
are wound substantially as shown in Fig. 11, and commutator connections to tho
wires, whereby tlio current is tnkon off from tiie parallel induction coil at two points
*0 in opposite directions, substantially as set forth. . . .
Eleventh. Tlio cylinder 6 5 , of wood or similar material, with tbo iron beads
1‘ and intervening holix of wiro 6° in combination with tho disks e 3 of non-
conducting material, nnd tlio induction helix c 4 wound lengthwise and into notches
in tlio edges of tlio insulating disks, substantially ns sot forth.
56 Twelfth. A polarized electro-magnet in the multiple are circuit of the magnate
electric maciiino, for opening tho circuit to the machine to which it is connected in
Paso of dorageinent of said machine.
A.D. 1879.—N° 2402.
Edison's Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Current a, <fo.
Thirteenth. The thormo-olcctrio piles, connected ns sot forth upon tho condonsing
pipes of nn engine, iu combination with tho magneto electric machine, substantially
as sot forth, 1
Fourteenth. Tho combination with tho electric conductors M of metallic tubes
nnrl i<«wi ™H,o,. w.. similar non conducting substanco, substantially as sot
lined with hard rubber
forth.
Fifteenth, Tho metallic tubes lined with non-conducting material, such os hard
rubber, in combination with motallic boxes B lined with similar material, and
uniting tho tubes and tho conductors pnssed through such tubes, substantially as sot
Sixteenth. An induction bobbin nenrly surrounded by tho poles of tho field M
magnet, and tho combination therewith of an abnormally large fiold magnet, which
shall be in proportion to tho size of tho pole-pieces, ns described, for obtaining a
powerful electro-motive forco in the wires of tho revolving bobbin without great
loss of energy, as set forth. b
Witnesses,
S. L. GniFFW, of Menlo Park, N. J.
Wm. Cabman, of Menlo Pork, N. J.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (l.s.)
A.D. 1879, mb September. N° 3794.
Apparatus Employed in Oonneotion with Telephones.
LETTERS PATENT to Arnold White, of Queon Victoria Streol, in the City of
London, for tho Invention of " Improvements in Apparatus Employed in
Connection with Telephones for the Purpose of Notifying and of
Facilitating and Obtaining Interchangeable Communication between
Telephonic Circuits.” A communication from Thomas Alva Edison, ot
Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, in tho United States of Amorico.
Sealed tho 12th December 1879, and dated the 20th September 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION loft by the said Arnold White at the Office
of tho Commissioners of Patents on the 20th September 1879.
Arnold White, of Queen Victoria Street, in the
bents in Apparatus Employed in Connection with Telcthonhi fob^the
5 Purpose of Notifying and of Facilitating and Obtaining iNTERCHUtaEABLE
Communication between Telephonic Circuits. Acommunu£ g f
Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, in tho United States ot
America,
This Invention relates to improvements in tbe mothodsby wUob two
10 electric circuits may be quickly united to form one, and as quic ? . . electrical
again constitute two distinct circuits. And further, m wpojvemenUaMn 'M
annunciators whereby notice is conveyed to an attendant a combination
other distant point that his attention is required. And further in the comninaiio
, of an electrical circuit connecting hoard and an o octriea anmmcmtor
15 especial purposes and usos of telephonic exchanges and other:staU mbs._
Ry means of this Invention tho Mowing advantages arQ °““ 1- tb offoring
1st. Condensation of a large number of wires m a small space, thus oner g
extraordinary facilities for rapid cross connections.
• S£a^“SS3».«-*i..i^ “*
. 4tk Thc'ffldhld wbToby til. numbar or name of tho
a exposed to tho attendant as well also as tho superior simplicity and oQecuvone
[Price CtZ.]
2 A.D. 1879.—N° 8794. £sSsgf
White'tt Improvements in Apparatus Employed in Connection with Telephones,
In carrying out this Invoution the apparatus is constructed and arranged in tlio
following’mannor:—
A series of two or more olectro magnots aro affixod to a parallel bar supported
within a frame; tliero may be one or moro rows of theso magnets one above tho
other, or otherwise arranged. Attached to a cost metal frame which supports each {
electro magnet is an anglo piece, which serves tho doublo purpose of providing a
means for securing tbo whole to the faco of the parallel bar and of projecting a
fixture, to which is attached the device for disclosing a number, name, or other sign
indicative of tho particular magnet in action. This device consists of a small metal
shutter, hinged at tho bottom, so that when in an upright position it conconls the 10
sign character, but when released and permitted to fall it uncovors it. The sign
may be either upon tho roverso faco of the drop itself or upon tho faco of a stationary
support immediately behind it when it is in an upright position. The drop is held
in an upright position by means of a niche or other device affixed to or upon tho
end of an extension of tho armature of tho oloctro-magnot, and upon tho drop tho 15
extension is pivotted near its junction with the nrmature in such a manner that
when the armature is depressed by the attraction of tho magnet the oxtendod aria
is raised and tlio drop is released from tho niche and allowed to fall. In order to
reduce the friction between tho arm and tho drop to a minimum tho drop is brought
os near as possible to an upright position without reaching a dead contre, from 20
which it could not movo by its own gravitation.
The circuit connecting board is supported within the same frame as the electro¬
magnets and immediately underneath them, and consists of a series of metal upright
and horizontal bars so arranged that tho upright bars lie across tho face of tho
horizontal bars without being in contact. This is effected by setting them into 25
grooves cut in tho face of a wooden or other nonconducting frame, which grooves
are deeper for the horizontal than for the upright bars.
In order that tho surfaces of both may present ono common plane the horizontal
bars are cast with projecting lugs of a height equal to tho thickness of the upright
bins, and of n thickness n trifle less than tho space between tho upright bare. In 30
this manner two series of bars, ono upright and ono horizontal, are laid across each
other and made to present ono common plane without being in actual contact,
Holes aro then drilled (for tho insertion of a metal pin) at every point of crossing
of the two series of bars, the object being by the insertion of tho pin at will to
obtain metallic connection between any two uprights. 35
Tho function of the horizontal bare is simply to intorsect or join together by tho
aid of tho pin any two of tho uprights.
It is apparent that this relative position may bo changed and the uprights mado
to Bervo os the connection for any two horizontals.
The electrical operation of this tolephono combination of annunciator and inter- 40
connecting bars will appear from the following description of the arrangement of
tho circuit:—
The conducting wire conveying the electro currents from the distant station is
brought to a small screw cup attached to the top of the frame, and passes from
thence by means of fino insulated wires directly to one end of the electro magnet of 45
the annunciator, and from the other end to tho top of an upright bar, and traversing
this intersects ono of tho horizontal bars by means of tho metal pin, this particular
horizontal bar being connected by wire with the earth; thus tlio circuit is com¬
plete from the line to tho earth through tho annunciator magnot and upright bar,
cadi electro magnot and upright bar serving for a separate lino. 5®
If now it is desired to join electrically any two tolophono linos it is only necessary
to removo the pins of each from tho point of junction with tho earth connected hori¬
zontal bar, and insort them at tho point of junction of their respective uprights ami .
a free horizontal.
. It will be soon that tho two lines which are thus mado ono electric circuit {5
continue to pas3 thro’ thoir respective annunciators, and it is only necossary for
either distant station to transmit an electric pulsation from thoir signal batteries or
ESSS. A.D. 1879.—N° 8794. 3
White's Improvements in Apparatus Employed in Connection with Telephones.
machines to operate the annunciators, and thus signify that thoy have finished and
wish their wires separated from each other and reconnected with tho oarth bar, the
annunciator drops previously thrown down by the driginal signals having been
meanwhilo restored to thoir upright position by the attendant. Tho circuits may
5 be made in many ways through tho olectro magnots and bars, but the ono herein¬
before described iB found to bo convenient in practice.
It is of coureo apparent that when A wishes to be put in communication with B
be has but to signal to tbo attendant, who connecting his telephone in circuit
inquires his wishes. Upon receiving the response ho immediately connects A and B,
10 as before described j A then calls B direct, B responding affects the annunciators
The cessation of all movement in tho armatures of the electro magnets is tho
signal to the attendant that A and B nre now talking. He then restores tho drops
to position and awaits thoir simultaneous dropping os his signal to separate
15 them.
4 A.D. 1879.—-N° 8794.
White’s Improvements in Apparatus Employed in Connection with Telephones.
SPECIFICATION in pursunneo of the conditions of the Lotters Patent filed by
the said Arnold Whito in the Groat Seal Patent Offico on tho 19th March
1880.
Arnold White, of Queen Victoria Street, in the City of London. “ Improve¬
ments in Apparatus Employed in Connection with Telephones for the 5
Purpose of Notifying and of Facilitating and Obtaining 'Interchangeable
Communication between Telephonic Circuits.” A communication from abroad
by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the Stato of Now Jersey, in the United
States of America.
Tho said Invention relates to improvements in tho methods by which two Bcpamto 10
electric circuits may bo quickly united to form ono, and as quickly divided so as to
again constitute two distinct circuits. And further, to improvements in electric
annunciators, whoroby notico is convoyed to an attendant at a control station or
other distant point that his attention is required. And further, in the combination
of an electric circuit connecting board, and an electric nnnuncintor for the especial 15
purposes and uses of tclophonic exchanges and other stations.
By means of the Bnid Invention tho following advantages nro obtained:—
First. Condensation of a largo number of wires in a small space, thus offering
extraordinary facilities for rapid cross connections.
Second. Economical construction. SO
Third. Enabling ono attendant to attond to a larger numbor of wires than by the
methods heretofore in use.
Fourth. The method whereby tho number or name of tho station requiring
attention is exposed to the attendant, as well also ns tho superior simplicity and
effectiveness of the apparatus, 25
In carrying out the said Invention the apparatus is constructed and arranged in
the following manner, referenco boing made to tho Shoot of Drawings hereunto
annexed, in which Figure 1 represents a front elevation of tho apparatus, and
Figuro 2 is a transverse vertical section of tho same.
To a bar A supported within a frame B is affixed a series of two or moro electro 30
magnets C, by means of cast metal framos D and screws.
There may bo ono or moro rows of theso magnets one abovo tho othor, or otherwise
arranged. Tho Drawing represents two rows of electro magnets C, carried respectively
by two bars A, A, arranged one abovo the other, oacli row containing 12 electro
magnets. Tho metal frames D which support the electro magnets form anglo pieces 35
which serve tho double purpose of providing a means for securing tho electro
magnets to tho face of tho bars A, and of carrying a device for disclosing n number,
name, or othor sign indicative of the particular magnet in action.
This device consists of a small metal drop or shutter a hinged at tho bottom 6,so
that when in an upright position it conceals tho sign or character, but when 40
rolensed and permitted to fall it uncovers it. Tho sign may bo either upon tho
rovorse face of the drop itself or (as is assumed in tho example illustrated) upon the
fnco of a stationary support 0 immediately behind tho drop a, or when it is in an
upright position. Tho drop is hold in an upright position by means of a niche or
other device affixed to or upon tho end of nn extension cZ of the arnmturo e of tho 45
electro magnet, and upon tho drop tho extension d is pivotted at/, near its juncture
with tho armature e in such a manner that when tho armaturo is depressed by tho
attraction of the magnet, tho oxtonded arm d is raised, and tho drop is released
from tho nicho and allowed to fall. In order to reduco tho friction between the
arm d and the drop to a minimum, tho drop is brought as near as possible to an 50
upright position without reaching a doad contre, from which it could not movo by
its own gravitation.
A.D. 1879.—N“ 3794.
White's Improvements in Apj)aratus Employed in Connection with Telephones,
In the Drawing, Figuro 1, tho drops of tho eighth and seventeenth electro
magnots nro represented as down, exposing tho numbers 8 and 17 respectively,
thoother drops being represented in tlioir raised position, concealing their respective
5 ""The apparatus hereinbefore desoribed constitutes nn olcctric annunciator, which
may bo used for conveying notice to an attendant at a central station or othor
distant pnrt that liis attention is required.
The circuit connecting board which formB another part of tho said Invention is
supported within the same frame as tho electro magnets, and immediately under-
10 neath them. It consists of a series of metal upright bars E, and of metal horizontal
burs F bo arranged that tho upright bars lie accroas tho face of tho horizontal bars
without being in contact with thorn ; this is effected by settling the horizontal bars
upon tho faco of a wooden or othor non-conducting frame G, nnd supporting tho
upright bars upon intervening bars H of wood or othor nonconducting material
15 made of a suitable height. 1 1 1. 1?
In order that tho surfaces of both tho upright burs E nnd the horizontal bars h
may present ono common piano, tho upright bars are let into recesses in tho
horizontal bars slightly exceeding in width tho width of the upright bars. In th
manner two series of burs, one upright, and ono horizontal, are laid accross ouch other
20 and made to present ono common plane without being in actual contact Holes
are then drilled (for tho insertion of a metal pin I) at every point of crossing of the
two series of bars, tho object boing by tho insertion of the pm at wiU tomtom
metallic connection between any two uprights. Tho function of the homontal
bars is simply to intersect or join together by the aid of the pin any two of tho
25 uprights. It is apparent however that the converso of this arrangement may be
adopted, that is to say, that the uprights may be made to servo as the connection
f0r Th" y electrical^operation of this telephonic combination of annunciator and
inter connecting bars or electric circuit connecting board will appear from tho
30 following description of tho arrangement of tho circuits ,, ...
upright bar, and traversing this intersects tho lowest
» the metal pin, this particular horizontal bar being
ns before mentioned. Tho circuit is thus complete from ho lino to the earth through
tho nnnunicator magnet nnd upright bar. A similar a g pnet an( j upright
case of all tho electro magnets and upright bars , seventh®
bar serving for a separate line. One of *0 honzonU! bam Mg*®2 mit y to
example assumed) is connected by a wire n with a P. . .. ay b e n y 0 to
the apparatus in order that tho attendant attho cen^ • «>»»
communicate with any ono of the twenty foui tolop telenhonio lines, it is
“pp*t.tus. If now it U desi™l to ^ f^ifolrointo of junction with tho .trti,-
through their respective annunciators. .. . , trio annunciator and electric
6 A.D. 1879.—N° 8794. ****
While's Improvements in Apparatus Employed in Connec tion with Telephones.
B at nnotlior distant station, say, for example, one connected with No. 17 olectro
magnet,
A first signals to tho attendant at tho control station or oxcliango by sending an
electric pulsation from its signal battery or machine to operate tho Ann.m. j ?|, r
and the drop of No. 8 magnet falls displaying tho figure 8, ns shown in the Drawing' 5
Figure 1. Tho attendant thou removes ono of tho pins from tho lowest horizontal’
bar, and places it in tho holo at the point of intersection of No. 7 horizontal bar
with No. 8 upright bar, whereby No. 8 lino is placed in circuit with tho tnWho n e
at tho exchange. Tho attendant noxt enquires of A his wishes, and receiving a
response that ho wishes to be connected with No, 17 lino, tho attendant places 10
the pm corresponding to No. 8 in tho holo at tho point of intersection of No. 8
upright bar with ono of tho free horizontal bars, (tho second in tho cxnmplo
assumed) and places tho pin corresponding to No. 17 in tho holo at the point of
inter section of No. 17 upright bar with tho same horizontal bar. Lines Nos. 8 and
17 aro then in circuit, and A calls B direct, B responding affects tho annunciator, 1J
and the drop of No. 17 falls. Tho apparatus is then in tho condition indicated in
the Drawing. Tho cessation of all movement in tho nrmaturcs of the electro
magnets is the signnl to tho attendant that A and B aro now talking, he tbon
restores the drops to their normal position and nwnits tlioir simultaneous dropping
as his signal to separate the two linos by restoring tho two pins to their respective 20
places on the lowest horizontal bar.
It will bo understood that if roquired any other or all of tho lines may be
similarly connected in pairs at tho same time.
Wlipn a greater number of lines than that provided for in the cxamplo of apparatus
iliustiatcd is required to bo connected with tho oxchange, an additional setof electro 23
magnets may bo provided at tho side of those shown, and tho upright bars E may
bo extended downwards ns represented at E', and an additional set of horizontal
bars bo provided below tho others, as indicated at F 1 , in Figure 1.
Having now described and particularly ascertained the nature of the said
n/w t T° n ' “n * 10 mnn . ner m : vb . ich tho sa,n0 is or may bo used or carried into 30
effect I would observe in conclusion that what I consider to bo novel and original
“cnedTeUers ment is|- ““ t0 * th ° “ P ttrt
, i T1 '°i e ° nera ! constructlon nn, i arrangement of electric circuit connecting
board, whereby nny two separate electric circuits may bo quickly united to form 35
tially ash^rcinbefor^^described" 8 ^ a8 “ in C ° nStitUta * W ° dMnCt circuil9 - subston -
goneral construction and arrangement of olectric annunciator,
substantmUy as and for the purpose hcremboforo described.
unruly. Ihe combination of an electric circuit connecting board, and an electric 40
arran S cd -bstantially in the manner and for the
In witness whereof I, tho said Arnold White, have to this my Specification
hundred and^eighty™*’ EIevcnth dn y of March - Ono thousand eighty
ARNOLD WIHTE. (us.)
LONDON: Printed liy Oxmian Eowi
Printom tu thu Quoon’a
Por Her Majesty'
A.D. 1879, 10th November. N° 4576.
Electric Lamps.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the Stato of
isow Jersey, United States of Amoricn, for tho, Invention of " Improvements
in Electric Lamps, and in the Method of Manufacturing the same.”
Sealed tho 6th February 1880, and dated the 10th November 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION loft by the said Thomas Alva Edison at tho
Oihco of the Commissioners of Patents on tho 10th November 1879.
„M ,I 05 I f S AL Y A °P Menlo Park, in tho Stato of Now Jersey, United
stales of America. » Improvements in Electric Lamps, and in the Method of
0 Manufacturing the same.”
It is necessary to practically subdivide tho electric light into a groat number of
nnmnous points,[so that lamps connected in multiple may he employed without
tee necessity of using conductors of great size for tho current to tho lamps. It is
in o se .J“ 4,10 lamps should bo of great resistance. In tho Provisional
specification of Patent dated Juno 17th, 1879, No. 2402,1 havo sot this forth, and
o tamed lamps of groat resistance by employing long lengths of platinum or
metallic wires pyroinsulated, and wound in such a manner that but small radiating
sur ace is exposed to tho air, although a great length of wiro is used,
u .. J1 y present Invention relates to lamps of a similar character, excopt that carbon
im-eatis or strips aro used in place of metallic wires. I uso a block of glass, into
“ ro . sc Alcd two platinum wires. Theso wires Bcrvo to convoy tho current to
X 11, lnm P wit| iin a bulb, which is blown over tho lamp and united to tho
fi ass block. The bulb is exhausted of air to about one millionth of on atmospboro.
20 w f° n onds of these wires aro two clamps that socuro two other platinum
U S | Iho burner consists of a filament or tliroad of carbon, proferably
follow* 111 tl10 ° nd8 seouretl to 1,10 P latinum wirc9 ' tbo wlloIe boin S “ ntla
Fibrous material, such as paper, thrend, wood, or any vogotablo or animal matter
25 , . cnn bo carbonized, has tho ends secured to platinum wires, tho fibro is
la such a shapo as to expose tbo least amount of snrfaco to radiation, such
, a or spiral. Tho helix is secured to tho platinum wires by plastio
li eat ’ fir tllQ wllole placed in a closed vessol free from air, and subjected to u
icient to fully carbonize tbo fibre, and leave nothing but carbon. At tho
[Price Gtl]
Edison's Improvements in Electric Lamps.
same time tlio effect of tho carbonization is to lock tho carbon to the platinum wiro
and mnko good connection.
These wires aro secured by the clamps to tlio two platinum wires in tlio bulb,
and tho bulb is exhausted of air and sealod. Lamps of ono hundred ohms resistance
may be mado in this manner, from which light from tlio incnndescont carbon is 5
obtained. Tlio destruction of tho frngilo carbon by oxidation is provouted by tlio
higli vacuum, which is obtained boforo sealing the glass bulb.
Previously to my Invention enrbon sticks liavo been used, but llioy have only
lmd a resistance of three or four ohms, uud none have been used in vacuum bulbs
composed entirely of glass, except tho leading wires, lienco tho difficulties of 10
sealing lending wires into glass, which would convey a current of sufficient strength
to a lamp of but three or four olnns resistance is too grent to mnko such a lamp
successful, but when the resistance of the lamp is 100 ohms or more the leading
wires can bo very small, os they will then be a small factor in the total resistance
of tho lamp, and will not heat so as to crack the glass. 15
Lamp black, which has been placed in sealed crucibles, and subjected to a white
heat for several hours, may bo kneaded with tar until it reaches such a consistency
as to allow its being rolled out on flat plates to very thin wires, which are
sufficiently flexible to allow of coiling into helices : after they arc rolled out to the
proper length and size they aro coated with a iion-carbonizablo powder of liquid, 20
and wound or coiled.
The two ends are increased in size and secured to platinum wires, tho wliolo is
then subjected to heat 111 a closed tubo, and tho volatilo constituents of the tar
driven off and the balance carbonized, thus making a solid and homogeneous coil,
which can be then united to the leading wires of the lamp, and a gloss bulb blown 25
over it and exhausted of air, nnd tho lamp is then ready for uso. The non-carbonized
material prevents the spirals from touching each other until the whole has so
stilloned sufliciently to remain in its position.
To assist in more rapidly manufacturing these spirals I somotimos wind tho
flexible enrbon wires between metallic spirals, which after tho carbonization of tho 30
tar are eaten away by acids, thus leaving tho carbon intact. I also sometimes roll
a thread within tho compound of carbon and tar, so ns to allow of greater
convenience in handling the same, and tho flexiblo carbon filamont is not so liablo
to crack by its own weight in tho act of winding.
, T° increase tho resistance of the lamp black tar compound I sometimes work it 35
into a volatile powder, such as powdered camphor, oxide zinc, but to mako tho
light insensitive to variations of the current a considerable mass of matter should
be used, in order that the specific heat of tho lamp may bo increased, so that it
takes a long time to reach its full brilliancy, and also to die away slowly. To do
this it is better to have the carbon ns homogeneous ns possible, and obtain the 40
requisite resistance by employing a filamont several inches long, and winding
the same in a spiral form, so that the external radiating surface shall be small.
Edison’8 Improvements in Electric Lamps.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of tho Lotters Patent filed by
tho said Thomns Alva Edison in tho Groat Seal Patent Office on tho 10th
May 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United
5 States of America. “ Imimiovemijnts in Ei.kcthio Lamps, and in the Method of
Manufactuiiino the same."
The object of this Invention is to produce electric lamps giving light by
incandescence, which lamps shall liavo high resistance so as to allow of the
practical subdivision of the electric light.
10 Tlie Invention consists in a light giving body of enrbon wire, or sheets coiled or
arranged in such a manner as to offer great resistance to the passage of tho eleetrio
current, and at the same time present but a slight surfaco from which radiation
can take place.
The Invention further consists in placing such light giving body ot great
15 resistance in a nearly perfect vacuum, to prevent oxidation and injury to tho
conductor by tho atmosphere. .
Tho current is conducted into tho vacuum bulb through platina wires sealed mto
^Tho'lnvention further consists in tho method of manufacturing carbon conductors
"0 of hhdi resistance, so as to be suitable for giving light by incandescence, and in the
manner of securing perfect contact between tho metallic conductors or leading
wires, and the carbon conductor. . .
Heretofore Ii'dit bv incandescence has been obtained from rods ot carbon ot one
to four ohms resistance placed in closed vessels, in which the atmospheric air has
25 been replaced by gases that do not combine chemically with the carbon. I he
vessel holding the burner has been composed of glass cemented to a metallic base.
Tho connection between the leading wires and tho carbon lias been obtained by
clamping tiie carbon to the metal.
The leading wires liavo always been large, so that tlibir resistance shall bo many
SO times less than the burner ; and in general the attempts of previous persons lias
been to reducu the resistance of the carbon rod. Tho disadvantages ot following
this practice are. that a lamp having but one to four olnns resistance cannot bo
worked in great numbers in multiple arc without the oinp oyme.it of mam
conductors of enormous dimensions, that owing to the low resistance of the lamp
33 the leading wires must be of largo dimensions and good conductors, and a g ass
globe cannot bo kept tight at the place where the wires pass in and are cemented
hence the carbon is consumed because there must be almost a perfect vacuum to
render the carbon stable, especially when such carbon is small m mass, nnd High in
electrical resistance. , . , . , „ u ,
40 In the use of a gas in tho receiver at the atmospheric pressure, which, although
not attacking tho carbon, servos to destroy it in tune by air was ling
attrition produced by tho rapid passage of tho air over tho slightly coherent highly
heated surface of tho enrbon. ,, . , _ „ fv, r „„ f i
I have reversed this practico. I have discovered that evo ,
45 properly carbonized, and placed in a sealed glass bulb exhausted to one millionth of
an atmosphere, offem from ono hundred to five hundred ohms
passage of the current, and that it is absolutely stable at very high omperatuiM ,
that if the thread be coiled as a spiral, and carbonized, or if a"y fib ous vogetob^
substance which will loavo a carbon rosiduo after heating in a closod chambor be1 so
0 coded, that as much os two thousand ohms resistance may be obta n d without
presenting a radiating surfaco greater than three sixteenths o ,
such fibrous material bo with a plastic compound
»ud tar, its resistance may bo mode high or low according to the amount of lamp-
Edison’s Improvements in Electric Lumps.
black placed upon it. I have also discovered that carbon filnmonts may bo made
by a combination of tar and lamp-black, tho latter boing previously ignited in a
closed cruoiblo for several hours, and nflorwards moistened and kneaded until it
assumes the consistency of thick putty. Small pieces of this material may bo
rolled out in the form of wiro ns small ns soven ono thousandths, 7/1000 of an e
inch in dmmotor, and over a foot in length, and the snmo may be coated with a 6
non-conducting iion-carbonizablo substanco, and wound on a bobbin, or ns a spiral
and the tar carbonized in a closed chamber by subjecting it to high heat tho
spiral after carbonization retaining its form. I sometimes roll a thread within tho
compound of lamp-black and tar, so as to allow of greater convenience in handling in
the same; and tho flexible carbon filnmcnt is not so liablo to crack by its own
weight in tho act of winding. 1
To increase tho resistance of tho compound of lamp black mid tar I sometimes
work into it a volatile powder, such as powdered camphor, oxide zinc, but to mako
tho light insensitive to variations of tho current a considerable moss of matter u
should be used in order that tho specific beat of tho lamp may bo increased, so that
it takes a long time to rench its full brilliancy and also to dio away slowly.
To do this it IS better to liavo tho carbon as homogeneous as possiblo, and obtain
the requisite resistance by employing a filament several inches long and winding
tno same in a spiral form so that tho external radiating surliico shall bo small. All an
these forms are fragile and cannot bo damped to the leading wires with suflicient
iorco to ensure good contact and provent heating. I have discovered that if
platinum wires are used and the plastic lamp-black and tar material bo molded
around it that in tho act of carbonization there is an intimato union by combination
and by pressure between the carbon ami platina, and nearly perfect contact is 05
obtained without tho necessity of clamps, hence tho light giving body and tho "
platina wires are connected and ready to be placed in the vnemim bulb.
When fibrous material is used tho plastic lamp black and tar is employed to
secure it to tho platina wires beforo carbonizing, lly using tho carbon wire of such
high resistance lam enabled to use fine platinum wires for leading wires, as they 30
will have a small resistance compared to tho light giving body, hence will not heat
and crack tho sealed vacuum bulb. 1
Platina can only be used, ns its expansion is nearly tho same ns that of glass.
By using a considerable length of carbon wire and coiling it in such a manner that
only a small portion of its entire surface radiates light, 1 can rniso tho specific heat 33
of the whole and thus prevent tho rapid reception and disappearance of tho light,
which on a plain wire is prejudicial as it shows tho least unsteadiness of the current
by tho flickering of tho light, but if tho current is steady the defect does not show.
I have carbonized and used cotton and linen thread, wood-splints, paper coiled in
various ways also lamp-black, plumbago, and carbon in various forms mixed with 40
tar and kneaded so that the sarno may be rolled out into wires of various lengths
and diameters, each wiro however is to bo uniform in sizo throughout. If tho
carbon thread i a |hnblo to bo distorted during carbonization it is to bo coiled
between a helix of copper wire. Tho ends of tho carbon or filament aro secured to
:r® P“\ tlna . , ndl "S w | res hy plastic carbonizable material and tho whole placed in 45
lio carbonizing chamber. Tho copper which lius served to prevent distortion of
the carbon thread is afterwnrds eaten away by nitric acid, and tho spiral soaked in
water and then dried and placed in the gloss holder, and a glass bulb blown over
10 ° k |u '" , g tube for exhaustion by a mercury pump. This tubo when
ingn vacua 1ms been reached is hermetically sealed. 50
' „, 1 . & ubstaiicos which _ aro not greatly distorted in carbonizing they may be
fiifi ' a "° n - co " d » ofcln g non-carbonizing substance, which allows one coil or
t Tn H,l 'ri 0nr - 0n t £ rc8 , t u > )0n nnd be supported by the othor.
thr I ead h r I l™ Wln ^| Fl H'- 1 , sh< T ‘l 10 lam P sectionully. « is tho carbon spiral or
oflamn wli tho thickened emls of tho spiral formed of tho plastic compound 5 a
cervoT S aro the wires; h, h, aro tho clamps which
servo to connect the platina wires comontod in tho carbon with tho leading
A.D. 1879.—N° 4576. 5
_ Edison!s Improvements in Electric Lamps.
wiros x, sealed in tho gloss vacuum bulb; 0, c, are copper wires connected just
outside tho bulb to tho wires as, as; m is tho tube, shown by dotted lines leading to
tho vacuum pump, wliioli tubo is hermetically soaled near tho glass bulb after “tho
bulb has boon exhausted of air, as aforesaid.
5 Fig. 2 represents tho plustic material beforo boing wound into a spiral.
Fig. 3 show the spiral after carbonization ready to have a bulb blown ovor it.
I claim as my Invontion,—
First. An electric lamp for giving light by incandosconco consisting of a filament
of carbon of high resistance, made as described and secured to metallic wires, as
]0 set forth.
Second. The combination of a carbon filament within a receiver made entirely of
glass, through which tho leading wiros pass and from which receiver the air is
exhausted, for tho purposes sot forth.
Third. A coiled carbon filament or strip arranged in such a manner that only a
15 portion of tho surface of such carbon conductor shall radinto light, as set forth.
Fourth. Tho method herein described of securing tho platina contact wires to tho
carbon filament aud carbonizing of tho whole in a closed chamber, substantially a3
set forth.
In witnoss whereof, I, tho snid Thomas Alva Edison, have hereunto set my
20 hand and seal, this 20 day of April, A.D. 1880.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (l.s.)
Witnesses,
Cha». H. Smith, 140, Nassau St., N.Y.
Guo. T. Pincknev, „ „ „
A.D. 1879, 15 th December. N° 5127.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Parle, in the State of Now
Jersey, United States of America, for tlio Invention of Improvements in
Electric Lamps and in the Method of Manufacturing the same.
Sealed the 20tli February 1880, nnd dated the 15th December 1879.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION loft by the said at th ®
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 15th Dec * |
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State °J ^ W TU g rS ^.’ TH0 D of
States of America. “ Improvements in Electric Lamps and in the Method
5 Manufacturing the same.” . , _ .
In a former application made by me for Letters Patent mGroat B^tau^n
improvement in electric lamps is sot forth, wherein a ai d h o u .(j on
in a glass bulb and the atmosphere removed as nearly as posable,
is brought to incandescence by nri electric ( p rooess ' of manufacturing
10 Aly present Invention relates to an lmpiovcincno u i , .
the carbon filament and the means for securing the Bum nossiblo from foreign
I make use of paper of the desired thickness, ui Hw■ » P” ,board
substances or adulterations, and for this purpose I p narrow a trip of this
, With suitable instruments, such as a punch andf.Iotouta nanows«p
15 paper, preferably in the form of an elliptical bow or an arc ot a circle,
the strip boing by preference wider than the other port • , ,, f mou jj
A number of IL .pieces 1 form of
preferably of wrought iron, and thoie is luicl on mom fa , ° (1 -, orte( ] p> v the
a fiat piece of gas retort carbon or other dovmie that £ iooo of & S9U0
20 heat. If several of theso are laid one on the othe . g us0 1 (1 to closo t h 6
paper is interposed between each one and tlio next. , f about six
mould, and the mould is raised veiy gradually to of
hundred degrees Fahrenheit. This allows the volatile portmns of the paper to p
away, and at the same time the mould retains the paparinits propel shapomia
25 tho paper is preveuted from curling up or becoming di dianensed with
likely to do if the heat was applied suddenly or the >g h Vr3 t Va E Ja a^
The mould is now placed in a furnace and heated almost to a white heat, antt
then removed and allowed to cool gradually.
[Price 6d.] , . .
_ Edis on's Improvements in Electric Lamps, <tc.
Tho carbon filaments will bo found to bo smnllor than tho cardboard blanks, and
to be sufficiently strong and flexible for handling. Tho onds of tho carbon arc to
be secured to tho metallic conductors in any convenient manner.
The carbon filaments prepared ns aforesaid are very uniform in their resistance
to the electric current, and I make them thin and of a sufficient length to offer a 5
great resistance to tho passago of tho current. The clamps that connect the con¬
ductors to the ends do not require to be pressed with much force on tho carbon,
became tl,o resistance to the passage of tho current between the clamp and tho
carbon will be less than tho resistance of the carbon filament, henco but little heat
will be developed at the clamps. In ordinary electric lamps the largo carbons do 10
not ofler much resistance to the electric current, and unless tho damps nro very
firmly pressed upon the carbon the current meets with considerable resistance at
the clamps, and lienee heat is developed nt such clamps.
The clamps that I prefer are made of a steel spring tipped at the ends with
platina or similar metal. Tho spring is bent into a circlo or bow, and tho ends 15
crossed and turned back towards eucli other, similar in shape to the figure 8, with
the opening for the carbon between the spring ends at tho upper part; the object
of this shape is that tho pressure of the chimps on the carbon may bo increased by'
the expansion of the spring by the heat of the lamp instead of being lossened, as it
would bo if the wire was only bent into a single bow. 20
The spring clamps aro connected to the platina or similar conducting wires by
clips, and the platina wires pass through tho glass of tho globe or bulb that contains
t lo lamp; the air is to be exhausted from tho bulb by nny suitablo means, nnd it is
prelorable to exhaust said air as perfectly as possible, say to the one eight hundred
thousandth ol an atmosphere. 25
The lamps aro suspended or supported in ally convenient manner and the electric
current from a magneto electric machine or other source of electricity is passed
tlnougli the lamp and brings tho carbon filament to a high incandescence, and the
lamp is very durable, and a largo number of such lamps can bo placed in the electric
circuit in multiple arc or otherwise, ns desired. 30
A.D. 1870.—N° 5127.
Edison’s Improvements in Electric Lamps, Ac.
SPECIFICATION in pursunneo of tho conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by
tho said Thomas Alva Edison iu tho Great Seal Patent Offico on the 15th
Juno 1880.
Thomas Ai.va Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United
5 States of America “ Improvements is Electric Lamps and in ran Method of
Manufacturing tiie same."
In British Letters Patent, No. doFfi granted to mo November 10, 1879, an
improvement in electric lamps is set forth wherein a filament of carbon is inclosed
in a glass bulb nnd tho atmosphere removed ns nearly as possible, and tho carbon
10 is brought to incnndcsccnco by an electric current to form the lamp. My present
Invention relates to an improvement in the process of manufacturing tho carhon
filament, and in tho means for securing the same to the conductors. I make uso of
paper of tho desired thickness, ns free as possible from foreign substances or
adulterations, nnd for this purpose I prefer and uso “bristol board.” With suitablo
15 instruments, such as a punch nnd dio, I cut out a narrow strip of this paper,
preferably in the form of an elliptical bow or an arc of a circle, tho ends of tho strip
being by preference wider than the other portions. A number of these pieces ot
paper are Inid flatwise in the bottom of a mold, preferably of wrought iron, and
there is laid on them a light weight in the form of a flat piece of gas retort carbon
50 or other device that will not be distorted by tho heat. If several of these aro laid
one on tho other in the mold a piece of tissue paper is interposed between each ono
and the next. A cover is used to close the mold, and the mold is raised very
gradually to a temperature of about six hundred degrees Falir. This allows tho
volatile portions of the paper to pass away, and at. the same time tho mold retains
25 the paper in its proper shape and the paper is prevented from curling up or
becoming distorted, as it would be likely to do if tho heat was applied suddenly or
the light weight dispensed with. The mold is now placed in a furnace nnd hented
almost to n white heat, and then removed and allowed to cool gradually. Tho carbon
filaments will be found to be smaller than the cardboard blanks, nnd to bo
30 sufficiently strong nnd flexiblo for handling. The ends of the carbon are to bo
secured to the metallic conductors in any convenient manner. Tho carbon filaments
prepared ns aforesaid nro very uniform in thoir resistance to the electric current,
and I make them thin nnd of a sufficient length to offer n great resistance to the
passage of tho current. Tho clamps that connect the conductors to the ends do not
require to bo pressed with much force on the carbon, because the resistance to the
passago of tho current between tho clamps and tho carbon will be less than the
resistance of tho carbon filament, hence but little heat will bo developed nt
the clamps. In ordinary electric lamps tho largo carbons do not offer much
resistance to the electric current, and unless the clamps are very firmly pressed
™ upon the carbon tho current meets with considerable resistance at tho clamps and
hence bent is developed at such clamps. Tho clamps that I prefer are made of n
steel spring tipped at the onds with platina or similar metal; the spring is bent
into a circle or bow and tho ends crossed and turned back towards each other,
.. “inilur in shape to tho figure 8, with the opening for tho carbon between the spring
c " (l » at the upper part; the object of this shape is that tho pressure ot tho clamps
on the carbon may be increased by the expansion of the spring by the heat of tho
l ! l,,1 P instead of being lessened, as it would be if tho wire was only bent into a
“ing'lo bow. The sprfng clamps are connected to tho platina or similar conducting
wires by clips, and the platina wires pass through the glass of tho globe or bulb
“ tlmt contains tho lamp ; tho air is to bo exhausted from tho bulb by any suitablo
"loans, and it is preferable to exhaust said air as perfectly as possiblo, say to tho
ol »o eight hundred thousandth of an atmosphere. The lamps are suspended or
supported in nny convenient manner and tho electric current from a magneto
4 A.D. 1879.—N° 5127. *«m.
_ _ Htlhon’s Improvements in Electric Lam jv), <ic.
oloctrio mnohino or other source of electricity is passed through tho lamp and brings
tho carbon filament to a high incandescence, and tho lamp is vory durable, and a
largo number of such lamps can be placed in the electric circuit in multiple' arc or
otherwise, as desired.
In tho Drawing,— j
Fig. 1 is a vertical section of tho lamp complete.
„ 2 is a side view in larger size of the clamping device.
„ 3 is a section at tho lino so, x, in still larger size.
„ 4 is the wire forming ono of tho clamps before it is bent up to shape.
» 5 is tho papor blank beforo it is carbonized, and 10
„ G is a section of tho box.
The blank a is cut out of papor material, such ns " bristol-bonrd,” in tho proper
shape, tho form shown in Fig 5 is preferred; tho same is lnid in the metal mold 6
and when several are laid ono on tho other pieces of thin papor nro introduced
between. Tho weight d is laid on these, it is to bo heavy enough to prevent the 15
paper curling up under tho action of the heat, but it allows the paper to contract
as the volatile matters are expelled by the heat. This weight d is of gas retort
carbon. Tho cover e is placed on the mold and secured, and tho mold is heated as
before described.
The carbon filament i forms tho lamp when rendered incandescent by tho electric 20
current passed through it. The clamp is mado of tho wire h, at tho ends of which
are tips or small rivets r of platina or similar material. The wiro is bent up and
crossed, as shown, so as to act as a spring in clamping the end of the carbon
filament that is placed within such clamp. The wire is attached to a small stock o,
into which tho conducting wire t passes and is clamped. 25
Tho conductors for the two ends of tho carbon arc inserted into the glass and the
latter intimately melted around them, the carbon and damps are connected to the
wires and tho parts introduced within tho neck of the bulb to and the "lass melted
at v; the air is exhausted from the globe by tho tube k that passes away, as shown
by dotted lines, and the tube melted together while tho vacuum is maintained. 30
the lamp is ready for the conductors to be attached to it, nnd the carbon is
rendered incandescent by the current that passes through the samo. It is durable
““ere is nothing to combine with the carbon, and it is substantially
indestructible.
I claim as my Invention,— 35
First. An electric lamp formed of carbonized papor.
Second. The method herein specified of manufacturing carbons for cleetric lights,
consisting in exposing the filament of paper to tho action of heat in a mold to drivo
olt tlm volatile portions and carbonizo the paper, substantially as sot forth.
.third. A carbon for electric lights made ns a filament with the ends broader for 40
the clamping dovices that councct the conductors.
1 Fourth. The clamp for the carbon of an electric lamp composod of a bow or
elliptical spring with the ends crossing each other and receiving between them the
carbon, substantially ns set forth.
In witness whereof, I, tho said Thomas Alva Edison, liavo hereunto set my 45
hand and seal, this Eighteenth day of May, A.D. 1880.
Witnesses,
Stockton L. Griffin,
John F. Randolph.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON, (i.s.)
A.D. 1879, 31st December. N° 5335.
LETTERS PATENT to Arnold White, of Queen Victoria Street, in tho City of
London, for tho Invention of " Improvements in Telephones.” A com¬
munication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State
of Now Jersey, in the United States of Amorica.
Sealed the 10th March 1880, and dated tho 31st December 1879.
Arnold White, of Queen Victoria Strcot, in the City of London. “Improve¬
ments in Telephones.” A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison,
o of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, in tho United States of America.
This Invention relates to improvements in and connected with the receiving
apparatus of telephones, in respect of which Lottcrs Patent were granted to the
said Thomas Alva Edison, dated respectively the 30th July 1877, No. 2909, and the
15th June 1878, No. 239G.
10 According to the first of tho said former Letters Patent tho receiving apparatus
was provided with a frictional surfneo moved by power, and acting in connection
with tho electric current to vibrate a tympan and produco tones corresponding to
thoso actuating the transmitting apparatus. According to the second of the said
former Letters Patent tho said frictional surface was composed of chalk combined
5 with a chemical substance and kept moistenod with water.
Now according to tho present Invention it is proposed to dispense with the
chemical substance previously employed in combination with tho chalk, and to use
the latter alone moistenod with distilled or puro water.
In carrying out tho said former Invention it has bcon customary to use a metal
20 6 P™3 or arm tipped or faced with platinum in contact with tho chalk body of the
receiving apparatus. Now, according to tho present Invention, it is proposed to
employ a metal spring or arm tipped or faced with paladium, whoroby tho degree
of frictional variation is increased under tho action of a given strength of electric
cun-out, and a corresponding augmentation in tho volume of sound is obtained.
0 Another part of the present Invention relates to tho arrangement of the con-
hections of the induction coil in which the several parts of the apparatus are placed.
Specification.
White’s Improvements in Telephones.
In carrying out this part of tho Invention it is found advantageous to pluco the
receiving apparatus in a tertiary circuit in liou of in tho secondary circuit; but it is
found that by reason of the presence of two continuous circuits, vie 1 ., tho primary
and tertiary circuits, the full effect of tho current from tho distant station is not
obtnined upon the receiving apparatus, a portion of it pnssing from the secondary to j
the primary circuit. In order to obviate this dofect, a key is placed in tho primary
circuit, so arranged as to keep that circuit open while tho current from tho distant
station is acting upon the receiving apparatus, the said key being depressed for the
purpose of closing tho primary circuit when it is desired to actuate tho transmitting
apparatus. It has beon found,- however, that upon opening or closing this key a 10
powerful inductive discharge is directed upon tho receiving apparatus at tho sumo
station, which discharge has a deteriorating effect upon tho surfaco of the chalk
body of tho receiving apparatus.
- According to this part of the present Invention tho defect before mentioned is
obviated by opening tho tertiary circuit prior to tho closing of tho primary circuit, 15
and closing tho tertiary circuit to leave it in condition to bo acted upon by a
current from tho distant station, immediately after tho closing of tho primary
circuit, and also by opening the tertiary circuit prior to tho opening of tho primary
circuit, and closing the tertiary circuit immediately thereafter.
In carrying tliin part of tho present Invention into effect, these conditions are 20
fulfilled by tho employment of a singlo key arranged in the following manner,
vis 1 .:—Ono of tho wires from tho tertiary coil, and ono of tho wires from the primary
coil, are permanently attached to tho lever of the key, and tho othor wire of tho
tertiary coil is bifurcated, and tho ends of its two lengths aro provided with contact
points placed ono at each sido of tho lever of tho koy, but at such a distance 25
therefrom as to admit of a third contact point connected with the other wire of tho
primary coil being brought into contact with tho lover of tho key while it is
passing from ono to tho other of the two contact points of the bifurcated tertiary
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by 30
I880 Baid Arn ° ld Wlllite ‘ n th ° GrCat Seal Pat ° nt 0ffic ° °“ the 141,1 April
Arnold White, of Queen Victoria Street, in the City of London. “ Improve-
ments in Telephones." A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison,
of Menlo Park, in the State of Now Jorsoy, in tho United States of America.
The said Invention relates to improvements in and connected with tho receiving
apparatus of telephones, in respect of which Lottora Patent woro granted to tho
Bald 1 homos Alva Edison, dated respectively the Thirtieth July One thousand eight
hundred and seventy seven, No. 2909, and tho Fifteenth Juno Ono thousand eight
hundred and seventy eight, No. 2390. 40
White's Improvements in Telephones.
According to tho first of tho said former Lottors Patent the receiving apparatus
was provided with a frictional surface moved by power and acting in connection
with tho electric current to vibrato a tympan, and produce tonos corresponding to
those actuating tho transmitting npparntu.fi. According to the second of the said
5 former Letters Patent the said frictional surfaco was composed of chalk combined
with a chemical substance, and kept moistened with water.
Now, according to tho present Invention, it is proposed to disponso with tho
chemical substanco previously employed in combination with the chalk, and to uso
tho latter nlono moistened with distilled or pure water.
10 In carrying out tho said former Invention it has been customary to use a metal
spring or arm tipped or faced with platinum in contact with tho chalk body of the
receiving apparatus. Now, according to tho present Invention, it is proposed to
employ a motal spring or arm tipped or faced with paladium, whereby the degree
of frictional variation is increased under tho action of a given strength of electric
15 current, and a corresponding augmentation in tho volume of sound is obtained.
Another part of the present Invention relates to tho arrangement of tho con¬
nections of tho induction coil in which tho several parts of tho apparatus are
placed.
In carrying out this part of the Invention it is found advantageous to place tho
20 receiving apparatus in a tertiary circuit in liou of in the secondary circuit j but it
is found that by reason of tho presence of two continuous circuits, vis., the
primary and tertiary circuits, the full effect of the current from tho distant station
is not obtained upon tho receiving apparatus, a portion of it passing from the
secondary to tho primary circuit. In ordor to obviate this defect a koy is placed in
25 the primary circuit, so arranged ns to keep that circuit open while the current from
tho distant station iB acting upon tho receiving apparatus,, tho said key boing
depressed for tho purpose of closing the primary circuit when it is desired to actuate
tho transmitting apparatus. It 1ms been found, however, that upon opening or
closing this koy a powerful inductive disclmrgo is directed upon tho receiving
30 apparatus at tho samo station, which discharge has a deteriorating effect upon the
Burfnce of the chalk body of tho receiving apparatus. '
According to this part of tho present Invention tho dofect before mentioned is
obviated by opening tho tertiary circuit prior to the closing of the primary circuit,
and closing tho tertimy circuit to leave it in condition to beaded upon by a current
35 from the distant station immediately after tho closing of tho primary circuit, and
also by opening the tertiary circuit prior to tho opening of tho primary circuit, and
closing the tertiary circuit immediately thereafter.
In carrying this part of the presont Invention into effect theso conditions are
fulfilled by tho employment of a Bingle koy arranged m the following manner,
40 videlicet Ono of tho wires from tho tertiary coil and ono of the wires from the
primary coil are permanently attached to the lover of the key, and the other wire
of tho tertiary coil is bifurcated, and the ends of its two lengths aro provided with
contact points placed one at each side of the lever of the key but at such a
distance therefrom as to admit of a third contact point, connected with the other
45 wire of tho primary coil, being brought into contact with the Jovcr of ho key
while it is passing from ono to tho other of the two contact points of tho bifurcated
LnMdT^that tho Baid Invention may be porfcclly understood, I shall1 describe> a
complete set of instruments for the purposes of telephonic communication with t o
30 Invention applied thereto, and in so doing shall rofor to the several ligmes on the
accompanying Sheet of Drawings, tho same lottors of reference in which indicate
corresponding parts in all tho Figures. . , , ,.
Figure 1 of tho accompanying Drawings represents m sectional elovat on a
general viow of tho instruments and their connections for the purposo of toloplion o
60 communication between two stations, marked respectively No. 1 t o
transmitters being drawn to their natural sizo, whilst tho otlici parts ol tho
apparatus aro drawn to a scale of one half size.
4
A.D. 1879.—N° G335.
A.D. 1879.—N° 5335.
White's Improvements in Telephones.
Figuro 2 represent3 an elevation of ono of the receivers, shown detached with tho
cover removed, and Figuro 3 is a trnnsvorso section of tho samo.
A, A, are tho transmitters; B, B, aro tho receivers; C, 0, uro tho batteries; D, D,
arc tho induction coils, a being their primary circuit (shown in thick lines) in which
the transmitter is placed; h, their secondary circuit (indicated in thick dotted lines), 5
which constitutes tho main lino, and c, thoir tortiary circuit (donoted by Berios
of short thick lines and dots) in which tho receiver iB placed; E, E, aro relays, and
F, F, are call bolls or soundors, d, d, being local circuits (indicated by a sories
of short fino lines in tho Drawing), in which tho call boll or sounders aro placed.
Tho transmitter is constructed in tho following mannor:— 10
e is a shell of metal (by prcforenco cast iron), on which is secured a disc / of
brass (for example) platinized on its top surface /', around which disc is arranged a
ring g of vulcanite or other suitablo non conducting material projecting abovo tho
surface of the disc for a sufficient height to form a cup. Into this eup is inserted a
button h of carbon (by preference tho finest lamp black, moulded and consolidated 15
• under pressure), and upon tho top of this button is placed another metal disc e\
platinized upon its surfaco i 1 . Tho terminal a 1 of tho divided portion a‘ of tho
wire a is connected to tho disc i by means of a strip k of platinum, whilst tho
terminal a 2 of such portion of the said wiro is attached to tho shell e. The carbon
button h, with the metal disc i, is thus intorposod in tho electric circuit, and it is so 20
arranged as to be susceptible of mechanical influence from tho exterior in tho
following manner:—
On tho rim of the shell e is placed a membrane or tympan l of mica or iron (for
exomplo), which is held firmly at its edges by tho mouth piece to, attached by screws
to the shell e, the tympan being thus clamped between tho mouth piece and the 25
shell. The tympan is provided with a boss at its centre, through which passes a
screw n, tho point of which bears upon the disc i faced with nonconducting
material. In fitting the parts together, the screw n is turned until tho tympan f,
tho disc i, and the carbon button h aro brought into such relationship ns to produce
a minimum, but actual contact between tho surfaces of all, but not to establish tho 30
contact to such an extent as to constitute an initial degree of pressure.
The apparatus operates in tho following manner:—
By producing sound (say for example, speaking) into tho mouth pieco to, tho
tympan l is thrown into vibration, and the effect being transmitted to tho disc i,
and the carbon button h, their positions in relation to each othor aro varied, greater 35
or less intimacy of contact being produced between tho two surfaces of the carbon
button li and tho discs i, f, on opposite sides of it. By these moans a greator or less
number of points in tho contiguous surfaces are brought into contact as tho tympan
is vibrated, whereby the resistance to the passage of the current is varied, and tho
current passing through the primary circuit a is transformed into an undulatory 40
one; tho induced current passing through tho secondary circuit or main lino h is
also converted into an undulatory current, and thence a similar change takes placo
in tho induced current passing through tho tortiary circuit c, in which tho rcceivor
at tho distant station is placed, tho undulations of which current exactly correspond
to tho waves of sound which originally actuated tho tympan at tho sending 45
station.
Tho reeoivers B, B, aro constructed in the following manner, reforonco boing had
to tho genoral view, Figure 1, and tho details, Figures 2 and 3:—
o is a cylinder of chalk, moulded upon a shaft p, which is supported in bearings
q, q, attached to tho casing r, and is extended boyoud tho casing, and provided at 50
its outer extremity with a worm wheel s, with which engages a worm s* on a
spindle /, the latter being provided with a crank linndlo t' for tho facility of turning
tho worm s', and thonce imparting rotary motion to tho chalk cylinder, n is a disc
or tympan of mica, which is attached at its edges by tho cover v, and scrows to tho
casing r and carries at its centre a strip or arm u l of brass faced or tipped with o5
paladium at v", which projects over tho cylinder o, and is maintained in yielding
contact with tho chalk by means of an india rubber spring or cushion w, the prossuro
White's Improvements in Telephones.
of which is rogulatod by means of a scrow w\ Tho terminal 6 1 of tho dividod
portion c 3 of tho tortiary wiro o is connected with the brass strip or arm v\ and tho
terminal c ! of such portion of tho said wiro is connected to one of the bearings q, q,
of tho shaft p on which tho chalk cylinder o is mounted, tho clmlk cylinder o and
5 the brass strip or arm id are thus in tho circuit, bo that the electric ourront is caused
to puss from tho brass strip or arm to nnd through the clmlk cylinder at the point
of contact with tho strip or arm. Tho chalk is moistonod with pure or distilled
water at long intervals, so as to maintain it in a humid condition, nnd when the
eleeiric current passes, a chemical action is produced on tho surfaco of the cylinder,
10 nnd among other parts at the point of contact of the strip or arm therewith.
Tho receipt of an oral communication takes place under tho following conditions,
vUlelieit :—Tho crank handle t l is turned by hand in either direction at pleasuro
so as to impart rotary motion to tho chalk cylinder whereby the disc or tympan u
is drawn forwards or thrust backwards according to tho direction in which the
15 cylinder is rotated, when now an undulatory current the result of tho actuation
of tho tympan at tho sending station, as hereinbefore described, traverses tho
tertiary circuit, a variable degree of lubricity in accordance with tho undulations
of the current is produced on tho surface of the chalk, and tho metal strip or arm
is proportionately released, allowing tho tympan to return towards its normal
20 position. This action being continued so long as tho cylinder is rotated and tho
current is passing, the tympan u is caused to vibrate in unison with the tympan of
the transmitter at tho sending station nnd audible sounds aro produced at x corre¬
sponding to tho vocal sounds which originally actuated the tympan of tho transmitter
at the sending station.
25 Tho several connections aro clearly indicated in the Drawing, tho presonco of a
curve at tho point of intersection of two lines denoting that the wires represented
pass one behind the other and aro not connected with each other.
In using tho apparatus the tertiary circuit is opened prior to the closing of the
primary circuit, and is closed to leave in condition to bo acted upon by a current
30 from tho distant station immediately after tho closing of the primary circuit, and
tho tertiary circuit is opened prior to tho opening of tho primary circuit and closed
immediately thereafter. These conditions aro fulfilled by the - employment of a
single key G arranged in tho manner shewn in Figure 1 of tho Drawings and next
hereinafter described.
35 The wire c 3 of the tertiary circuit c and tho wire a 3 of the primary circuit a are
permanently attached to the lever y of tho key G, and the othor wiro (c‘) of the
tertiary circuit is bifurcated, as shown at c 6 , c°, and the ends of these two lengths
c 5 , c", aro provided with contact points 3, 4, placed one at each side of the lever y
of tho koy G, but at such a distance therefrom as to admit of a third contact
point 5 connected with tho other wiro (a 4 ) of the primary circuit a being brought
into contact with the lever of the key while it is passing from one to the other of
the two contact points of the bifurcated tortiary wire. During the normal con¬
dition of tho apparatus tho keys G are in the positions indicated in the Drawing, the
primary circuit boing opon and the tertiary circuit boing closed. When now. it is
15 required to send a communication from either station, tho key G of that station is
depressed so as to cauao it to leave the contact point 3 of tho bifurcated wiro c of
tlio tertiary circuit c, and bring it into contact with the contact point 4 of the said
"'ire, By this movement tho tortiary oircuit is first opened, then tho key being
„ brought into contact with tho contact point 5 tho primary circuit is closed, and
5U finally when tho lover of tho koy arrives at tho contact point 4 the tertiary circuit
is closed in readiness to bo acted upon by a current from the distant station.
When tho key is released in order to opon the primary circuit tho lover of tho key
first leaves the contact point 4, thus opening tho tertiary circuit, then loaves the
“ntnet point 5, thus oponing tho primary circuit, and finally arrives at the point 3,
3 thereby closing tho tertiary circuit nnd placing it in a condition to bo acted upon
“y a current from tho distant station. _ .
Before sending an oral communication tho call bell or sounder F at tho distan
A.D. 1879.—N° 61
White's Improvements in Telephones.
station is actuated so as to notify that a communication is about to bo sent. This
result is obtainod by the act of depressing the key H at tho sending station, thus
completing the secondary circuit whilst isolating the apparatus at the sending
station, and exciting tho relay E at tho distant station ; by the action of this relay
the local circuit d is completed nnd the bell F is sounded, a notification being thus 5
afforded that a communication is about to be sent. Tho koy H iB then released
and the key G is operated, and the sender speaks into the mouth pieco m of the
transmitter A, and the speech is heard at tho receiver B of tho distant station, os
hercinboforo explained.
Having now described and particularly ascertained tho nature of tho said 10
Invention and tho mannor in which tho same is or may bo used or carried into
effect, I would obsorvo in conclusion that although I have described various dovicos
and arrangements which aro necessary or desirable in carrying out the said
Invention, yet I make no claim to any of tho said devices or arrangements as
forming any part of tho present Invention, except as hereinafter mentioned, but 15
what I consider to bo novel and original, nnd therefore claim as tho Invention
secured to me by tho hereinbefore in part recited Letters Patent is,—
First. Constructing tho frictional Burfnce of tho rotary body of tho recoivor
of clmlk moistened with pure or distilled water, substantially as hereinbefore
described. 20
Secondly. In a receiver constructed as herein set forth the employment in
contact with the surface of tho moving chalk body of a metal strip or arm tipped
or faced with paladium, substantially as hereinbefore described.
Thirdly. The mode of controlling the opening and closing of the primary nnd
tertiary circuits by tho uso of a singlo key, so arranged that tho tertiary circuit 25
shall bo opened before tho primary circuit is doted or opened, and shall bo closed
immediately afterwards, substantially as and for tho purpose hereinbefore described.
In witness whereof, I, tho said Arnold White liavo to this my Specification
set my hand and seal, this Twelfth day of April, One thousand eight
hundred and eighty. 30
Witness,
W. B. Hercek,
Clerk,
11, Queen Victoria Street,
E.C.
ARNOLD WHITE. (L.s.)
LON] .
Printed by Gi
A.D. 1880, 3rd jA.YVAitr. N° 33.
Developing Electric Currents for Electric Lights.
LETT HRS PATENT lo Thomas Alva Edison, of -Menlo Park, in the Stulo of
New Jersey, United States of America, for an invention of " IMPROVEMENTS
in Apparatus Koit Dkvki.opino Electric CURRENTS and Regulati-no tiib
Action ok the same in Circuits that pass to Electric Lights or
Electro Magnetic Engines."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Alva Edison at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on tlio 3rd January 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the Stnto.of Now Jersey, United S tates
of America. “ Improvements in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents
5 and Regulating the Action ok tiie same in Circuits that pass to Electric
Lioiits or Electro Magnetic Engines."
In my system of electric lighting I havo proposed in a previous Patent to
regulate the pressure or electro-motive forco at the central station by varying the
Strength of the field magnets around the induction bobbins connected to the main
10 conductors.
, An y rise or fall in the electro motivo forco due to putting on or off lamps is to be
indicated by an electro meter. I find that an electro dynoinoter similar to that of
Webber, but of high resistance, is an improvement upon the olectro meter, owing
to its greater reliability. Two of such are used, and connected ncross the mam
15 conductors in multiple arc.
In my system a city is to be divided up into districts j in each district there is a
central station, which' station is provided with sufficient motive power and electric
generators to supply half a milo radius. , ._.
At this station I employ, say, five engines, each of 250 horse power; each eng
20 tuns by a belt a separate lino of shafting. On this shafting is bolted, say, 40
electric generators, so that each ongino and its system of generators may bo con¬
sidered comploto within itself. 2 large rods of copper are convoyed in pm»%
o all the generators, and connecting levers nro arranged so that any generator may
„ P , a '? a nc, o»s and feed into tlio two main conductors.
tlle generators when connected to the mainsi are connected in multiple aic,
" nd the field magnet of every generator is so wound, or tlio pulleys upon its shaft
80 made that by increase or docreime of speed, or by a weakening or strengthening
[Price 4d.]
A.D. 1880.—N° 33.
Edison’s Tmpts. in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents for Electric Lights.
of the field mngnot tho electro motive forco of the induction mny bo adjusted to
exactly tho flame electro motive force in all the machines.
I employ several subsiduary electro generators belted on tho shaft of tho first
engine, which aro all in uso, and tho currents from these machines are convoyed by
leading wires to the field mngnet of all tho generators, and serve to keep a constant 5
field. A second series of these subsiduary machines is connected to tho shaft of the
second engine, and connected in duplicate so as to bo used in caso of emergency or
in case the first ongino stops. A switch is provided for changing one subsiduary
generator from one sot to another set, so that the chango can be mado gradually
riio subsiduary generators are also arranged in multiple arc, but tho field mar-nets’ in
of main line generators are so connected that there will be a row of, say, 10 raa°nots
connected in series, and tlieso sots connected in multiple arc. Switches are provided
whereby, say, 10 fiold magnets are disconnected at onee, tho induction bobbin
having previously beon disconnected from the mains.
For energizing the field magnets of tho subsiduary generators I uso a dynamo 15
oleetric machine, tho current from which passes through tho field mngnots of all tho
subsiduary generators either in series or in multiple arc.
,. °' r cuit I place a largo numbor of resistance coils of large wiro, and sub¬
divided so that each has, say, ^ of an ohm. resistance. A wire between each
resistance coil leads to a rotary commutator, which by being turned short circuits 20
a greater or loss number of resistance coils, thus increasing or decreasing tho
strength of the currents in the field magnets of the subsiduary generators; this in
its turn increases or decreases tho strength of the current in tho indication bobbins
between them, aud this current in its turn increases or decreases tho strength of
the field mngnots of the main line generators, and cause a rise or fall in tho pressure 25
or electro-motive force of the line currents, according as more or less onor«y is
drawn from tho stations by putting on or taking off lamps or electric enginos.°
Ihus I am enabled to cause a rise or fall in the pressure or electro-motive forco
by turning of tho commutator handle. To indicato tho rise and fall of electro¬
motive force the operator at the commutator has boforo him tho electro dynometer, 30
as well as several standard lamps, to indicate the rise and fall.
Inis apparatus I proposo to placo in a separate room from tho main rooms con¬
taining the generators and engines, tho connection therewith being mado by wires,
but the movements of tho commutator are transferred by genriug and shafts to
large dials, one in the generator room and ono in tho engine room, so that tho 35
station master may know the proper time to start up or stop down ono or more of
the engines. It may sometimes happen in practice that from tho breaking of bolts
or a wire or other causes that a generator will cense to supply electricity to the main
lines, oven when the induction bobbin is intact; this will cause the currents from
the other generators to pass through this generator, and perhaps burn tho wire. 40
lo prevent this I interpolate a short wire in the induction bobbin circuit, mado of
bismuth or other fusible metal, which will melt and break the circuit, and save tho
wires of tho generator before too great a heat is reachod.
Between each generator I placo a loose pulley supported by a gudgeon, to'which
pulley the belt may bo shifted in case a generator is to be repaired when tho system 45
of generators of which it is ono is in use.
It is well known that at different parts of the main circuit outsido of tho
generators electric engines almost similar to the generators may be placed for tho
purpose of giving out power to the shafting.
r several electro-magnetic engines giving varying amounts of power, 60
from 20 horse to A. of a horse, may be worked in multiple arc Tho less tho power
required the smaller the engine, and tho greater the power required tho finer the
wire used, and I find that it is proforable to place tho greutest length of tho wiro
and resistance upon tho fiold magnot.
In using these electro magnetic onginos in multiple arc for running a sowing 55
or . oth “ srn , al ! machino I arrango a switch for disconnecting the mnebino
trom tho circuit, a belt to connect the motor with the sewing machine, using »
Edison's Impts. in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents fovEkdric Ligh ts.
very small pulley on the motor and a largo pulley on the sewing machine so ns to
allow of high speeds in tho motor. I regulate tho speed of sowing by a friction
lever pressing on the driving pulley of the sewing machine, which lever being con¬
nected to tho foot rest may be pressed lightly or heavily on tho pulley of tho
5 sewing machine, and thus increase or diminish its speed instantly or stop it
altogether. The pulley of the motor being a friction pulley allows tlio motor shaft
to revolve at a slower speed oven when the belt is stopped
When tlio motor is arranged to pump water to a tank I use a float which, when
the water becomes too low, closes a circuit and connects the motor to the main line
10 nnd when the wntor is sufficiently high the float serves to disconnect tho motor
from tho eloctno circuit.
For running machine shops with these motors, and wiioro an even speed is
required I arrange upon the shaft of the motor a governor working in the ordinarv
manner, but which when the speed has reached a certain point causes a lover to
15 open the circuit and disconnect the motor from the circuit.
These motors can be worked upon tho same main conductors as the lamps.
Edison’s Impts. in Apparatus for Developing Electric Currents for Electric Lights.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of tlio Letters Patont filed bv
tho said Thomas Alvu Edison in the Groat Seal Patont Office on tho 1st
July 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jorsoy, United States
of America. » Improvements in Apparatus foii Developing Electiuc Currents 5
and Regulating the Action of the same in Cikcuits that pass to Electrio
Lights or Electro Magnetic Engines."
In my system of electric lighting I hnvo proposed in a provious Patent to
regulate the pressure or electromotive force at the central station by varying tho
strength of tho field magnets around the induction bobbins connected to tho umin 10
conductors, any rise or fall in the electro inotivo force duo to putting on or off
lamps being indicated by an electrometer. I find that an electro dynamometer
similar to that of Webber, but of high resistance, is an improvement upou the
electrometer owing to its greater reliability. Two of such are used and connected
across the main conductors in multiple arc. In my system a city is to bo divided 15
up into districts ; in each district there is a central station, which station i'b provided
with sufficient motive power and electric generators to supply half a mile radius.
At this station I employ, say, five engines, each of two hundred and fifty horse
power. Each engine runs by a belt a separate line of shafting ; on this slmftim'
is belted, say, forty electric generators, so that each engino and its system of 20
generators may be considered complete within itself. Two large rods of copper are
in proximity to all tho generators, and connecting levers arc urranged so that any
generator may be placed across uiid feed into tho two main conductors. All the
generators when connected to tho mains are connected in multiple arc, and tho
field magnet of every generator is so wound, or the pulleys upon its shaft so made, 25
that by increase or decrease of speed, or by a weakening or strengthening of tho
field magnet, the electro motive force of the induction may bo adjusted to exactly
the same electromotive force in all the machines. I employ several subsidiary
electric generators belted on the shaft of the first engine which are all in use, and
the currents from theso machines aro conveyed by leading wires to tho field magnet 311
of all the generators and serve to keep a constant field. A second series of these
subsidiary machines is connected to tho shall of the second engine, and connected
in duplicate so as to be used in case of emergency or in case tho first engine stops.
A switch is provided for changing one subsidiary generator from one set to
another set, so that tile change can be made gradually. Tho subsidiary generators 35
are also arranged in multiple arc, but the field magnets of main line generators are
so connected that there will be a row of, say, 10 imignets connected in series, and
theso sets connected in multiple arc. Switches are provided whereby, say, ten
field mngnots are disconnected at once, the induction bobbin having previously
been disconnected from tho mains. For energizing tho field magnets of tho sub- 40
sidmry generators I use a dynamo electric machine, tho current from which passes
thioiigh the field magnets of all the subsidiary generators cither in series or in
multiple arc. In this circuit I place a large number of resistance coils of huge
wire and subdivided, so that each has, say, one fiftieth of an ohm. resistance.
A wire between each resistance coil leads to a rotary commutator, which by 45
being turned short circuits a greater or less number of resistance coils, thus
increasing or decreasing tho strength of the current in the field magnets of tho
subsidiary generators, this in its turn increases or decreases the strength of the
current in the induction bobbins betweon thorn, and this current in its turn
increases or decreases the strength of tho held magnets of the main line generator*, 50
and causes a rise or fall in tho pressure or electromotive force of tho line currcnls,
according us more or less energy is drawn from the stations by putting on or
taking oil lamps or electric engines. Thus I am enabled to causo a rise or fall in
the pressure or electromotive force by turning of the commutator handle. To
indicate the rise and fall of electromotive forco tho operator at tho commutator has 55
before him tho electro dynamometer, as well as several standard lamps, to indicato
Edison's Impts. in Apparatus for Developing Electric Cu rrents for Electric Lights.
the riso and fall. This apparatus I propose to placo in a separate room from the
main rooms containing the generators and engines, the connection therewith being
made by wires, but the movements of tho commutator are transferred by gearing
and shafts to largo dials, ono in the generator room and one in tho ongino room so
5 that the station master may know tho proper time to start up or stop down ono
or more of the engines. It may sometimes happen in practice that from tho
breaking of belts, or a wire, or other causes, that n generator will cease to supply
electricity to the main lines, oven when tho induction bobbin is intact; this will
cause tho currents from tho other generators to pnss through this generator and
10 perhaps burn tho wire. To provont this I interpolate a short wire in tho induction
bobbin circuit mndc of bismuth or other fusible metal, which will melt and break
tho circuit, and save the wires of tho generator before too great a heat is reached.
Between each generator I place a loose pulley supported by a gudgeon, to which
pulley tho belt may be Bhiftcd in ease a generator is to be repaired when tho
| system of generators of which it is one is in use. It is well known that at different
parts of tho main circuit outsido of tho generators, electric engines almost similar
to the generators may bo placed for tho purpose of giving out power to shafting.
I find that soveral electro mngnetic engines giving varying amounts of power, from
twenty horse to »/„ of a horse, may bo worked in multiple arc. Tho less tho
I power required the smaller the engine, and the greater the power tho finer tho
wire used, and I find that it is preferable to place the greatest length of tho wire
and resistance upon tho fiold magnet.
In .using theso electro magnetic ongincs in multiple arc for running a sowing
machine gr othor small machine, I arrange a switch for disconnecting the inachino
i from the circuit, a bolt to connect tho motor with the sewing machine,using a very
small pulley on the motor and a largo pulley on the sewing machine, so as to
allow of high speeds in tho motor. I regulate the speed of sowing by a friction
lever pressing on the driving pulley of tho sewing machine, which lover being
connected to tho foot rest may be pressed lightly or heavily on tho pulley of the
l sewing machine, and thus increnso or diminish its speed instantly or stop it
altogether; the pulley of the motor being a friction pulley allows the motor shaft
to rcvolvo at a slower speed even when the belt is stopped.
When this motor is arranged to pump water to a tank I use a float, which, when
the water becomes too low, closes a circuit and connects' tho motor to tho main
35 line, and when the water is sufficiently high tho float serves to disconnect the
motor from the electric circuit. For running machine shops with theso motors, and
where nn even speed is required, I nrrnngo upon tho shaft of tho motor a governor
working in the ordinary manner, but which when the spoed has reached a certain
point, cuuses a lever to open the circuit and disconnect the motor from the circuit.
40 These motors enn be worked upon the samo main conductors as the lamps.
Having now described tho nature of my said Invention and in wlmt manner tho
same is or may bo performed, I declare that I claim as my Invention,—
The method herein specified of regulating and controling the action of magneto
electric generators and governing the electro motive forco throughout a system of
15 conductors, in which system are included electric lamps or magneto electric motors,
substantially ns sot forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Fifteenth day of June, A.D. 1880.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (l.s.)
50 Witnesses,
Ciias. H. Smith, 140, Nassau St., New York.
Geo. T. Pincknev, „ „
LONDON: Fruit.*! by Gkui.uk Emu , hi. Kvuk uml Wtu.iam SrarmwouUK,
Printers to tho Queim’H most Excellent Majesty.
For Hor Majesty’s Stationery Office.
A.D. 1880, lOi/t February. N° 578.
Electric Lamps.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of New
Jersey, United States of America, for an Invention of " Improvement in
Electric Lamps, and in the Method or Manufacturing the same.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Alva Edison at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on tho 10th February 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the Slnto of New Jorsoy Unitod
_ States of America. ■' Improvement in Electric Lamps, and in the Method
5 of Manufacturing the same.”
For an electric lamp I prefer to use an incandescing conductor of high resistance
hermetically sealed in a glass chamber. ... , ,
Great difficulty has always been experienced in so sealing a gloss vacuum globe
or chamber that a complete union of parts was had, and danger of opening or
10 separation avoided. In all vacuum sealing of which I am cognisant ,there 1ms
never been a complete union of tho parts where tho parts joined were attempted to
be joined in vacuo. There might bo a union forming a tight joint lasting some
indefinite time under ordinary conditions, yet critical examination would always
reveal a lino showing incomplete juncture, where, undor tho influence of heat
15 conditions present in an'eTcctricInmp.’an opening would occur. One part of my
Invention therefore relates to a method of manufacturing electric lamps so that a
One part of my
stable vacuum may bo maintained therein. , ... , . ,
In manufacturing my lamps a glass bulb is formed with a long but small tube
extending therefrom, by Y which the bulb is to bo attached to tho air pumps, and it
20 is preferably curved so thnt sevoral may bo attached to one pump.
Upon the opposite side from the tube is formed a supporting neck of a size
sufficient to permit tho introduction through it into the body of tho bulb of the
A piece of small tubing is formed with a round head at .one ond
2o neck referred to, for receiving tho supporting and conducting wires of tho arc. Ihe
lube, a little below this head, is enlarged to tho sizo of tho ncclc. f l f
Upon tho head a part of tho glass whero the platinum wire pMsi mjbmeiot
"bite enamel glass having a greater conducticity for heat than tho mam part of the
vessel. The enamel glass through which tho platinum wires pass is then melted and
[l'rice 8d.]
Edison’s Improvement in Electric Lamps.
sealed around them by fusion, tlio glass extending somo littlo distance above tlie
general plane of the head around tbo glass, or vice versa. On the outside of the
bulb the platinum wires nro joined] to copper or aluminium wires which pass out
through the lower or opon ond of the tubo. Clamps for holding tho incandescent
conductor nro secured to the upper ends of tho platinum wires, and the incandescent 5
conductor secured therein. Tho head is then passed into the neck until the lower
edge of the neck and tho enlargement of tho tube below tho hend meet, when the
two are there joined together by fusion.
The lamp is now ready for exhaustion, and for this purposo it is attached by tho
tubo referred to to an air pump. When tho proper degreo of vacuum has been 10
reached the tube is closed by fusion at tho point of juncturo with tho pump, and
the lamp removed from the pump. The tubo is then scaled by fusion at or near
tho piano of tho bulb. There is now tho same degreo of vacuum upon each sido of
this last seal that is in the bulb and in tho tube between tho two seals innde.
The vacuum in the tubo is now destroyed, and tho tube again sealed just abovo 15
the seal at or near tho plane of tho bulb ; tho vacuum in tho bulb is now protected
by two sealings, the one in vacuo and one in air. I find that this double sealing
makes a complete and perfect union of the parts, so that a stable vacuum may be
maintained.
In manufacturing these lamps I use within tho vacuum chamber only such JO
materials as when subjected to influences within tho chamber consequent upon the
light do not injuriously effect tho light. For instance, iron or steel under the
influence of heat vaporize to a slight extent, and platinum in its ordinary state
always contains somo air or gas. I therefore uso platinum or metals of that group
prepared and treated by a process hitherto announced by mo, or aluminium may 25
be used for the supporting clamps and for the metallic parts within the vacuum
chamber.
If a definite area of radiating surface bo raised to a definite temperature a
definite amount of light is tho result, a definite electro motive force, or as I lmvo
termed it, “pressure" of current is required, and tho conductors or rnnins arc 30
proportioned to all those conditions.
I have discovered that if the resistance of the light giving medium bo increased,
its radiating surface remaining tho samo,-tho same amount of light will bo produced,
but tho conductors may bo diminished in size proportionally to tho increase of
resistance, much less proportionate increase of pressure of current however being 3»
required.
For example, let all the lamps in circuit have incandescent conductors of 100
ohms, resistance each, and 1000 pounds of copper conductor bo used in the main
conductors, and 100 volts, bo required to keep tho lights up. If now the radiating
surfneo of each lamp bo unchanged, but tho resistance of each bo raised to 200 40
ohms., 500 pounds of copper conductor will answer for main conductors, and 140
volts, will be required to keep tho lights up to tho same point, hence by doubling
tho resistance of the lamp one half of the prime cost of tho conductors will be saved,
tho amount of energy expended remaining tho samo, about 3000 foot pounds being
required to mnintain the light in cither case, which is entirely independent of the 45
resistance.
Another part of my Invention therefore relates to utilizing this discovery by so
adjusting tho radiating surfaco resistance and pressure relatively to each other
that great economy in conductors may result. In one form I increase the resistance,
the resistance in tho light, by taking a filament of carbon long enough to give twice •
the ordinary resistance, and doublo it upon itself, keeping tho two surfaces
electrically apart. In this case tho contiguous sides radiate littlo if any light, each
obscuring tho other, but I obtain tho increased resistance necessaiy to enable me to
uso small conductors, _ . 55
A number of arcs may bo connected togethor os a series in ono lamp, in '™ IC "
ovent an incroaso of resistance (equal to number used) and of radiating surface
s'SJSt A.D. 1880.—N° 578. 3
_ Edison's Improvement in Elect ric Lamps.
would bo secured with a proportionate dccreaso in tho amount of conductor
necessary.
As a necessary part of any practical system of electric lighting for domestic uses
it appears to bo essential that an electric lamp should bo simplo in construction and
5 complete within itself, requiring no skill in placing in position or in manipulation.
To provido for this upon tho lowor ond of tho lamp, as described under tho first
head, an insulating ring is secured, upon the opposito sides of which.are placed two
contact springs, ono of the conductors leading from tho incandescent conductor
being secured to each.
10 A holder is mado by hollowing out a pieco of insulating material Bhaped or
ornamented, ns desired, tho bottom boing fashioned so as to bo secured in any
suiiablo support, say, a bracket or chandelier arm. On the interior of tho hollow
(which is of a sizo to rcccivo the neck of the lamp) are two metallic pieces insulated
from each other; to ono is fastened a conductor leading directly or indirectly from
15 tho source of electricity, opposito the other piece, and upon tho exterior of tho
holder is a metallic nut, to which the other main conductor leads. A screw passes
through this nut, and may be made to impinge against tho interior plate so as to
electrically connect the nut and plate. Tho main conductors may pass to the
holder through ordinary gas or other tubing, and through tho bracket or chandelier
20 arms, or in any other suitable way.
From this description it is evident tlmt a lamp holder may be so mado that tho
lamp may be placed in position in or removed from tho holder without any skill or
manipulation of binding posts or fastening devices, and that tho current for
lighting is turned off or on by simply turning the screw connecting one plate and
25 tho nut.
It is evident that the portion of the neck of tho lam]) entering tho socket may
bo round or square, or many sided, or provided with a leather, lugs, or splines, tho
holder being correspondingly hollowed out.
It is also evident tlmt tho neck and holder may bn mado of such relative size
30 tlmt the neck shall slide upon and over instead of within the holder.
In a prior application, filed by mo on tho 10th November 1879,1 have stated how
fibrous material capable of carbonization may bo coiled in a spiral in order that a
largo resistance may bo had with comparatively small radiating surface. In an
application, filed by mo on tho loth December 1879, I lmvo shown how an
35 incandescent conductor of small radiating surfaco with largo resistance may bo
inado of paper properly carbonized.
I lmvo sinco discovered that an incandescent conductor of very high resistance
in comparison to the radiating surfaco may bo mado of such natural vegetable
fibres os nro cnpnblo of carbonization. I profor to uso the fibre of bleached mnnilln
40 licmp, although nny vegetable fibres which are large, round, and filamentary, instead
of cellular may bo used. In using these fibres I wind the ends with tissuo paper
and then carbonizo thorn, tho tissue paper wrapping forming an enlarged end,
which gives a good bearing for the supporting clamps.
A.D. 1880.—N° 578.
Edison's Improvement in Electric Lamps.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
the said Thomas Alva Edison in the Great Seal Patent Ollice on the 10th
August 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of New Jersey, United
States of America. “ Improvement in Electric Lamps, and in the Method 5
of Manufacturing the same.”
For an electric lamp I prefer to use an incandescent conductor of high resistance
hermetically scaled in a glass chamber.
Great difficulty lias always been experienced in so sealing a glass vacuum globe
or chamber that a complcto union of tho parts was had, and danger of opening or 10
separation avoided.
In all vacuum scaling of which I am cognizant there 1ms never been a complete
union of tho pnrts where the parts were attempted to be joined in vacuo, There
might be a union forming a tight joint lasting an indefinite time under ordinary
conditions, yet critical examination always revealed a line shewing incomplete 15
juncture, when under the influence of heat or conditions present in an electric lamp
an opening would occur. .
One part of my Invention therefore relates to a method of manufacturing lamps
so that a stable vacuum may bo maintained thcroin. In manufacturing iny lamps
a glnss bulb is formed with a long small tubo extending therefrom by which the -0
bulb is to bo attached to the air pump, and it is preferably curved so that several
may bo attached to one pump. Upon the opposite sido from the tube is formed a
supporting neck of a size sullicient to permit tho introduction through it into the
body of the bulb of the carbon arc. A piece of tubing is formed into a round ^
head at ono end, smaller than tho neck referred to, for receiving ihe supporting and -a
conducting wires of tho arc. The tube a little below this head is made as largo as
the neck. A part of tho head where the platinum wires pass may be formed o
white enamel glass having a greater conductivity for heat than the main part o
tho vessel, or it may be of plain glass. Tho gloss through which the platinum wires
pass is molted and sealed around thorn by fusion, tho glass extending some litt e
distance above the general surface of tho head around tho wires, or vice versa, on
the outside of the bulb. _ .
Tho platinum wiros are joined to copper or alluminium wires which pnss ou
through tho lower or open end of the tube. 1 nf 35
Clamps for holding tho incandescent conductor nrc secured to the upper ends o
the platinum wires, and tho incandescent conductors secured therein. The head »
then |iassed into the neck until tho lower edge of tho neck and the enlargement,
the tubo below tho head moot, and tho two arc there joined togethor by fusio •
Tho lamp is now ready for exhaustion, and for this purpose it is attached Dj i
tube aforesaid to an air pump. After the proper dogreo of vacuum has ei
reached tho tubo is closed by fusion at tho point of juncture with the pump.*«*
the lamp romovod from tho pump. Tho tube is then sealed by fusion at or n
tho plane of the bulb ; there is now tho same degree of vacuum 11(1011 each si
tho last seal. The vacuum in tho tubo is now destroyed, and tho tubo again set
just abovo tho seal nt or near tho plane of the bulb. The vacuum in tho1 Du •
now protected by two sealings, ono in vacuo and one in uir. I find tlm
doublo sealing makes a complete nnd perfect union of tho parts, so that 0 s
vacuum may bo maintained. . .„],
In manufacturing these lamps T tiso within the vacuum chamber only 8 .j
material ns when subjected to influences within the chamber consequent upon
light do not afreet the light. For instance, iron or steel under tho induce.
heat in a vacuum vaporize to a slight oxtent aud form carburet of iron,'
A.D. 1880.—N° 578.
_ Edison’s Improvement in E lectric Lamps.
platinum in its ordinary stato always contains some air. I thorofore use platinum
or metals of that group prepared nnd treated by heat in vacuum, as heretofore
announced bv mo, or clso aluminium for tho supporting clamps and for all metallic
parte within tho vacuum chamber.
5 If a definite area of radiating surface bo raised to a dofiDite temperature a
definite1 amount of light is tho result, a definito electro motivo forco of electricity,
or, ns I have termed it, " pressure ” of current being required therefor, the conductors
or mams being proportioned to all tlieso conditions.
I have discovered that if tho resistance of tho light giving body bo increased, its
10 radiating surfneo remaining tho same, tho same amount of light will bo produced
but tho conductors may bo diminished in size proportionally to the increase of
resistance, much less proportionate incrcaso of pressure of current however being
required, hor example, if all the lamps in circuit liavo incandescent conductors of
ono hundred ohms, resistance, each then ono thousand pounds of copper conductor
15 should lie used in tho main conductors, nnd one hundred volts, will be required to
maintain tho lights. If now tho radiating surface of each lamp bo unchanged, but
llio resistance of each bo raised to two hundred ohms., five hundred pounds of
copper conductor will answer for main conductors, ono hundred and forty volts,
however being required to keep the lights up to tho same point, so that by doubling
20 the resistance tho primo cost of ono half tho conductors is saved, tho amount o°f
cnorgy exponded remaining the snmo, about three thousand foot pounds being
required to mnintain the light in either case, which is entirely independent of the
resistance.
Another part of my Invention therefore relates to utilizing this discovery by so
25 adjusting the radiating surfaces, resistances, and pressure relatively to each other
that great economy in conductors may be obtained. In ono form I increase the
rcsjstnuce by taking a filament of carbon long enough to givo twice tho ordinary
resistance, and doublo. it upon itself, keeping tho two surfaces electrically apart.
In this case the contiguous sides radiate but little light, as each obscures the otlior,
30 hut I obtain tho increased resistance necessary to enable mo to uso the smaller
A number of arcs may be connected togotlior as a series in one lamp, in which
event there is an increase of resistance equal to tho number used, and radiating
surfaces nro secured with a proportionate dccreaso in the amount of conductor
35 necessary. As a necessary part of any practical system of electric lighting for
domestic uses it is essential that the electric lamp should bo simple in construction,
and complete within itself, requiring no skill in placing in position or in ninnipu-
To provide for this an insulating ring is secured upon the lower end of the neck
™ °f tho lamp, nnd upon tho opposito side of this ring are placed two contact springs,
one of tho conductors loading from tho incandescent conductor being secured to
each. A cup shaped holder is made of insulating material, ornamented as desired,
the bottom being fashioned bo ns to be secured in any suitablo support, such as a
bracket or chandelier. On the interior of tho cup, which is of a size to receive tho
45 neck of the lamp, are two metallic plntos opposite to but insulated from each other.
To ono is fastoned a conductor lending directly or indirectly from tho sourco of
electricity, and upon tho oxterior of the holder is a metallic nut, to which tho other
main conductor loads. A screw passes through this nut, nnd may be mndo to
... ,,n P’u>go against tho otlior motallic pieco, so as to electrically connect the nut and
cu plate. Tho main conductors may pass to tho lioldor through ordinary gas or
other tubing, and through the bracket or chandelier arm, or in any other suitablo
way.
From this description it is evident that a lamp holder may he so made that tho
lamp may be placed in position in or removed from tho holder without any skill
a or manipulation of binding posts or fastening devices, and that the current for
fighting is turned off or on by simply turning tho screw that presses upon ono of
tho plates. It is evident that tho portion of the neck of tho lamp entering the
Specification.
A.D. 1880.—N° 578.
Ellison’s Improvement in Electric Lumps.
socket may bo round, or square, or many sided, and provided with a feather, lugs,
or spliner, the holder being correspondingly hollowed out. It is also evident that
the neck and holder may bo made of such relative sisto that tho neck shall slide
upon and over instead of within the holder. In a prior application for Letters
patent I have stated how fibrous material capable of carbonization may he coiled 5
in a spiral in order that a large resistance may bo hud with comparatively small
radiating surface. I have also shown how all incandescent conductor of small
radiating surface with largo resistance may bo made of paper properly carbonized.
I have sinco discovered that an incandescent conductor of very high resistance in
comparison to the radiating surface may be made of such natural fibers os are 10
capable of carbonization. I prefer to use the single fiber of blenched mnnilla
hemp, although any of the fibers which nro large, round, and filamentary instead of
cellular may bo used, as hereafter set forth. In using these fibers I wind the ends
with tissue paper niul then carbonize them, tho tissue paper wrapping forming an
enlarged end, which gives a good bearing for the supporting clamps. 13
Figs. 1, 2,11, 4, & 5 illustrate tho method of manufacturing my improved lamp,
showing the steps therein successively. , . , ,
A piece of tubing the size of c is taken, on which is blown or otherwise forme,
tho bulb b, whoso upper portion is drawn out into the tulio h curved so that several
bulbs may bo attached to ono air exhausting pump. The part c is left unchanged -U
in order to form a supporting neck for tho lamp ; in forming this from tubing
however the lower end is often drawn out as shown in Fig. 1; this small end a
removed on the line x, x, leaving the globo neck and tube ns shown in lig. - !
/ is a piece of glass tubing of a size somewhat less than c ; upon its upper end is
formed tho bulb d and the two seals p, p, for tho wires. Below <1 tho enlargement c 25
is formed in the tube /, its exterior diameter being the same or nearly so as that
of c. Platinum wires w, w, joined to conductors 1, 2, are passed through openings
in tlie projections p, p, which projections are then fused by heat around the wires
to, 10, so as to seal the wires hermetically in the gloss, said seals extending around
the wires above the general surface of tho bulb d. Chimps It', h', aro attached to J
the wires, nnd tho incandescent conductor fastened in tho clamps. It is to be here
remarked that the clamps or wires within the globo must be of some material not
so affected by any influences existing within the globe when tho proper vacuum
has been attained as to interfere with the light or its proper dissemination, l
iron be used it is so acted on that it is gradually destroyed with an ensuing deposit
on tho glass obscuring the transparency of the globe, nnd also acting on tho carbon,
uniting with it, nnd finally destroying it. In order to prevent this, and to guar
against any injurious influences whatever, the clamps Id, Id, nnd wires within «j
globe should bo of platinum or some metal or metals of the platinum group, tree e.
by the vacuum and heating process described by mo in a prior application lor
Letters Patent. Tho arc a and bulb d are inserted in tho neck c until the end *,
of tho neck c rests against tho enlargement e, when the two aro securely an
hermetically joined by fusion of the glnss at that point. Tho tube c is large ono „
to allow the carbon arc, which is slightly flexible, to pass through it. 1 ho temp .
attached by the tube h to an exhaust pump of any suitable character, and alter ^
proper degree of exhaustion has been reached tho tubo It is scnled by fusion o
glass at i and removed from tho pump, and a second seal i is mndo m tlic i
immediately above tho globo b. This last sealing is mado entirely in vacuo,
the degree of vacuum in b and in h between l nud i is tho same. I ot - 50
however that a perfect nnd durable seal cannot bo made when all tho porn
tho glnss which unite to form tho seal aro in a vacuum whon tl.o »e..l «* . ’
hence tho seal i at tho end of the tubo It. Tho tubo It is now sea .•J
fusion at ill, or it may bo broken off at m and a drop of molten glass placed •
and tho parts molted to form tho seal. Tho seal I 1 , Fig. 5, is therefore tho 1 55
two sealings, at l in vacuo, and at m in air. , . . i|, e
I have found that such a seal is lasting under all conditions, nnd that }
method hero indicated a globo is so constructed and sealed that a vacuum pe >
A.D. 1880.—N° 578. 7
Edison's Improvement in Electric Lamps.
stablo is maintained therein. Tho wires 1 & 2 for attachment to devices for com¬
pleting tho circuit pass out of tho end of tho tubo f and in order to prevent their
accidental crossing or displacement a plug 11 of cork, piaster of Paris, or other
insulating material is put in the end of/securing the wires therein.
5 Figs. G, 7, 8, 0, 10, and 11 show modifications in which tho resistance of the
incandescent arc is increased. In Fig, G b is tho enclosing globo. Several incan¬
descent conductors a, each of tho standard resistance, aro united at their ends in a
scries by conducting clamps h, the terminal ends of tho series connecting to
clamps Id, Id, to which are attached the wires tv, to. The series nro supported
10 upon il in circular form by wires or other supports 3, 3. In this case tho current
entering by 1 traverses ono carbon nnd passes by chimp k to the next, and so on
through tho series to conductor 2. Five of these carbons are shown in Figs. G nnd 7.
As each incandescent portion a is of stnndurd resistance, and gives a standard light,
tho object of this arrangement is to group a number of such lights, and to light a
15 much larger area than ono light would, at the snme time the total resistance of tho
lamp being proportionately increased the size of the conductors or street mains is
proportionately lessened, there being consequently grout economy in the laying
thereof, and tho number of street lamps required being lessened it is practicable to
light thinly settled highways nnd streets.
20 In Figs. 9, 10, and 11, a strip a of carbonized material is employed of stnndard
resistance for a given length, but of twice tho ordinary length, nnd the same is
doubled upon itself. At tho point of bending back an insulnting block 0 is iutro-
duced, so that the folded carbonized strip is kept apart. To the free ends nro
attached tho clamps Id, Id, nnd conductors w, w. Each inner contiguous surface is
25 partinlly hidden by tho other, so that the outer surface is tho portion that radiates
light, nnd this is to be equal to the total surface of an ordinary or undoubted carbon;
but the increase of length has doubted tho resistance, hence there is a doublo
resistance with little chnngo in tho radiating surface. This doublo resistance
however ennbles a smaller conductor to bo used, tho amount of metal in this
30 instance being diminished ono half. This ability to diminish the amount of metal
in conductors is of great importance, ns in many instances, notably in thinly
settled localities, it may determine tho practicability of a system of electric lighting.
It also enables localities far distant from a central station or source of electric
energy to bo supplied with electric energy for purposes of light and power when
35 under ordinnry conditions, or under conditions which have usually existed, tho
first cost of conductors nnd tho cost of maintenance would prove insurmountable
obstacles.
An incandescent conductor of very high resistance in propoition to its radiating
surface may be made of any natural fiber capable of carbonization, especially such
40 as nro large und filamentary instead of cellular. A preferable one for this purpose
is a single fiber of bleached mnnilla hemp. A liber is taken, its ends wound with
tissue paper and then carbonized, tho carbonization uniting tho fiber nud paper
wrapping, tho latter forming an enlarged end, which gives a good bearing for the
supporting clamps. Figs. 12 nnd 13 show my lamp manufactured as hereinbefore
45 described with additions and modifications, rendering it a separate and complete
urticlc adapted for attachment to a suitable support. Upon tho lower end of tho
part 0 is secured a cylinder q of any suitable insulating material, provided on
opposite sides with metallic springs or contact pieces 13, 14. l'rom the clamps
Id, Id, which hold and support the incandescent arc a, the conductors; 1, 2, lead to
60 tho contact pieces 13,14, adapted to complete the electrical circuit when tho lamp
is placed in position in tho holder hereafter described.
This construction forms a separate electric lamp, which may readily bo removed
from or placed upon or within a suitable holder, tho act of placing tho lamp in
position completing without adjustment or attention the necessary connection of
55 tho circuit to tho light giving portions, r is a socket or holder for receiving the
the lamp. It is made of suitable insulating material, shaped and ornnincntou as
may bo desired, rccoiving and supporting tho neck of the electric lamp, and
8 A.D. 1880.—N° 678.
Edison’s Improvement in Electric Lamps.
fashioned at ono end so as to be fastoned onto a gas fixturo or other suitable
support, os shown. Tho cylindrical cup or socket for tbo lamp is at the top, and
a scrow threaded nporturo in the base allows tho holder to be attachod to a
standard, a bracket, or a chandelier arm t. Upon the interior aro tho metallic
plates u, v, insulated from each other. Upon tho exterior of tho holder is u motailic 5
nut s in which works tho metallic scrow y. A conductor 6 leads to the pinto u,
and a conductor 0 to the nut s; upon turning tho scrow y electric connection
between tho plato v and nut s is either completed or broken dependent upon tho
direction of turning. Tho conductors 5, C, lend directly or indirectly from tho
source of electricity, and may bo placed inside of gas or other suitablo pipes or 10
tubing, ns shown in Fig. 12, or they may be brought to tho lamp in any convenient
mnnnor. From this it may bo seen that if the lamp be placed in tho socket r, as
shown in Fig. 12, one spring 13 bears against and forms electrical contact with ono
plate, say u, while tho other spring 14 bears against and forms electrical contact
with the other plato v. 15
If the screw y he turned so as to impinge firmly on plate v a complete circuit is
formed via wire 5, plato u, spring 13, wire 2, incandescent arc a, wire 1,
spring 14, plato v, screw y, nut s, and wire C, tho maximum light, a dim light, or
no light, being duo respectively to a fine contact, a slight contact, or no contact
between v and y. 20
From the description it is evident that tho lamp is an article complete in itsolf,
capable of being placod in position for use without any attention or adjustment
While I have shown contact springs upon the cylinder q or tho neck of tho lamp,
and contact plates upon tho interior of the socket or holder, it is evident that tho
relation could be reversed, tho plates being placed on the neck of tho lamps, and 25
the springs in tho socket without departing from the spirit of my Invention,
or requiring any further Invention. It is also evident that the lamp can bo so
constructed that the neck will embrace tho holder instead of being placed thorcin.
What I claim as my Invention is,—
First. The method of forming electric lamps, consisting in separately forming the .10
enclosing globe and tho supporting bulb for tiio incandescent conductor, attaching
the wires and incandescent conductor thereto, nnd then hermetically uniting tho
parts prior to the formation of the vacuum, substantially ns set forth."
Second. The method of hermetically sealing a vitrified vacuum chamber, which
consists of first sealing in vacuo and then sealing in tho air, substantially as 33
described.
Third. Tho clamps and wires made of platinum or motals of tho platinum group
or conductors of electricity not affected by influences within the lamp, substantially
as described.
Fourth. In a system of generation, distribution, and translation of electricity for 40
purposes of light, the method of diminishing the amount of metal required in a
given length of main conductors by increasing the resistance of the lamps,
substantially as described.
Fifth. An incandescent conductor formed of sovornl separata conductors joined
together, substantially ns sot forth. 45
Sixth. An incandescent conductor formed of a long strip doubled upon itself, so
as to increaso tho resistance nnd maintaiu a given radiating surfaco, substantially
as sot forth.
Seventh. An incandescent conductor formed of a singlo carbonized fiber,
substantially as described. w
Eighth. An incandescent conductor having a body formed of a single fiber with
enlarged ends mado of paper wrapped upon tho ends of the fiber and carbonized,
substantially as set forth.
Ninth. A separata electric lamp adapted to bo readily removed from, or placed,
or replaced upon or within a suitable holdor, substantially as herein described. 55
Tenth. Tho combination of a separata removable electric lamp and a suitable
holder, substantially as heroin described.
A.D. 1880.— N° 678.
_ Edison’s Improvement in Electri c Lamps.
Eleventh. The combination of a sopnrato removable lamp, a suitable holder, and
electric conductors, which comploto tho circuit whon desired to said lamp, but are
not attached theroto, substantially as herein described.
Twelfth. An doctric lamp consisting of a gloss globe, substantially of ono pieco
5 of glass, hermetically sealed, nnd enclosing in a vacuum material capable of being
rendered incandescent by an electric current, and provided at its base with contact
pieces, substantially ns herein described.
Thirteenth. Tho combination in an electric lamp of a glass globe enclosing in a
vacuum material capable of being rendered incandescent by an electric current, an
10 insulated base. Bpring contacts, and conductors thorofrom to the incandescent
material, substantially as heroin described.
Fourteenth. A socket or bolder for electric lamps consisting of an insulating
cylinder formed to receivo and support tho lamp, and provided with two contact
plates and a circuit controling device for coutroliug the circuit to one of tho contact
15 plates, substantially as herein set forth.
Fifleontli. The combination with a bracket or chandelier arm of a socket or
holder adapted to receive and support an electric lamp, substantially ns herein set
forth.
Sixteenth. Tho combination of a holdor, bracket, or cliandelior arm with a socket
20 or holdor adapted to bo received thereon, nnd to receive and support an electric
lamp and conductors passing through tho arm to contact plates in the holder,
substantially as herein set forth.
Seventeenth. Tho combination with a socket or holder provided with suitablo
contact plates of a lamp provided with corresponding contact springs upon its
25 cxtciior, substantially ns herein set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Thomas Alva Edison, have hereunto set my
hnnd and seal, this 29 day of Juuo, A.D. 1880.
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (l.s.)
Witnesses,
30 S. L. Griffin,
Frank JlVLAuauuN.
A.D. 1880, nth February. N° 599.
Anaesthetic Compound.
LETTERS PATENT to William Robert Lake, or the Firm or llaxeltii.o, Lake,
& Co., Patent Agents, Southampton Buildings, London, for an Inventi
“An Improved Anesthetic CoMrouND.” A commumcation trom aurouu
by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, Now Jersey, United States oi
America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said William Robert Luke at the
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th February 18SU.
William Roiieut Lake, of the Firm of Haseltinc, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
Southampton Buildings, London. " An Improved Anestueti Jersey
communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, New Jersey,
United States of America.] _ ,
The object of this Invention is to provide means for producing anaesthetic effects
upon the nerves by external application for obtaining relief from p
° r Sm S:ri,w7nUofeoluL e ; first, in providing V^^lc^Twhirtve
of the most powerful chemical substances which act amesthotically and which
dissolving the said substances, which menstruums shall ha '’ . .. , ti
upon each other or upon the said substances other than to eHect thcii bO UUon
The object of placing in one compound all of the most powerful
pounds which net uiuesthetically is to ousure that it one doe m-oduce the
may, as it is woll known that a certain anaesthetic may in one case produ «
effect, but in another case will not produco amestliesia, while an infonor amosttietic
’KsraT.tfa a. LTS“:.i“
compounded according to the formula given below, that in some a y
one anaisthotie (luickons the action of the others. „i.i nr „i
The ingredients which I use in practising this Invention aro hydra e o chlorah
chloroform, other, nitrate of amyl, morphia, opium, camphor, alcohol, oil
{Price 4d.]
2 A.D. 1880.—N° 599.
Luke's Improved Anasthctic Compound.
peppermint, salicylic acid, and oil of cloves. Tlio alcohol, otlior, and chloroform
act anmsthctically as well as being menstruuras for dissolving the other ingredients.
The preferablo proportions aro as follows, that is to say:—
1 o7„ of hydrate of chloral, 4 ozs. of alcohol, 2 ozs. of chloroform, 2 ozs. of
camphor, 2 minims of oil of peppermint, 2 minims of oil of cloves, 3 ponnywoighls
of salicylic acid, 3 pennyweights of nitrate amyl, 2 pennyweights of morphia
sulphate, 2 ozs. of other.
But the proportions may bo varied, and inoro of one substanco and less of tho
others may be used; the amount of the different substances should bo such that
the menstruums will dissolve them. Other amesthctics may bo added to this com¬
bination, or ono or more of tlioso mentioned may be dispensed with, but to meet all
of tho various conditions of the human nerves it is better for tbo compound to
contain all of the most powerful anmstheties, to tho end that should one, two, or
three, or more fail to act while npplied separately, thero must bo one or more
among the whole which will produco relief, especially when they are commingled
and applied together.
This preparation is designed for external application only.
Lake’s Improved Anasthctic Compound.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Letters Patent filed
by tho said William Robert Lake in tho Great Seal Patent Ofiico on tho
10th August 1880.
William Robert Lakh, of the Firm of Haseltino, Lake, & Co., Patent Agents,
5 Southampton Buildings, London. “ Am Improved Anesthetic Compound.” A
communication from abroad by Thomns Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, Now Jersoy,
United States of America.
The object of this Invention is to produce anicsthotic effects upon the nerves
by external application to obtain relief from pam until nature or medicine may
10 olfcct a cure.
Tho said Invention consists, first, in a compound of a number of the most
poworful chemical substances which act anrosthetically and which liavo no effect
upon each other.
If further consists in placing in such compound various menstruums for dissolving
15 the said substances, which inonstruums shall have no chemical action upon each
other or upon tho said substances other than to effect their solution.
The object of placing in one compound all of the most powerful chemical
compounds which net anmsthetically, is to onsure tho action of one of them, that is to
say, if one does not act tho others may, as it is well known that a certain nmesthetic
20 may in one case produce the desired effect, but in another case will not produco
nmesthesin, while an inferior aiuesthetic will produce nmesthesia.
Furthermore, it is believed from tho surprising effects of this preparation when
compounded according to tho formula given bolow, thnt in some manner tho action
of ono anicsthetic quickens tho action of the others.
25 The ingredients which I use aro hydrate of chloral, chloroform, ether, nitrate of
amyl, morphia, camphor, alcohol, oil of peppermint, salicylic aciu, and ou ot cloves.
The alcohol, ether, and chloroform act aniusthetically, and also as menstruums foi
dissolving tho other ingredients.
The proportious I prefer to uso nro ns follow, that is to say One onneo of
30 hydrate of chloral, four ounces of alcohol, two ounces of chloroform, two ounces ot
camphor, two minims of oil of peppermint, two minims ot oi of doves, three
pennyweights of salicylic acid, three penny weights of nitrate amyl, two pennyweights
of morphia sulpliato, two ounces of ether.
But these proportions may bo v«
.of one substance and less of the
35 others may'bo used; the amount of the different substances should bo such that
tho menstruums will dissolve them. Other nmesthetic may b uldt I to this
combination, or ono or more of tlioso mentioned may bo dispensed with, but to
meet all of tho various conditions of the human nerves it is hotter that the
compound slio, Id co t n all of tl o i o t \ o c f 1 c ti et e to tl o e id that
40 should one, two, three, or more fail to act while applied separately, here must
bo uno or more among tl.o wholo which will produce relict, especially when they
are commingled and applied togother.
I prefer menstruums which are also anaesthetics, but other n.enstruums w, servo
tho purpose of this Invention provided they do not combine chemically ruth tho
45 other ingredionts used. _ ,
This preparation is designed for oxtcrnal application only.
A.D. 1880.—N° 699.
Lake’s Improved Anaethetic Compound.
■ Having thus fully described the said Invention as communicated to mo by my
foreign cdrres|iondciit and tho niannor of performing tho same, I wish it under¬
stood that I claim,—
The medicinal preparation compounded substantially as nbovo described.
In witness whereof, I, the said 'William Robert Lake, have hcrounto set my 5
hand and seal, this Twenty nintli day of July, in the year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty.
W“. ROB T . LAKE. (L.s.)
A.D. 1880, 11 th February. N° 602,
Utilization of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of
Now Jorsoy, United States of America, for an Invention of “ Improvements
nr tjie Utilization of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power, being
an Improved System and Means for the Generation, Regulation,
Distribution, Measurement, and Translation of Electricity into
Light, Heat, or Power.”
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Thomas Alva Edison at tho
Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 11th Fobruary 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United States
of America. “Improvements in the Utilization of Electricity for Light,
5 Ueat. and Power, being an Improved System and Means for the Generation,
Regulation, Distribution, Measurement, and Translation of Electricity
into Light, Heat, or Power.”
Tho object of this Invention is to so arrange n system for tho genoration, supply,
and consumption for either light, heat, or power, or either or all, of electricity that
10 all tho operations connectod therewith requiring especial care, attention, “know¬
ledge of tho art shall ho performed for many consumers at stations, leaving the
consumer only tho work of turning off or on tho supply, as may ho dos.redj m other
words to so contrive means and methods that electricity may ho supplied for
consumption in a manner analogous to tbo system for the supply of gas and water
15 without requiring any greater core or technical knowledge on tho part of the
consumer than does th! use of gas or water, in order that economy, reliability,
one district, or if tho extent of territory makes it desirable may ho divided into
20 80V Inmh district I provide o central station, at which aroj
motor or sovcral motors, dependent upon the amount to to supplied, generators
or moans for converting tbo prime motive power into y» , , .
determining and regulating tho amount of (dectneity generated and supplied, m
25 order that a constant pressure of electricity v so to speak) may P P-
Tho prime motors are any suitable engines, steam or watcr and " ' v ided w tU
of two or more ore provided os may ho necessary, each of which is piovidod with
[Price 8&]
Edison'a Impts. in the Utilisation of Electricity for Light, Ileal, and Power.
its own system of slmfting and belting driving n number of magneto electric
machines, tho number actuated by ono prime motor being hereinafter tormed a
battery. .
It is to bo noted, as is also shown in previous applications for Patents mndo by
mo, that X make my field of force magnets exceedingly long, and of nn extremely 5
large mas9 of metal in proportion to tho mass of inotnl in tho revolving armature
carrying tho generating coil. By this extra length, as tho mngnotic tension
at tho polos increases with their distance apart, there is secured at tho polar
extensions acting upon tho coils in tho Hold of force a much greater magnetic
intensity, or so to speak, a greater motive force or pressure, causing consequently 10
the generation of a greater amount of energy in tho coils operated on than would
result from the use of shorter magnots, oven though tho samo mass of metal were
used therein. By this elongation of tho cores I am enabled to disponso with
numerous convolutions or layers, one layer of wire being sufficient, whereby tho
resistance of the mncliino is largely diminished. The largo mass of metal in there 15
magnets is magnetically saturated by a weak current passing around them. It
takes this weak current a long time to bring this mass of metal up to tho point of
practical maximum magnetic intensity, but once brought to that point tho weak
current readily keeps them there, while with a shorter magnet a stronger current
would more speedily magnetically saturate them ; this stronger current would still SO
bo required to keep them so saturated.
If the coils of tho field of force magnets and tho generating coils wore included
in one circuit, and all tho currents generated were passed through tho field magnet
coils, a very much greater amount of current than necessary for tho maintainunce
of a practical magnetic maximum in the field of force magnots would be passed 25
around them, and tho coils acting as resistances to tho energy in excess of that
required to mngnotiso tho magnet to its practical maximum would causo a great
waste of electric energy ; hence I prefer to keep the field of force magnets and the
generating coils separate, and that one mncliino in each battory (which nracliiuo
may bo termed tho battery field of force generator) bo used to supply tho requisite 30
energy to the field of forco magnets of tho other machines in such battery (which
may be termed tho supply generators).
The coils of the field of forco magnets are connected as a series in a multiplo arc
in ono circuit, while tho generating coils of the supply generators of each battery
are all connected in a multiplo arc to tho main conductors (though for specinl 3o
purposes thoy may bo connected as a series).
This will give great economy, as the per cent, of tho entire current generated in
each battery absorbed in keeping up the magnetic maximum in tho field of force
magnets, when it is furnished by one special machine of tho battory, the number
given it to feed being properly calculated, being less than when a portion of tho 4#
current generated in each machine is absorbed in its own field of forco magnets.
Where a single battory of machines is used it is preferable, in view of what has
been hereinbefore stated, that tho current for tho coils of the field of force magnets
of tho field of force generators of tho battery bo supplied by a small galvanic
battery, but if more than ono battery of machines bo used tho Sold of forco 4
generators of all tho batteries are fed from one or more primo field of force
generators connected in a multiplo arc or in a series, tho field of forco magnots oi
tho prime field of forco generator or generators used being kept magnetically
saturated by a weak galvanic battery current, as boforo sot forth. For instance,
a weak galvanic current supplies tho field current necessary for ono primo field 01
force generator, which in turn feeds tho field of force magnots of tho field of force
generators of ton batteries of twenty or thirty machines, the ultimate effect in tuo
generation of currents depending upon (ns ono important factor) tho tension of tno
galvanic current sent through tho field of force coils of tho primo field of force ^
generators. _ .
This primo field of forco generator may howovor bo a dynamo electric roncbino
Edison’s Impts. in the Utilisation of Electricity for Light, Ilcat, and Power.
At the control station all tho supply generating coils' or batteries thereof aro
connected to conductors on tho multiplo arc system, and from those conductors nt
5 tho station main conductors (which for convenience may bo called simply tho
mains), connected thereto on tho multiplo arc system, lead in any and all desired
directions, convoying tho onergy to tho points where work either by translation
into light or motive powor is to ho done.
In order to give a bettor understanding of tho method of regulating what for
10 convenience may be called tho pressure of tho cuiTent through tho entire system,
I will here state that all tho devices for tho transmission of electricity into work
are arranged on the multiple are system, each device being in its own derived
circuit, tho effect being in substnneo to give each a circuit from tho generating
source independent of the circuit of all tho other devices; ns a resultant it follows
15 thnt the greater tho number of transmitting devices brought into circuit, tho less
the totnl resistance of the current.
For instance, I prefer my lamps should be of about 100 ohms, resistance, then if
one lamp only bo in circuit there is a resistance of 100 ohms.; if another lamp be
put in circuit, two circuits of 100 ohms, aro provided for the current, making the
20 net total resistance to the current 50 ohms.
Although tho resistance in each derived circuit remain unchanged, this effect is
ordinarily opposite to tho effect produced by the addition of lamps when they aro
connected in nn ordinary straight circuit, each one then adding to tho resistance of
the circuit. The bringing into operation successively ol numbers of tho devices,
25 nnd thereby making more paths or circuits for tho currents, does not appreciably
lessen the pressure or diminish the cflect upon tho devices in uso, tho active force
at the central station, vis., primo field of forco generators and motive power,
remaining unchanged until tho net resistance of the devices in circuit exterior to
the battery of machines is so diminished ns to approach in a degree the resistance
30 of the baticry and main conductors, it being remembered that ns tho machines of
a battery are connected in multiple arc the net internal resistance of a battery is
as many times less than ouo as there aro machines in tho battery.
To avoid any appreciable variations and insure uniformity it is essential that
any lessening of pressure bo immediately indicated, in order tiiat just sufficient
35 cncigy bo generated and sent out to keep up nil equal flow through tho circuit of
each translating device, that is, that tho pressure be kept up uniform whether
more or less translating devices be in circuit.
This is obtnined by providing at tho central stations means for constantly
indicating tho pressure and for regulating the production of appreciable variation
40 he indicated at ench station test lights are arranged, so that an approximate
visual test of tho cflect of pressure upon tho circuit of any translating dovicos in
uso may bo shown.
From what has boon said it is evident that as more or less translating devices
arc brought into circuit the total resistance of tho circuit, or all tho circuits thereof,
45 to tho flow of all the current generated varies. To indicate this clcctrodynnmo-
meters, galvanometers, or electrometers me placed across tho main conductors at
the central station, or by return wire nt any point in the circuit, with a zero mark
placed to correspond with the deflection consequent upon tho maiutonanco of tho
proper amount of pressure.
•'0 It may bo ndvisablo (and I havo so dono) to place at the central station a series
of standard “ Baniell’s " batteries, connected by a switch circuit to tho galvanometer
w dynamo galvanometer, in order that they may bo frequently tested for any
inaccuracy occurring from any causo whatever. By these moans any error wlnit-
over therein is readily detected. „ .
5 ° i’o correct variations in tho pressure various moans may be employed. .Mali
supply genorntor may bo connected into tho circuit through a switch, and each
series may bo likewise so connected, so that tbo current of ouo or more of a scries,
Edison's Tm pts. in the Utilisation of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power.
or ono or more entire sorios, may bo out out or thrown into the circuit j or each
mnchino may bo nrranged so 03 to bo disconnected from the prime motor, or when
needed tho prime motor of an entire series may bo disconnected. _
The plan I prefer however is to arrnngo in connection with tho circuit of the
battery feeding tho field of force magnets of tho primo field of force generator bofore 5
referred to, a series of resistances so that tho energy of tho battery current may be
varied this variation causing in turn a variation in current induced in primo field
of force generator, and in all tho generators directly or indirectly controlled thereby.
When a dynamo mnchino is used these resistances arc to bo used in same maimer
in connection with the circuit including tho coils around tho field magnets. It
For distributing the current thus generated and regulated at the central station,
I prefer to use conductors within insulated pipes or tubing made water tight and
buried in the earth, provision being made at suitablo intervals for house or side
connections. , . , ,
While this plan is prefemblo for many reasons it is evident that conductors mny I;
be earned in the air or over house tops. While only ono pair of conductors may be
laid on each street, I prefer, especially whore streets are wide, to lay a pair of
conductors along each side of tho street near tho curb. At proper intervals street
lamps may be connected thereto by derived circuits.
From mnin conductors on principal streets subsiduary main conductors nra laid 2(
through side streets; from tho street conductors, wherever desired, derived circuits
are led into tho houses, ono of tho conductors passing through a suitable meter,
preferably ono which measures the amount of electricity passing through, ns set
forth in my Patent, No. 422G, of October 23, 1878. _ . a .
In the house each translating device is placed in a derived circuit, tho entire
system of means for generation, conduction, and translation being ono great
multiple arc system. Tho translating device in each house may be either for light
or power, or both. For light, the electric lamp consisting of an incandescing
material hermetically sealed in glass is preferred. .
This lamp is made of high resistance in comparison with that of any electric el
lamps which to my knowledge have been proposed. In lights heretofore proposed
the endeavour seems to havo beon to lessen tho resistance of the carbon, none
having been suggested of higher resistance than, say, 10 ohms., but I have discovered
a very much higher resistance, say, 100 ohms., must bo used in order Unit a number
may bo economically and successfully used in a system. _
The motor used Bliould bo so constructed that each with a constant flow or
pressure of current will give the exact power required. .
This requires that each motor should be wound with finer or coarser wire, and
with more or less convolutions which determine tho maximum crtcct of tho motor.
In addition, as the motors may be run with variable loads or amount of "’ orlc , 4
perform, and as irregularity of speed would be a consequent thereof, it is preferable
to provide each motor with a governor, which on cxcossive speed would operate to
break the circuit of the motor or otherwiso control it. A preferable form ot
governor, therefore, will form the subject matter of nu application for Patent to bo
tiled by me. _ , , . '
A system arranged ns thus described provides for nil tho conditions precedent to
an economical and reliable utilization of electricity as a lighting or motivo powoi
agent.
As within certain ascertainable limits tho greater tho horse power of nnengino ^
tho loss tho proportionate cost por home power, by consolidating at ono station
prime motive force necessary to tho generation of a supply for many consume ,
great economy as to production occurs. ,..
As ordinarily proposed, each electric light requires its own regulator, wn
usually is either thermostatic or magnetic, breaking the circuit or bringing
resistances, in any case making a cumbrous lamp requiring delicate managem
and constant attention. ■„
By regulating at the central station entirely I am enabled to uso n small sepa
Edison's Impts. in the Utilization of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power.
lamp, which may be used with tho oxerciso of no more than ordinary care or
attention.
Tho distribution is so provided for that tampering therewith is guarded against,
and that connections from tho mains to localities of translation aro readily mado.
5 The means for measuring insures accurateness, mid in furnishing a basis for
equitablo charges for tho amount used by ono particular consumer.
SPECIFICATION in pursuanco of the conditions of the Letters Patent filed by
tho said Thomas Alva Edison in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 11th
August 1880.
0 Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United States
of America. “Improvements in tiie Utilization of Electricity for Liairr,
Heat, and Power, beixo an Improved System and Means for the Generation,
Regulation, Distriuution, Measurement, and Translation of Electricity
into Light, Heat, or Power."
5 The object of this Invention is to so arrnngo a system for the generation supply,
and consumption for either light or power, or both, of electricity that a l the
operations connected therewith requiring special care, attention, or knowledge
the art shall bo performed for many consumers at central stations, leaving tho
consumer only the work of turning oft’ or on the supply, as may be desired; in
10 other words, to so contrive means and methods that electricity may be suppl cd fo
consumption in a manner analogous to tho system tor the supply of gas and water,
without requiring any greater care or technics knowledge on the par of tho
consumer than docs the uso of gas or water, in order that economy, reliability, and
safety may be ensured.
5 In carrying tho Invention inti
In carrying tlTlnvention into effect a city town village or locality may fewm
one district or if tho extent of territory makes it desirablo may bo dividod into
several districts. In each district I provide a central station at which ^ grouped
a suitable primo motor or several motors, dependent upon the amount tobesuppl.ed,
generators or means for converting tho prime motivo for in order that a
for determining tho amount of electricity generated “PP^f “
constant pressure of electricity (so to speak) may be Kept1- 1 ore
arc any suitable engines, steam « , and one> oi own system of
Er»r,c7.r”^
mass of metal in proportioo tothe mass o n eta poles
tno generating coil. By tins extra lengcn, as o nxtensiona acting
increases with their distance apart, tlioro is secured at P intensity or so
upon tho coils in the revolving armature a much greutei mag t y,
Edison’s Impta. in the Utilization of Electricity for Light, Ilcat, and Power.
to speak a greater magneto motivo forco or pressure, causing consequently tlio
generation of a greater amount of energy in tho coils operated on than would result
from the use of shorter magnets, oven though tho saino moss of metal wero used
therein. By this elongation of tho cores I am enabled to dispense with a number
of layers of coils, as ono layer of wire is usually sufficient, whoroby tho resistance of 5
tho machino is largely diminished. Tho largo mnss of theso magnet cores is
magnetically saturated by a weak current passing around them. It takes this
weak current a long timo to bring this mass of metal up to the point of practical
maximum magnetic intensity, hue once brought to that point the wenk current
readily keeps them thero, while with a shorter magnet a stronger current would 10
more speedily magnetically saturate them; this stronger current would still bo
required to keep them so saturated.
If tho coils of the field of force magnets nnd tho generating coils wero included in
one circuit, and all tho current generated was passed through the coils of tho Hold
magnet, a very much greater amount of current than necessary for tho maintenance 15
of a practical magnetic maximum in the field of force magnets would be passed around
them, and the coils ucting as resistances to tho energy in excess of that required to
magnetize the magnet to its practical maximum would cause a great waste of
electric energy ; hence I prefer to keep the coils of the field of forco magnets nnd
the generating coils separate, and that ono machine in caoli battery (which machine 20
may bo termed tho battery field of forco generator) bo used to supply tho requisite
energy to the field of force magnets of the other machines in such bnttory (which
may be termed the supply generator).
The coils of the field of force magnots are connected as a series or in multiple arc
in one circuit, while the generating coils of the supply generators of each battery 25
nre each and all connected in a multiple are to the main conductors (though for
special purposes thoy may be connected as a series).
This arrangement ensures great economy, ns the per cent, of tho entiro current
generated in each battery nbsorbed in keeping up tho magnetic maximum in tho
field of forco magnets when it is furnished by one special machine of the battery, the 30
number given it to food being properly calculated, being less than when a portion
of the current generated in each machine is absorbed in its own field of forco
magnets.
Where a single batteiy of machines is used it is preferablo, in view of what has
been herein bcl'oro stated, for tho current to the coils of tho fiold of force magnets 35
of tho battery generators bo supplied by a small galvanic battery, but if more
than ono battery of machines bo used the field of force generators of nil tho batteries
are led from ono or moro prime field of forco generators connected in a multiplo arc
or in a series, tho field of forco magnets of tho prime fiold of force generator or
generators used being kept mngnotically saturated by a weak galvanic battery 40
current, as before set forth. For instance, a wenk galvanic current supplies tho
field current necessary for one prime field of force generator, which in turn feeds
tho field of force magnots of tho field of forco generators of ten batteries of twenty
or thirty machines, the ultimnto effect in the generation of current depending upon
(as ono important factor) tho tension of tho galvanic current sent through the field 45
ot forco coils of tho primo field of forco generators. Tho prime field of force gene¬
rators may however be a-dynamo electric machino instead of a magneto machine,
its field of force being kept up by tho current generated in the machino instead of
by a galvanic current.
At tho central stations all tho supply generating coils or batteries thoreof are 50
connected .to conductors on tho multiple arc system, and from theso conductors
at the station main conductors (which for convonionco may simply bo called tho
mains), connected thereto also on tho multiple are system, leud in any and all
desired directions for conveying tho enorgy to the points whero work either by
translation into light or motivo power is to bo done. In order to givo a better ja
understanding of the method of regulating what for convenience may bo called the
pressure of the current through the entire system, I will hero state that all the
spMiitMtiou. A.D. 1880.— N° 602. 7
Edison’s Impta. in the Utilization of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power.
dovices for translation of electricity aro arranged on tho multiple arc system, each
devico being in its own derived circuit, tho effect being in substance to give each a
circuit from tho generating source independent of tho circuit of all tho other
dovices. As a resultant it follows that tho greater tho number of translating
5 devices brought into circuit the less the total resistance of tho circuit. For instance
I prefer that my lamps shall eneh be of about ono hundred ohms, resistance, then
if 011c lamp only be in circuit there is a resistance of ono hundred ohms.; if anothor
lamp be put in circuit two circuits each of ono hundred ohms, are provided for tho
current, making tho net total resistance to tho current fifty ohms. Although the
10 resistance in each derived circuit remains unchanged, this effect is the opposito of
the elioat produced by the addition of lamps when thoy are connected in an
ordinnry straight circuit, each ono then adding to tho resistance of tho circuit.
Tho bringing into operation successively or numbers of the devices, and thoroby
making more paths or circuits for tho current, does not appreciably lessen the
15 pressure or diminish the offect upon tho devices in use, tho active forco at the
central station, viz., primo field of forco generators nnd motive power, remaining
unchanged until tho net resistance of tho devices in circuit oxterior to tho battery
of machines is so diminished os to nppronch in n degree tho resistance of tho battery
and main conductors, it being remembered that as the machines of a battery aro
20 connected in multiplo are the net internal resistance of a battery is as many times
less than one machine os there aro machines in the battery.
To avoid any appreciable variation and onsuro uniformity it is essential that any
lessening of tho pressure bo immediately indicated, in order that just sufficient
energy bo goneratod nnd sent out to keep up an equnl flow through the circuit of
25 encli transmitting device; that is, that tho pressure bo kept up uniform whether
more or less translating devices bo in circuit.
This is attained by providing at tho central station means for constantly indicating
the pressure and for regulating the production. If appreciable variation bo indicated
at such station test lights aro arranged, so that an approximate visual test of tho
30 effect of pressure upon the circuit of any translating devices in use may be shown.
From wliat 1ms been said it is evident that as moro or less translating devices nre
brought into circuit the total resistanco of the circuit, or all the-circuits thereof, to
the flow of all tho current generated varies,
To indicate this electro-dynamometers, galvanometers, or electrometers are placed
35 across the main conductor at the contral station, or by return wire at any point in
the circuit, with n zero mark plaeod to correspond with tho deflection consequent
upon the maintenance of tho proper amount of pressure. It may be advisablo (and
1 have so dono) to place at tho central station a series of standard Daniel batteries,
connected by a switch circuit to the galvanometer or dynamo galvanomotor, in ordor
40 Hint they may bo frequently tested for any inaccuracy occurring from any causo
whatever. By theso means any error is readily detected. To correct variations in
tho pressure various means may bo employed. Each supply generator may be
connected into tho circuit through a switch, and each series may bo likewise so con¬
nected, so that the current of one or more of a series, or one or moro entiro series,
45 may bo cut out or thrown into tho circuit; or eneh machine may be arranged so as
to be disconnected from tho primo motor; or. when needed, tho primo motor of an
entire series may bo disconnected.
Tho plan I prefer however is to arrango in connection with tho circuit of the
battery feeding the field of force magnets of the primo field of feree generator before
60 referred to, a sorics of resistances so that tho energy of tho bnttory current may
be varied, this variation causing in turn a variation in current induced in tho
primo field of forco generator, and in all tho generators directly or indirectly
controlled thereby; where a dynamo machine is used theso resistances aro
to be used in the same manner in connection with tho circuit including tho
55 c °ils around the fiold magnets. For distributing the current thu3 generated and
regulated at the contral station, I prefer to use conductors within insulated pipes
°r tubing niado water tight and buried beneath tho earth, provision being made at
Edison’s I mpt*. in the Utilisation of Electricity for Light, Ileat, awl Power.
suitablo intervals for liouso and side connections. While this plan is preferable
for ninny reasons it is evident tlmt a conductor inny bo carried in tho air or over
bouse tops.
While only one pair of conductors may bo laid on oncli street, I prefer, especially
where streets are wide, to lay a pair of conductors along each side of tho street near 5
tho curb. At proper intervals stroot lamps may bo connected theroto by derived
circuits. From the main conductors on principal stroels, subsidiary main conductors
aro laid through side streets. From tho street conductors, wherever desired, derived
circuits arc led into houses, ono of tho conductors passing through a suitable meter,
preferably one which measures tho amount of electricity passing through. In tho 10
house each translating device is placed in a derived circuit, tho entiro system of
means for generation, conduction, and translation being ono great multiplo arc
system. Tho translating device in each house may bo cither for light or power, or
both. For light, the electric lamp consisting of nn incandescent material hermeti¬
cally sealed in glass is preferred. This lamp should bo of a high resistance in 15
comparison with the resistance of any electric lamp which to my knowledge lias
hitherto been proposed. Tho endeavour seems to linvo been to lessen tho resistance
of the carbon, but I have discovered tlmt a very high resistance, say, one hundred
ohms., must bo used in order that n number may be economically and successfully
used in a system.
The motor used should bo so constructed that each with a constant flow or
pressure of current will give tho exact power required. This requires that each
motor should bo wounil with finer or coarser wire, and with more or less convolutions
which determine the maximum effect of the motor.
In addition, as the motor may be run with variable loads or amounts of work to 2a
perform, and as irregularity of speed would be a consequent thereof, it is preferable
to provide each motor with a governor which, oil excessive speed, will operate to
break the circuit of the motor or to otherwise control it.
A system arranged ns thus described provides for all tho conditions precedent
to an economical and reliable utilization of electricity ns a lighting or motive power 30
agent. .
Within certain ascertainable limits the greater the horse power of an engine tno
less the proportional cost per horse power; so in my system by consolidating at one
station the prime motive force necessary to tho generation of a supply for many
consumers a grent economy is attained. _ "
As ordinarily proposed, each electric light requires its own regulation, which usually
is cither thermostatic or magnetic, breaking tho circuit or bringing in resistances, in
any caso making a cumbrous lamp, requiring delicate management and frequent
attention. By regulating at tho central station entirely I am enabled to use a
small separate lamp which may bo managed with the exorcise of no moro than 40
ordinary caro or attention. Tho distribution is so provided for that tampering
therewith is guarded against, and that connections from tho mains to tho translating
devices are readily made. Tho means for measuring ensure accuracy, and furnish
a basis for equitable charges for the amount used by any particular consumer. ^
In the Drawings accompanying and forming part of this Specification an arrange- 4a
meat of means is shown for carrying my Invention into effect, although it is to »
particularly noted tlmt the Invention is not dependent upon tho specific '"j®”?
and their arrangement described and shown, but that they inaybo varied ' vllll0 f
departing from the spirit of my Invention. In those Drawings Fig. 1 isn plan o
central station. ,K
Fig. 2 is a modification of Fig. 1.
„ 3 is a plan illustrating tho stroot mnins and house connections, with t rnns ‘
lnting devices properly introduced, _
„ 4 is a plan showing a locality divided into lour districts. In Fig. 1 t u
batteries of generators o, c 1 , c“, are shown, which may bo increased or dunlinsii
ns circumstances may demand. One generator c of each battery is used to genera
tho current feeding tho field of forco magnets of tho machines in its battery, u
Edison's Impts. in the Utilization of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power.
For actuating the rotary parts an engine D is used with each battery connecting
by belt d to line of shafting E, from which belts e pass to ench generator. Tho
5 coils of each mngnoto battery in which currents are generated are conneotod, as in
c 1 and c-, in multiple arc to conductors 3, 3, 3, 3, which in turn aro connected in
multiple arc to main conductors (i, 0, from which lead in multiple arc tho street
conductors or mains 7, 7, or, ns is shown in part of battery e, each machine may bo
directly connected in multiplo arc to the station conductor 0, (i. F is tho primo
10 field of force generator supplying tho battery field of forco generators c, c, c, its
circuit being shown in dotted linos 1, 1. Tho field of force magnets of F are
magnetized by a current from the galvanic battery G, in whoso circuit is arranged
the series of resistances H provided witli tho cut out K, by which more or less of
the resistances are put in or out of the circuit feeding the field magnets of F. This
IS arrangement forms a very effective and siinplo method of regulating the production
of electric current or the pressure at the central station, for the current generated
by F being dependent upon the intensity of tiie magnetization of its field of force
magnets which in turn depends upon the current transmitted around the magnets
by the battery G. As the resistance varies such current, it follows that by varying
20 the resistance in the circuit of G tho current generated by F varies, which in turn
varies the current generated in c, c, c, which in turn varies the current generated in
the supply machines of the batteries, proportionate increase of current and rise of
pressure in the latter following increase of current around the magnets of F, and
vice versa. Ono or more test lamps T L are placed lit the central station in
25 derived circuits to serve as a photometric test of the pressure in the line. For more
accurately indicating variations in the pressure one or more electrometers,
galvnnoineters, or electro dynamometers E D are placed in derived circuits witli
scale marks indicating the deflection caused by the electric pressure so as to compare
the snmo with the standard pressure to be maintained. By the proper use of these
30 indicating devices aud tho regulating devices described, a uniform pressure may bo
readily and easily maintained through all tho mains. It is preferable to connect
nil circuits from the generating machines to the main conductors (i, G, through
switches 1,1,1, so that nn entire battery or any portion thereof may be thrown in
or out of circuit ns the demand upon the station may indicate. It is to be noted also
35 tlmt tho belt to tho pulley of ench machine is to be so arranged by any well known
plans that it may be disconnected from the motor when desired, and in this mnnnor
tho number of machines in operation may be controlled, and the effective force of
each machine while in operation is regulated by the resistance in the circuit G.
nil circuits from the generating machines to the main conductors G, G, through
switches 1,1,1, so that nn entire battery or any portion thereof may be thrown in
or out of circuit ns the demand upon tho station may indicate. It is to be noted also
35 tlmt tho belt to tho pulley of ench machine is to be so arranged by any well known
plans that it may be disconnected from the motor when desired, and in this mnnnor
tho number of machines in operation may be controlled, and the effective force of
each machine while in operation is regulated by the resistance in the circuit G.
The engine may be of any desired pnttorn or power, the number of machines in any
40 ono battery being limited by the power of the engine.
In Fig. 2 c, e, c, c, are the generators for the iickl of force magnets in batteries
not shown, andV is’ the field of force generator of a battery of which three supply
generators c\ c", c 1 , are shown connected to station conductors G, G, ns before
explained. ...
45 Tho prime field of force generator F 1 is in this case a dynnmo-electric mnclune
instead of a magneto electric machine, as shown in Fig. 1, nil its coils being included
in ono circuit 878, which passes around the field of force magnets of tho battery
generators c, c, c, c, c 1 . The same principle of regulation is used howovor, the
resistance li and cut out 1C therefore being arranged in connection witli tho circuit
50 through F> so ns to cause variation in the tension of tho current therein, ns and
with tho result before oxplainod. In this Figure there is shown what may bo used
also in connection with the plan shown in Fig. 1, vis., means of testing the eleotro-
dynamometer E D or other Indicating instrument used, hrom a standard Daniel s
Battery, DBa circuit tc may be formed through ED by means of the switch L
55 when moved to the position shown by clotted lines, so that the correctness of ED
nml anv inaccuracies winch might ariso bo guarded
10 A.D. 1880.—N° 602. spccifau*.
Edison’a Impta. in the Utilization of Electricity for Light, Heat, and Power.
against; usually tins switch L remains as shown in full lines, and ED is in a
branch botween tho main conductors C, C.
The main conductors 7, 7, Fig. 3, aro to bo connected with tho corresponding
wires at central stations (soo Fig. 1), and lead down cnch sido of tho street M S.
Tho conductors 7, 7, also branch ofT into intersecting streots IS. Tho small 3
circles o in this Figuro indicato electric lamps. For street lighting they aro placed
ns shown in derived circuits from tho street mains. From tho mains derived
circuits 0, 0, lead into houses, in which aro placed at suitable spots tho meters M,
through which one of tho house conductors passes, and by which tho amount of
electricity supplied to tho houso is accurately determined. Upon theso house 10
circuits are arranged lamps o, on tho multiple arc system, in such number, position,
and grouping, ns may bo desired. In theso circuits I also propose to introduce
electro-motors E M, wherever desired for furnishing light motive power. From tho
motor a belt i leads to a lino of shafting h and pulleys a, a, for any needed dis¬
tribution of tbe power, or tho belt i may pass directly to a sowing or other 15
machine, a separnto motor being used for cnch power drivon machine.
Whero motors aro desired each preferably should bo mado of a power propor¬
tionate to the maximum work to bo done. AVhilo tho electrical tension in each
machine is rogulated at tho central station, yot if tho maximum load or work bo
diminished at any particular motor its speed would necessarily bo increased; it SO
also might be desired at times to diminish tho normal speed of the motor. In
order, therefore, that somo determinate speed may bo maintained irrespective of
load or work, each motor should bo furnished with a governor to rcgulute the
electric circuit and tho speed.
In Fig. 4 is shown a locality divided into four supply districts; each is provided 25
with its own central station marked OS', CS 2 , OS :1 , and CS 1 . From cnch station
the mains 7, 7, lead out, ns before described. At convenient points, howover, say
1? P, connections between the mains of tho stations may be made, ns shown in
dotted lines, the effect ttien being to merge the entire locality into one large district
with four supply stations, tbe pressure through all being uniform, and each station 30
doing its own quota toward maintaining the uniform pressure. The use of four
stations and districts in this diagram is arbitrary, and for illustration only, ns the
number actually employed in any ono locality depends upon the area of the district
and tho number of lights to bo maintained.
What 1 claim as my Invention is,— 35
First. A system for tho generation and application of electricity consisting in
tho combination of means at a central station for generating the electricity and
for indicating and regulating its pressure, means for distributing tho electricity,
and devices for translating it into light or motivo power, substantially as set
forth. t W
Socond. A system for tho generation and application of electricity consisting in
a combination of means at a central station for generating tho electricity, and for
indicating and regulating its piossure, means for distribution, menns for translating,
and means for measuring tho amount used by each consumer, substantially asset
forth. .
Third. Tho method of regulating tho electro motivo forco or pressure in the main
conductors by regulating the strength of the field of forco magnoU of the main
magneto electric machines, so that variation of pressure upon tho connection or
disconnection of translating devices may bo prevented, substantially ns sot forth.
Fourth. Tho method of regulating tho amount of offset at the translating devices 6*
by regulating tho field of force current of tho generators, substantially as set
forth.
Fifth. Tho method of regulating tho generative capacity of ono or a battory of
magneto cloetrio or dynamo electric machines by regulating tho current passing
through tho field of forco magnets, substantially as set forth. , 9
Sixth. The method of regulating tho generative capacity of one or a battery of
s^uauion. A.D. 1880.—N“ 602. 11
Edison's lmpts, in the Utilization of Electri city for Light, Heat, and Power.
magnoto olectrio or dynamo electric machines by varying tho resistance of tho
eircuit passing around tho field of forco magnets, substantially as set forth.
Sevonth. Tho method of operating a battory of magnoto olectrie machines by
using tho entire current of ono machine of tho battory to supply tho field of forco
5 current of tho remainder, and throwing tho entire current of tho latter into a circuit
for use, substantially as set forth.
Eighth. The combination .with ono electrical circuit of a number of separnto
translating devices, substantially as sot forth.
Ninth. Tho combination with ono main electrical circuit of a number of separate
10 translating devices arranged therein upon tho multiple arc systom, substantially as
set forth.
Tenth. Tho combination with n number of translating devices of ono regulator
placed at a central station and regulating all the said devices, substantially as set
forth.
15 Elovcnth. The combination with ono or a battory of gonorators and a number of
translating devices of means for constantly indicating tho oleetrie pressure upon tho
translating devices, substantially as sot forth.
Twelfth. Tho combination of a number of gonorators and a number of trans¬
lating doviccs, all arranged upon derived circuits or multiple arcs, substantially as
20 described.
Thirteenth. Tho combination with moans for constautly indicating tho electric
pressure of a battery for testing tho indicating means, substantially as described.
In witness wlioreof, I, tho said Thomns Alva Edison, have hereunto set my
linnd and seal, this 29 day of Juue, A.D. 1880.
25 THOMAS AI/VA EDISON. (l.s.)
Witnesses,
S. L. Griffin.
Frank MHjAuani.iN.
A.D. 1880, MiApiul. N° 1385.
Electric Machines and Motors.
LETTERS PATENT to Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tlm State of Now
Jersey, United States of America, for an Invention of “Improvements in
Dynamo or Maoneto Ei.ectiuc Machines and Electric Motors."
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tlio said Thomas Alva Edison at the
Ollice of tho Commissioners of Patents on the 5th April 18S0.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of New Jersey, United States]
of America. “Improvements in Dynamo or Maoneto Electric Machines
5 and Electric Motors.’
A portion of my Invention rolates to tho rotating armatures, the arrangement of
tho commutator brushes or contacts, and tho shaft of the rotating armature and
commutator, which are applicable to both dynamo or magnoto electric machines
and to eloctric motors.
10 In rotating armatures mado of a solid mass of metal, or of sovernllarge rings of
metal, currents are induced in the armature itself,' which circulate from points of
greatest to thoso of lowest potential.
To such currents is largely duo tho lioating of tho armature so often presont as
an injurious element in Buch armatures.
15 To remedy this I construct an nrmaturo of a number of vory thin discs or rings
secured together upon a proper shaft or base, and slightly insulated from each other.
I havo found that very good rosults are attained by using discs or rings, ono thirty
second to ono sixty fourth of an inch thiok, separated from each other by sheets of
tissuo paper. As currents induced in tho rotating armature havo very small electro
20 motive force, the insulation of tho tissue paper and the thinness of tho plates prevent
almost, if not quite, entirely tho circulation of induced ourrents and tho hoating
attendant thereon. By this the effective capacity of tho mnehmo for conversion is
very largely increased, for whilo the heating at onomoinontis not largo tho covonng
of tho armature prevents radiation, and the accumulation of heat proceeds faster
25 than its dissipation, and the armature becomes an accumulating receiver of heat
until the capacity of tho mnehino for conversion is much impaired by limitation of
exterior energy due to this heating, all of which is obviated by this uso of
exceedingly thin plates or discs. In this connection, ns tho word thin is a relativo
ono, it is well to state that the plates should bo at most not more than an eight of
[Price Gtl.’l
2 A.D. 1880.—N° 1385.
Edison's Improvements in Electric Machines and Motors.
nn inch thick, mid preferably very imicli tliiimcr mid insulalod from each other in
order to attain tlieso clients.
Commutator springs or brushes have always been arranged at right nii-dos to the
axis of tho commutator.
With such there hns usually lioen a large amount of "spark " on the face of the 5
commutator indicating a loss of electric energy by its conversion at a point where
conversion was not only unneoded, but injurious, causing a rapid destruction of the
commutator apparatus. I find that this can lie largely and usually entirely avoided
by arranging tho commutator springs or brushes so that their axial line is at an
angle other than a right angle with tho axis of tho commutators, or in other words, 10
that tho brushes or springs bear obliquely upon the face of tho commutator.
In practice I liavo found that it is bettor that tho brushes or springs stand at nn
angle of about 30° to tho axis of tho commutator.
As ordinarily arranged tho brushes or springs travel over tho face of tho com¬
mutator in a uniform track speedily wearing a groovo therein, rendering the face of 15
the commutator uneven.
To remedy this, insuring even wear over the whole surfaco of the commutator,
and also to iusure even wear and polishing of the surfaco of tho revolving armature,
I nrrango the shaft of tho commutator and its bearings so that tho shnft may linve
a longitudinal movement in tho bearings. Upon tho outer end of the shaft a disc 20
is fixed forming a circular armature to an electro magnet suitably attached to the
frame of the machino. When this magnet is charged, attracting the armature, the
shaft is moved in ono direction to its limit of motion, a spring serving to forco it to
the other limit when the magnet is inactive.
If an iron pulley be used upon tho shaft of tho armnlure and commutator and 25
placed near tho polar extension of tho field magnots the spring may be dispensed
with, tho magnet for moving tho shaft being placed to move the shaft in one
direction, the attraction between the machino mngnots and the pulley serving to
movo the shaft in the other direction. Attached to any rotating part of the
apparatus is a disc, a portion of whose periphery is of insulating material, the 3U
remainder being a conductor, or tho disc may have several alternating conducting
and non-conducting portions. Upon tho disc bears a contact spring, the disc and
spring being interposed in a circuit loading from a battery or other source of
electricity to the magnet last spoken of, or tho current therefor through a shunt
may be a portion of the machine itself, ono rotating disc and spring may be arranged 35
to control tho circuit of tho shaft moving magnets of a largo number of machines or
motors. " c
In providing electro motors for any given work it is desirable that any ono
motor should bo constructed to givo tho maximum power required with a certain
definite curront. 40
As is the caso with all motors, howover, it may bo desired to use tho motor for
less than its maximum capacity, that is to run it with a variable load or amount
of work to bo performed, it is preforablo that it should bo provided with a
governor to^correct any fluctuations in speed consequent upon such variation in
To accomplish this I plnco on the main shaft, or I gear to it either directly or
by belting, a centrifugal govornor which lifts upon too great speed, an adjustable
circuit lover controlling by uitlior making or breaking directly or indirectly the
circuit to tho motor; this lever may control directly the circuit to tho motor
passing through it, or it may control indirectly by controlling a local buttery oU
circuit to a magnet, whoso armature lover operates n circuit breaker placed i«
motor circuit. In order to prevent too sudden fluctuations upon tho breakage o
circuit, and to maintain regularity while the currant is on, the main shaft «
provided with a heavy fly or balance wheel, whoso momontum prevents irregularities
and causes gradual slowing down when tho circuit is broken. As tho circuit a
controlling lever of tho governor completes tho circuit through an adjustable stoU
tho joint effects of tho governor and fly wlioel are that the mnehino is capable o
A.D. 1880.—N° 1385.
Edison's Improvements in Electric Machines and Motors.
the finest adjustment, breaking and completing tho circuit upon tho least
variation from a determined desired speed acting exactly', so to speak, as an
automatic cut oil' in steam engines, preventing unnecessary consumption of
5 The breaking of tho main circuit occasions a largo spark at tho breaking point,
which is more destructive ns a unit than it would be if divided into several sparks,
hence 1 break tho mam circuit when breakago is necessary at several points
simultaneously, in order to divide the spark and lesson its total injurious effect.
I accomplish tins by fixing upon nn insulating base several contact springs, tho
10 free ends of which rest each respectively upon proper contact posts, and project
slightly beyond tho smuc. Tho circuit is led to ono post, passes to its spring
whence it passes by a wire to tho next post into its spring by wire to next post,
and so on through tho series of springs and posts. Either tho circuit controlling
lever or the armature lever, as either is used for the purpose as before explained, is
15 broadened at tho end, so as to take under the extreme free ends of all the circuit
springs, and upon desired movement lift them from their posts, breaking tho main
circuits at a number of points.
In using electric motors, especially for actuating light machinery’, it is very
desirable that the rate of speed of the actuated machino bo under control of the
20 operator, and that tho means of control lie simple, effectual, and easy of application.
Hitherto this 1ms been attempted only through controlling the eleetrie circuit to
the motor, breaking or closing it in whole or in part.
1 propose to control the speed by tho application of a brake to tho main driven
wheel without reference to the current. A brake is so pivoted as to be capable of
25 hearing upon the wheel, but kept therefrom normally by’ a spring.
Attached to the brake is a lever which in turn is attached to a treadle, by
means of which any desired pressure may be applied, though it is evident that
the brake lever may be arranged to bo operated by hand instead of through tho
medium of n treadle.
30 So far as I am aware electric motors have alwnys been connected direct to tho
actuated machine, so that tho rate of speed of tho actuated machino and of the
motor were the same. It is often desirable that tho actuated machino be drivon
at a less or at a greater rate of speed than the motor. To effect this I interpose
between the two differential gearing, that is, gearing which may bo cogged wheels,
33 pinion wheels, friction gearing, belts and pulleys, or equivalents of different diameter,
arranging them to produce the desired differential speed.
A.D. 1880.—N° 1385.
Edition's Improvements in Electric Machines and Motors.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by
the suid Thomas Alva Edison in the Great Seal Patent Office on the 5th
October 1880.
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho Stale of New Jorsoy, United States
of America. “ Imphovements in Dynamo on Maonkto-electiuc Machines 5
and Electiuc Morons.”
A portion of iny Invention relates to the rotating armature, the arrangement of tho
commutator brushes or contacts and tho shaft of tho rotating armature and com¬
mutator, which aro npplicablo to both dynamo or inngneto electric machines and to
electric motors. 10
In rotating armatures nrndo of a solid mass of metal, or of several large rings of
mctnl, currents are induced in the armature itself which circulate from points of
grontest to those of lowest potential.
To such currents is largely due the heating of the armature so often present as
an injurious element in such armatures. 15
To remedy this 1 construct nn armature of a number of very thin disks or rings
secured together upon a proper shaft or base, nud slightly insulated from cncli
other. 1 have found that very good results aro attained by using disks or rings
one thirty second to one sixty fourth of an inch thick, separated from each other
by sheets of tissue paper. As currents induced in tho rotating armature have very 20
small electro-motive force, the insulation of the tissue paper and the thinness of
the plates prevent almost, if not quite, entirely the circulation of induced currents
and tho heating attendant thereon. I iy this the effective capacity of the inacliino
for conversion is very largely increased, lor while tiro heating at one moment is not
large, the covering of tho armature prevents radiation, and tho accumulation of 05
heat proceeds faster than its dissipation, and tho armature becomes an accumulating
receiver of heat until the capacity of the machine for conversion is much impaired by
limitation of exterior energy duo to this heating, all of which is obviated by this
use of exceedingly thin plutes or disks. I11 this connection, as tho word “ thin ” is a
relative one, it is well to state that the plutes should ho at most not more than an 30
eighth of an inch thick, and preferably very much thinner and insulated from each
other in order to attain these effects.
Commutator springs or brushes have always been arranged at right nngles to the
axis ol the commutator. With such there lum usually been a largo amount of
“spark” on the lace of the commutator, indicating a loss of electric energy by its 35
conversion at a point where conversion was not oidy unneeded but injurious, causing
a rapid destruction of the commutator apparatus.
I lind that this can be largely, and usually entirely, avoided by arranging tho
commutator springs or brushes so that their axial lino is at nu angle other than a
right angle with the axis ol' tho commutators, or in other words, that tho brashes or 40
springs bear obliquely upon tho liico of tho commutator.
in practico I have found that it is hotter that the brushes or springs stand at an
angle of ubout 80° to tho uxis of the commutator. As ordinarily arranged tho
brushes or springs travel over the face of tho commutator in an uniform track,
speedily wearing a groove therein, rendering tho face of the commutator uneven. 45
io remedy this, ensuring oven wear over tho whole surface of the commutator,
and also to ensure oven wear and polishing of the surface of tho revolving armature,
I arrange the shaft of tho commutator and its bearings so that the shaft may havo
a longitudinal movement in tho bearings. Upon tho outer end of tho shaft a disk
is tixed, forming a circular armature to an electro magnet suitably attached to tho 50
lramo ol the machine. Whuu ibis magnet is charged, attracting the armaturo, the
Shalt is moved in one direction to its limit of motion, a spring sorving to <“ rce ,l
to the other limit when tho rnagnot is inactive.
_ BdMm's Improvements in Electric Machines and M otors..
If an iron pulley bo used upon the shaft of tho armaturo and commutator, and
placed near tho polar extension of the field magnots, tho spring may bo dispensed
with, the magnet for moving tho shaft being placed to move the shaft in one
direction, tho attraction between tho machine magnots and tho pulley serving to
5 inovo tho shaft 111 tho other direction. Attached to any rotating part of tho
apparatus is a disk, a portion of whoso periphery is of insulating material, tho
remainder boing a conductor; or tho disk may have sovoral alternating conduction
and non-conducting portions. Upon tho disk bears a contact spring, the disk and
spring boing interposed 111 a circuit lending from a battery or other source of
10 electricity to tho magnet last spoken of, or the current therefor through a shunt
may bo a portion of the machine itself. One rotating disk and spring may bo
arranged to control tho circuit of tho shaft moving magnets of a largo number of
machines or motors.
In providing electro motors for any given work it is desirable [that any ono
15 motor should bo constructed to givo tho maximum power required with a certain
definito current. As is tho case with all motors, however, it may bo desired to uso
the motor for less than its maximum capacity, that is, to run it with a varinblo
load or amount of work to he performed; it is preferable that it should be provided
with a governor to correct any fluctuations in speed consequent upon such variation
M in load or work. To accomplish this I place on the main shaft, or I gear to it,
either directly or by belting, n centrifugal governor which lifts upon too grent
speed, an adjustable circuit lever, controling by either making or breaking, directly
or indirectly, the circuit to tho motor. This lever may control directly the circuit
to the motor passing through it, or it may control indirectly, by controling a local
battery circuit to a magnet whose armnture lever operates a circuit breaker placed
in tjm motor circuit. In order to prevent too sudden fluctuation upon the breakage
of Circuit, and to maintain regularity while the currcut is 011, tho main shaft is
provided with a heavy fly or balance wheel whose momentum prevents irregu¬
larities, and causes gradual slowing down when tho circuit is broken. As tho
ji) circuit controling lever of tho governor completes tho circuit through an adjustable
slop, the joint effects of the governor and fly-wheel are that tho inacliino is capable
of the finest adjustment, breaking and completing tho circuit upon tho "least
variation from n determined desired speed, acting exactly, so to speak, as an
automatic cut-off in steam engines, proventing unnecessary consumption of
The breaking of the mnin circuit occasions a Inrgo spark at the breaking point,
which is more destructive as a unit than it would bo if divided into several sparks,
hence I break tho main circuit, when breakngo is necessary, at several points
Mnultancously in order to divide the spark and lessen its total injurious effect.
10 1 accomplish this by fixing upon nu insulating base several contact springs, tho
Irce ends of which rest each respectively upon proper contact posts, und project
slightly beyond the same. Tho circuit is led to ono post, passes to its spring,
''hence it passes by a wire to the next post and its spring, and by wire to tho
next post, and so on through the scries of springs and posts. Eithor tho circuit
” C0| droling Jovcr or the armature lever, ns eithor is used for tho purposo as before
c Mimincd, is broadened at the end so ns to take under tho extromo free ends of
r the circuit springs, and upon desired movement lift them from their posts,
rcakmg the main circuit at a number of points.
, ." us “ig electro motors, especially for actuating light machinery, it is vory
° “ Mat the rate of speed of tho actuated inacliino bo liudor control of tho
^perator, and that tho means of control bo simplo, effectual, and easy of
jl “'Mcrto this has been attempted only through controling tho electric circuit to
55 «neon t0r ’ ^ ,oa * iin K or closing it in whole or in part. I propose to control the
to H ^ the application of a brako to tho main drivou wheel without reference
but it cun ’ unt> A brake is so pivoted us to bu capable ot bearing upon tho wheel,
kept therefrom normully by a spring. Attached to tho brako is a lever which
5 A.D. 1880.—N° 1385. a****
Edison'8 Improvements in Electric Machines anil Motors.
n turn iff attached to n treadle, by menus of which nny desired pressure may be
applied, though it is evident that-tho bmko lever may be arranged to bo operated
jy hand instead of through the medium of a treadle.
So far as I am aware electric motors have always been connected direct to the
lotuated machine, so that tho rate of speed of the actuated machine and uf the
uotor wero the same. It is often desirable that the actuated mnehino be driven
it a less or at a greater rate of speed than the motor. To effect this I interpose
jutwcon the two differential gearing, that is, gearing which may be cogged wheels,
union wheels, Inction gearing, belts, and pulleys, etc., of different diameters,
irrnnging them to produce tho desired differentiation of speed.
Kofemng now to the Drawings for a more particular description,
Fig. 1 is a detailed view of several parts detached from Fig. 2.
„ 2 is an isometric view of a machine embodying a portion of tli i |
orming the Invention herein claimed.
Fig. 3 is a plan view.
„ -I, an end view, and
„ !> a side view of a motor and actuated machine showing nnother portion uf
lie Invention herein claimed.
a is a rotating armature which revolves between polar extensions of magnets not
iccessnry to bo shown. This armature is composed of a number of thin plates,
■ings, or disks secured upon the shaft b, thin pieces of insulating material, preferably
issue, alternating with the plates, rings, or disks, and separating cncli of them from
ill the others. The black lines at <i' show the metallic plates, the intermediate white
hies representing the insulating material. The plates, disks, or rings should not
ixeced one eighth of an inch in thickness, while the best results are obtained when
.lie thickness is from one sixty fourth to one thirty second of an inch, d, d, aro the
lommutator brushes or springs resting against the commutator d -, tin i biuslii",
ire secured in stands d l capable of horizontal and vertical adjustment, ns shown.
Vs more clearly shown in Fig. 1 the springs or brushes are placed obliquely to the
ixis of the commutator, preferably at an angle of about 30°. The shaft b of the
revolving armature and of the commutator is supported in boxes c, anil is iinangul
,o have a longitudinal movement therein. Upon the end of the shaft b is fixed a
lisk/, which forms tho armature for a magnet m ; whose poles p, p, me i slnukd,
is shown, to exert their influence upon /. Through the magnet passes an electrical
circuit y, y, in which is placed a circuit interrupter, consisting of a spring it whose
roe end bears upon a hub or disk t, whose surface is composed of alternate con¬
ducting and nonconducting material, one or a series of alternations being used.
While the spring u bears on a conducting portion of t tho circuit through m is
jompleto, and tho poles p, p, attract /, pulling tho shaft b to its limit of movement
in one direction. When tho circuit is broken a spring a forces the shaft to its limit
n tho opposite direction. The hub or disk t may bo attached to nny rotating part
jf a lnachine, or it may be driven by an independent motor. If it bo so geared
that its rate of speed is different from that of b, tho movements of b will not occur
it tho same relative time in consecutive rotations, and tho wear of the commutator
ivill be evenly distributed over its wholo face, and the rotating armature will also
ue evenly worn and polished. I prefer that mica bo used ns tho insulating material
between the metal bars or strips of tho commutator. One circuit breaker «, t, may
control the circuit for a number or battury of generators or motors; or a series ol
them may bo arranged upon ono shaft, each controling the circuit to a generator or
to u motor, and arranged to operate iu succession. ,
As before stated if an iron pulley bo used upon the shaft b it may be so arranS^
that the attraction between it and tho not shown magnets of tho mnehino will u,ov
the shaft in ono direction, tho attraction between / and p, p, moving it in the °“ 1C '
in which enso the spring a is dispensed with. _ .. ,
<J is a centrifugal governor connected to tho shaft b by a belt q ; it is
however that this governor may bo placed on the shaft, or may bo geared direcuy
thereto. Tho sliding tubo «/ of tho governor, raised or lowered by tho action
Edison’s Improvements in Electric Machines and Motors.
tho governor balls, carries a sliouldor h taking under a pivoted lever Id, whose fruo
end normally rests upon an adjustable stop i. The circuit x, of a small battery
1,1! passes through the lever Id and stop i. This circuit x, x, also passes through
an electro magnet I 1 whoso armature lever n is pivoted in suitable standards 1, 2 ;
5 the free end of this lever n is widened out into a plato which takes under the free
ends of a scries of circuit springs, in this case four in number o', o-, n ", o', which
number however may he greater or less, as desired. These springs aro attached to
an insulating supportand are arranged when not lifted by n to rest upon contact
posts r\ i~, r\r'. The motor circuit AI C passes to the spring o' and post r 1 , then
10 by wire to spring o' and post r 2 , and so through the series. The lover Id and part i
are adjusted so that they shall remain in contact wlionever a desired predetermined
speed is not exceeded, hut that Id shall bo lifted from i when such speed is exceeded.
In this latter ovent tho circuit x, x, is broken between Id and i, the magnet l l is
discharged, the armature lever n is raised by tho force of its spring lifting the
15 springs o', o 2 , etc., from their posts, and breaking at each tho motor circuit me.
fly this means a motor may bo kept in action with a steady speed, and tho
destructive effects of ono largo main circuit spark lessened veiy materially by
dividing into several minor sparks, or by increasing tho numbor of springs and
contact posts for breaking tho main circuit nny sonsiblo spark effect may bo
20 entirely obviated.
If desired the battery L B, circuit x, x, and magnet I 1 may bo dispensed with,
anil the springs o', o', o’, o', etc., be operated by the lever Id.
Further, several magnets l' mid armatures might he used, one boing assigned for
each spring, or for each division of two or more springs of the entire number used.
25 In addition upon the shaft b is mounted a heavy lly or balance wheel F, W, whoso
momentum serves to avoid too sudden fluctuations ill speed upon breaking the
circuit.
In Figures 3, 4, and 5 a 1 is nny suitable electro motor in which is the rotating
armnlure, on whoso shaft is a commutator cf, upon which press the springs or
30 brushes it, d, for completing tho circuit from tho conductors 1, 2, to the motor.
Upon tho shaft is tho pulley Id secured thereto by friction, the friction being so
adjusted that the pulley and shaft shall bu held and move together when only tho
resistance of tho actuated machine is to bo overcome, but that whenever a greater
resistance is offered tho friction shall be overcome and the shaft rotato within tho
35 pulley without rotating it. From the pulley b' a licit id leads to tho large fly
pulley id secured to the frnmo of tho actuated machine. Upon tho shaft of id is
the pulley id, from which a belt id transmits tho motion to tho actuated machiuo.
Upon tho undersido of tho table c 1 , or to any convenient part of tho frame, is
pivoted a brake e 5 , adapted to be brought to bear upon the pulley id, but hold
40 normally from so doing by a spring x. To tho brake 0 s is pivoted tho rod e", which
passes down and is connected with a treadle c 7 underneath tho table.
Through this trcadlo then any desired pressure may bo put upon tho periphery
of the wheel b", regulating its speed, tho current to tho motor remaining unaffoctod
""d its rotation continued. To tho switch s' is attached a rod id which passes to
45 the front of the mnehino within cosy reach of tho operator. This switch is used to
complete or break tho circuit to the motor.
The switch may if desired bo placed upon tho frame or table ot tho actuated
. The form of the brake used may lie varied; for instance, it may bo a belt
5(1 tightener, tho bolt 6 s boing normally lonso and tho brake arranged to tighten it so
that it will take upon the pulleys and transmit motion from ono to the other.
'Vhal I claim is,—
hirst. A rotating armature, composed of thin metal plates, disks, or rings, ns
described, with alternating interposed insulating material, secured together upon a
65 Shalt or hub, substantially ns sot forth.
Second. The combination with a commutator of contact brushes or springs,
arranged at nn angle to tho axis of the commutator, substantially as set forth.
8 A.D. 1880.—N° 1385. < P o M » w , w
_ Edison'a Improvements in Electric Machines and Motor*.
Third. Tho combination with tho shaft of a commutator or rotating armature or
both, adapted to lmvo a reciprocating movoment in its supporting iournals’ of
means for giving such motion, substantially as sot forth.
Fourth. The combination with a rotating slmft of a commutator or armature, or
both, of an arninture, a mngnet, and a circuit controling device for givin** a rcciiiro- 5
eating motion to the slmft, substantially as set forth. ° *
Fifth. Tho combination with a revolving armaturo of a governor receiving
motion therofrom, and adapted to control tho main circuit, substantially as set
forth. 1
Sixth. Tho combination with a revolving armature of a fly or balance wheel 10
substantially as sot forth.
Seventh. Tho combination with tho mnin circuit of a circuit breaker, adapted to
break or closo tho main circuit at several points simultaneously, as set forth.
Eighth The combination with an electro motor of a brako applied to tho main
driven wheel, substantially as set forth. X5
1 coml)ination wit 1 ' an electro motor of a friction pulley on tho rotating
Shalt of the motor and a brako applied to tho mnin drivon whool and adapted to
control its speed, substantially as set forth.
Tenth. The combination with an electro motor of a mochnnical brako adapted
to control the speed of the actuated machine, substantially as set forth. 20
In witness whereof, I, tho said Tliomns Alva Edison, have hereunto set my
hand and seal, this Seventeenth day of September, A.D. 1880.
Witnesses,
CnA". H. S.MiTn, 14'
Geo. T. Pinckney, „
THOMAS ALVA EDISON. (l.s.)
A.D. 1880, 16 th September. N° 3765.
Eleotrio Lamps, S
LETTERS PATENT to Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, for an Invention of “ Improvements in Electric
Lamps, and in Carbons or Incandescing Conductors therefor, and in
Means for and Methods of Manufacturing the same.” A communication
from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of New
Jorsoy, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION loft by the said Edward Griffith Brewer at
tho Office of the Commissioners of Patents on tho lGtli September 1880.
Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Chancory Lane.in tho County of Middlesex.
“ Improvements in Electric Lamps, and in Carbons or Incandescing
5 Conductors therefor, and in Means for and Methods of Manufacturing
tiie same." (A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo
Park, in tho State of Now Jorsoy, United States of America.)
As is now generally known, the inventor prefers to use in his system of olectrio
lighting an electric lamp consisting essentially of an incandescing conductor sealed
to - ,1«, oF aketri. lam ^a, tb.
practice, so far as tho invontor knows, has been to make them of 'asi low re ?' stl ““
as possiblo, a porous carbon having been used which was dipped or ....
cabonizablo liquid until its pores woro filled and then subjected to recarbon hon,
W which process was repeated until tho pores of the original carbon were filled with
^By" this process tho resistance of the carbon is lessoned, while its liability to
disintegration undor high heat is increased. ,
„„ Such carbons are unfit for use in electric lamps giving light by mcandescence.
2 » For such lamps tho inventor has discovered that the :>n«tndescmg: aaW
should have the highest possiblo resistance in a very small
resisting the disintegrating effects of very high heats in tho absence of otmospberio
pressure, and further that carbons, which are purely structural in character alone
possess theso qualities. By purely structural is moant a carbon wherein the
[Price Is. 2c?.] A
A.D. 1880.—N» 3765.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, do.
natural structure, cellular or otherwise, of the original matorial is preserved
unaltered, that it is not modified by any treatment which tends to fill up the cells
or pores with unstructural carbon, or to incrcaso its donsity, or to alter its
resistance.
One object of this Invention therefore is to provide such enrbons, and means 5
and methods for their manufacture.
In practice the incandescing conductor of a lamp should bo of about one hundred
ohms resistance, while this may be varied within certain limits; the resistance
stated is a preferable one, and is a very high resistance compared to the enrbons
referred to as previously used. 10
It is essential that this high resistance should be had without increase of
radiating surface, that is, only the radiating surfneo necessary to give a certain
stnndnrd amount of light at the proper degree of incandcsconce should be used.
Tho invontor has discovered tlmt incandescing conductors possessing the qualities
enumerated may be made of such natural fibres or fibrous bodies as nro capable of 15
carbonization, especially such ns are large, filamentary, and cellular in character.
Of such there are several varieties, of some of which a single fibre or several lilacs
aggregated together artificially are used, of some a piece composed of numerous
elementary fibres is used.
'Iho inventor has found Hint tho preferable single fibres are those of which jute, 20
bast, manilla, hemp, nnd sucli like, nro good types, the most preferable one being a
fibrous gross from South America called “ monkey bast ” fibre, each blado of which
is generally round and composed of a great number of elomenlnry fibres held
together by a natuial cement or resin, which carbonizing locks all tho elementary ^
fibres together into a homogeneous filament. Tho treatment next herein described 2»
applies however to all the fibres of this class.
Those blades vary somewhat in size and also are slightly tapering. It being
necessary that the conductors should bo of a uniform sizo are reduced, and also
any other fibres varying in sizo to uniformity by passing them through a cutting
die, which shaves oil' tho extraneous matter; or a revolving cutter may be passed
along the fibres, or they may be reducod in any othor practical way.
When desired several blades of the above named grass, or several of any other
natural fibres, may bo taken, and after bunching them together they are dipped
into a solution of sugar or other carbonizable liquid and then carbonized as one
fibre, tho carbonized cementing liquid binding them firmly together into n largo 3
filament of higher resistance, but of no greater radiating surface than the
carbonized paper incandescing conductor heretofore described by the inventor.
Upon the ends of tho fibre, whether simple or compound, are fixed prior to
carbonization clamps made of any suitable carbonizable matorial, lignum vit®, box ^
wood, or equivalent, being well adapted therefor.
They may bo mado flattened or square, but preferably are cylinders. _
A small hole is bored through tho centre and tho fibre inserted therein.
It is advantageous to moisten theso inserted ends of tho fibre with a solution o
sugar or with other carbonizable liquid ; pieces of platinum wire are inserted in
tho clamps. Upon carbonization tho material of the clamps shrinks around an
upon tho wires and fibre, binding them tightly together, which result is aided J
the carbonization of tho liquid applied as before suggested to the inserted end
the fibre. .
Of course materials wherein the pioco necessary to form a conductor is coinpo^ ^
of a largo number of fibres. Tho inventor has discovered that excellent rca
pertain to the uso of tho plants of tho family arundensrin, or gigantic 6™^
commonly known as bamboo or cano, or cane bamboo. In such tho primary
making up the mass of the material extend from end to end parallel to each •
increasing the strength and obviating dunger of brcukngo from cross or o j j.
Of the bamboo cane the hard glossy exterior is the best to uso, nud the softer or
pithy interior part should be rejected.
A.D. 1880_N° 3765.
Brewer's Improvements in Electing Lamps, dc.
To produce the best results in giving light it is essential that tho carbon should
be of uniform sizo throughout tho portion that is to bo rondered inoandescont in
order that radiating surfaco and resistance bo regular nnd uniform, ensuring oven
heating nnd incandcsccnco. b
S 1*1 ac . c 1 om P I * ah ‘ l,is t!l ° <™<>. bamboo, or other matorial used is treated as follows
anil by tho following means :—
The cane is split into pieces somewhat wider than necessary and tho inner or
pith portion removed. The material chosen (either tho cano or bast, or other if
desired) cut into strips is passed through a shaving dovico in which a cutting or
10 shaving knife is fixed, tho material being forced against tho knife by a movable
block provided with ail adjustable Btop screw, by which the distanco of the block from
the knife can be regulated, regulating in turn tho thickness to be given to tho slip,
is attained ° VlCC sll P or is slmveJ 011 botl ‘ sides until the proper thickness
15 It is then placed in a clamp composed of two halves of a length equal to the
desired length of the slip. In one half a shoulder or offset is made nt a distanco
from tho edge greater than tho desired width, upon which ono edge of tho fibre
rests which is then clamped between tho two halves and the protruding portion
carefully shaved off, which may be dono by hand or by a cutting blade moved bv
20 machinery. ° J
On the opposito side of the clamp is an offset in ono half at a distanco from the
edge exactly equal to the width to bo given tho slip.
As it is desirnblo to form tho extended bearing upon which take the clamps
securing the carbon to metallic conductors, homogeneous and in one pieco with the
-5 body, provision is made therefor.
Upon the sido last referred to of the clamps anil at tho ends are small projections
of tiro exact shape and size to be given the broadened ends of tho carbons.
The slip sliuved upon both sides and ono edge is transferred to tho opening in
Ine clamps, and tho extra material shaved or cut off
“ , Tl,c sli P is now of uniform size throughout its body and with enlarged ends
formed upon it.
These enlarged ends are entirely upon one edge, instead .of tho enlargement
being equally distributed upon both edges, as elsewhere shown.
Him construction enables tho slips when placed on edge, the straight edge, in
0 the carbonizing flask to move therein, as they are contracted in the process of
carbonization.
Good natural anil purely structural carbons mny be made of wood, as the wood
is an example of the class of material alluded to. m which the mass of material is
composed of a number of elementary fibres naturally bound together.
In all instances tho wood is first to be formed into the shnpe of what is generally
known in the inventor’s system ns tho loop or “ horse shoe ” and then carbonized,
cud not to be subjected to nny further processes which will tend to fill up its pores
'"•'‘alter its density or resistance.
Tho wood may bo prepared by several methods ; for instance, it can be shaped
” cutting or stamping by a die.
. , Mu veneer of wood, preferably smoother and brought to tho desired thickness,
? ,ll kcnand laid upon a mould or bed plate, a cutting die is then forced down upon
^/•Ging out a pieco in tho shape desired for the incandescing matorial, and
50 , l'b thickened ends for attachment to tho clamps, or a number of vouoors may bo
einul aDl * S0CIIIC ^ together, and then cut into proper shape by a band, gig, or
Another method is as follows:—
A block of wood is taken and cut or formed so that its centre shall bo a wob,
55 .‘“'ded nt tho sides by thicker portions. The grain of the wood is from sido to
c. aud tho thickness of the wob is about the desired breadth of tho carbon,
thi I° m ^ 10 ^lock 80 fashioned pieces whoso width approximates the desired
‘ckne3s of tho carbon nro split, shaved, or out off. Those pieces are then
4 A.D. 1880.—N° 3765. sSSSSSSi.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, etc.
sufficiently softened by moisture and lieat so as to bo bent into a circular or horse
shoe or ovnl form, and they aro retained in such slmpo in a proper carbonising
flask and carbonized.
Another method is ns follows:—
A block of wood is taken ami out in a milling mnehino or lathe for turning 5
irregular forms until its shape is that of an elongated oval, of which about one
third, including an end, is cut upon somewhat larger axis than the remainder in
order to provido for tho elatnps.
Tlio interior is tlion reamed out in a suitablo mnehino, so tlmt tho block then
resembles a series of carbon horso shoes with closed ends piled upon each other. 10
Tho length of tho oval is with tho grain of tho wood.
The block is then split or sawed into very thin layers or strips, each forming
ultimately ono horso shoo carbon.
The slips are then carbonized, preferably in a nickel flask. After carbonization
the greater portion of tho broader end of the slip is cut off, leaving tho horso shoo 15
in shnpe for use. This broader end, which connects what aro afterwards the ends
of tho horso shoe, may, if desired, bo cut ofl prior to carbonization: but ns the
broader connecting end tends to support and keep in slinpe the portions afterwards
forming the horse shoo, it is better to leave it on until after carbonization.
Either before or after carbonization, preferably before, and before tho slips aro 20
sawed or split from tho block, small holes aro made in tho broad end, through
which pass the clamp screws.
It is desirable in manufacturing carbon slips or filaments of tho styles generally
known ns tbc “ horse shoo ” carbons, for use as tho incandescing conductors in
electric lights, that they should bo carbonized evenly and uniformly, and that their 25
shape should be preserved that tho carbonization should be eflected without
warping or twisting tho body of tho carbon.
As however the material contracts largely ill the process of carbonization, means
are required which, while holding tho material in position to avoid twisting or
warping, shall at the same time guarantee even and thorough carbonization, and 30
permit tho material to move, so tlmt the inevitable contraction during the process
may proceed without danger of rupturing or otherwise damaging tho carbons.
The means and methods for this object are as follows :—
For fibres of the class where a single fibre is used and damps are secured thereto
a carbonizing flask is used, in tho bottom of which is cut a groove approximating 35
in form the shape desired for tho finished carbon, but somewhat longer, in which
groove is laid tho fibro with its attached clamp. A heavy metallic cover is then
laid thereon, confining the fibro in place, so tlmt it preserves its shape during
carbonization, while at the same time it is freo to contract.
Tho cover may in turn be grooved and receive another fibre, and a series bo M
used, so tlmt many may be carbonized at once in one flask. This flask and all its
parts should be made of nickel, which is best adapted to stand tho high heats
necessary to thorough carbonization. . j
Tho result is what is now known ns tho " horso shoo " carbon, made as n single
fibre with carbon damps and proper conductors securely attached thereto by tho
process of carbonization. j
As theso carbon clamps from their much larger sizo relatively contain a largo
quantity of deleterious gases, which cotno out very slowly when under tho
of tho vacuum pumps, it iB preferable that clamps bo used which have first bo°
carbonized and subjected in vacuo to heat sufficient to produce a high degreoi oi
incandescence. When such aro used a very small amount of sugar applum to
ends of the fibres servos, by its carbonization, to bind them securely together.
The carbons mnde of the other materials set forth have enlarged onds «»
upon them for offering a large and certain connection with tho clamps, as s
forth. For thoir carbonization a flask constructed in either of the foflo" °
methods is used:—
Those various forms are unitary in principle, in that they conGno and
..-. .... /_
A.D. 1880.—N° 3765.
Brewer’s Improvements in Electric Lamps, tie.
the material during tho carbonization, proventing any distortion, while at tho snmo
timo provision iB nmdo for contraction, and they differ only slightly in the details
by which theso results are attained.
In ono form a pinto is provided with a groove or recess of tho slmpo and sizo
5 desired for tho carbons. At ono end of tho groove is a recess just largo enough to
receive ono of tho enlarged onds of the strip, a pin being used to secure that end
therein. At tho other end of tho groove is an elongated recess, tho excess of length
of which is equal to tho contraction of tho material during carbonization, in which
rests tho other ond of tho filament, to which may ho attached, or on which may bo
10 placed, a smnll weight to keep it straight.
During carbonization this end is drawn up in its elongated recess, the other end
remaining fixed.
In another form a groovo or rocoss is mado of tho elliptical form desired with
recesses at tho onds just sullicicnt to admit of tho enlarged ends of tho filament
15 placed sideways therein.
Tho top or opox of tho groovo is enlarged in this case, ono boundary edge being
upon a curvo equal to tho length of the uucarbonizod matorial, whilo tho other is of
the length and slmpo desired for the filament after carbonization.
In another form a recess is cut in a plate of tho form desired for tho carbon, but
20 of a sizo tlmt will accommodate tho uucarbonizod material.
In tho recess fits and slides a plato slightly smaller than tho recess, so that when
tho plato is laid in tho recess a groovo is left sufficient in size to just receivo tho
filament.
Upon tho outer edges of tho recess and at tho proper points aro mado side recesses
25 just largo enough to receivo tho enlarged ends of tho filament. The filament
laid in tho groovo formod between tho r •*" ""' 1 “
___ _ and its plate, the enlarged onds laying
in tho recesses provided therefore, weights being laid upon tho latter to confine
them therein.
During carbonization, as theso onds aro fixed, contraction draws down tho bow
30 portion which carries tho plato with it, tho upper portion of tho plato preserving
the shape of tho matorial. .
The means described ousuro tho preservation of tho proper slmpo of tho material
during cnrbomzation.
It is also essential that they should bo carbonized ovenly and equally throughout
This may bonccomplishcd by a furnace of the following description
Preferably a nickel flask is used composed of two parts, a base plato provided
with numerous le"s so as to support tho sumo and permit tho heat to reach tho
bottom and a case, or which sets thereon. A series of plates constructed as
M beforo described is placed upon tho bottom so ns to form a pile, and the box or caso
placed thereon, its edges resting upon tho bottom.
This flask !b then placed in an oven of a sizo sufficient to leavo a spaco on overy
side of tho flask. . . .,
Tho oven is provided with a top in which is a peep holo having a removable
43 cover for inspection of tho interior.
A pipo connected to a sourco of supply of any gaseous combustible passes around
tho oven in sovoral branches, inlet pipes therefrom carrying the gas m as many
places us necessary to tho interior of tho oven for coiusumption tlioro.
A pipo connected to a suitablo air blast passes around tho ovon in the samo
50 manner, from which lead branch pipes, ono passing into each inlet pipo of tlio gas
supply, so that air under suitable pressuro is mingled with the gas at the point of
combustion, furnishing the propor blast for ousuring tho necessary high dogroo of
The gas and air pipes aro furnished with propor valves, so tlmt tho relative
“Sythta“ wm tCsup^y bo 80 r0 S> datcd that at firsfc tho flask ia sub .i eotod
6 A.D. 1880.—N° 8765.
oi*cdflcaUoQ.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, Ac.
to n comparatively modorato heat only, which is then gradually brought up to tlio
highest degree necessary.
During tlio process of carbonization there is sometimes danger that tho materinl
under treatment may bo ozidized to such an extent ns to intorforo with proper
carbonization. 1 1 5
This oxidntion is duo to tho oxygen in tho air present in the flnsk, and to tho
oxygon eliminated from tho wood itself at the commencement of the process.
If desired to prevent this, an auxiliary tube may ho used, passing into tlio flask,
through which is introduced therein prior to firing, and during the burning, an
atmosphere or hydrogen, or of somo hydro-carbon or of somu other element which 10
will take up tho oxygen and prevent its action upon tlio filament.
In a system of electric lighting, such ns proposed by tho inventor, in which
soparato electric lamps devoid of regulating devices are used at tlio places of
consumption, the entire regulation for nil tho lamps being performed at the control
station, as with water or gas supply, it is essential that a constant eleclro-motivo 15
force or pressuro be maintained.
And as in such a system tlio Inraps are arranged upon tho multiplo nrc or derived
circuit system, it is essential that there should be a certain standard resistance in
each derived circuit.
This has boon attained by placing ono lamp of such standard resistance in each 20
derived circuit.
It is desirable that all lamps used should bo of equal lighting value, each givings
certain standard amount of light. ‘
This has been attained by giving each n certain definito or standard amount of
radiating surface. 05
Ordinarily this radiating surfneo lias been thnt with which tho standard pressuro
or electro motive forco and tlio standard resistance should give a light equal to 1C
candles.
Sometimes however it is desirable in some part of tho system to uso lamps which
each give a much less amount of light, for instance, in chandeliers, where it is 30
desired to divide the total amount of light produced nmong a larger number of
lamps than ordinary, that is, that the light of ono standard, say, 1C candle lamp, bo
divided between two, three, or four lamps, each of eight, five, and ono third or
four candle power respectively.
This result may bo obtained in tho following way:— 35
In a derived circuit nro placed two lamps, each being carefully provided with an
incandescing^ conductor of ono half tho resistance and ono half tho radiating surface
of the incandescing conductor of tho standard lump of tho system.
A single circuit breaker is provided for both lamps, in order that both shall be
turned off or on simultaneously. 40
'When desirable, tho two lamps may bo arranged in one holder, which may form a
bracket or a section of a group of lamps or of a chandilcr.
Instead of two lamps as instanced, any number may be used, care being taken
that the resistance of each be a fractional part of the standard resistance of ono
ordinaiy lamp, tho denomination of the fraction boing the number of smaller lamps 45
in tho one derived circuit.
In tho lamp generally uBcd in my system and referred to hereinbefore, tho light
is produced by the incandescence of a conductor in an hermetically sonlcd vessel;
tho incnndescin^ conductor boing tho small carbon now generally designated as tho ^
Such howovor arc designed for small lamps, usually fifteen to eighteen candle
power, and tho conductor required therefor boing small is hermetically scaled in
ginss.
When it is desired to produce on tho same principle a much greater light,say,
ono hundred candles power, tho conductor theroto must also be much larger. 6
Whilo tho inventor has succeeded t in satisfactorily sealing somowhat larger
A.D. 1880.—N« 3765. 7
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, Ac.
conductors hermetically in tho glass, it is generally not so effective or desirable
s method of passing largo conductors into tho bulb ns where small conductora are
used, wherefore tlioro seems to bo a necessity for some other method, which, in the
case of largo conductors, shall pass the conductors in tho bulb of the lamp without
5 contact with tho glass thereof, and at tho sarno time furnish on effective and lasting
hermoticnl soal. .
This tho inventor 1ms succeeded in doing by the employment in tho lamp ot
two colums of mercury sustained in tubes attached to the lamp bulb at ordinary
baromotric hight by the pressuro of the atmosphere, and serving both as seals to
10 preserve tho vacuum in tho lamp bulb, and as parts of the circuit through the
iucandfscent conductors. . .
A glass globo or bulb is blown of proper size, having an annular opening in its
base of a sizo to admit of the passage into tho globo of an insulating base supporting
15 After this base is put in tho globo tho annular opening is closed, and two tubes
connecting with tho interior of the globe are connected hermetically thereto of a
length somewhat greater than the baromotric column of mercury.
From tho clamps of the carbon conductors pass ono from each clamp into the
proper tube. . . . . .
20 Tlio lower ends of tho tubes nro placed in proper mercury reservoirs insulated
from each other, ono reservoir being connected to one pole of the source of
electricity, tho other to tho other pole. ....
The air being exhausted from tho globo, the mercury rises in the columns or
tubes forming a seal for tho vacuum, and also forming a circuit to the conductors
25 attached to tlio clamps. ...
The lamp is supported upon or by a framo, the standards of which are provided
with adjusting screws, so that its height may be regulated on the levelling of the
stand secured. ... ,,
Hitherto in manufacturing tho lamp the carbon, having been prepared from
30 paper, wood, or other suitable fibre, was placed in the lamp, whose parts wore then
scaled, tho lamp was then exhausted of nir, a current being applied during the
process of exhaustion, heating tho carbon. . , , , ,
Prior to scalin" in tho lamp and the process of exhausting tho completed lamp
the carbons wero not heated, and prior to heating any delects therein could not bo
35 discovered. . , , , ,
It is practicably impossible to produce all tho loops or slips of absolute
uniformity or homogenity.or to carbonizo all of them absolutely uniform throughout
Whon^llentod 8 to redness, generally throughout their length, some show spots
40 either loss red or of a brighter red than the average of the carbonB, indicating for
tlio first timo faults in tho carbons. .... , .
Where tlicro is a bad fault in the carbon a white incandescent appears
determining tho lifo of tho lamp and also affecting its resistance. ,
Such lamps are unfit for use, and the entiro cost of their manufacture has proved
11 The inventor now employs a simple and easy method and means of testing the
carbons beforo they are put in tho lamp propor, and so prevent defect ve> or
unsuitable carbons from being embodied in completed lamps to be only thrown
away upon discovery of the fuults, increasing m fact tlio net cost of the faultless ones.
50 Tins is accomplished by a preliminary heating of the carbons in vacuum, which
l*y tho following means can bo cheaply, rnpidly, and efiectuiilly done.
What may bo called a temporary lamp is formed of a globe or chamber.of proper
size, with an aperture at its top of a size anil cient to admit of the passage of a
carbon and its ‘supporting base. The neck of the supporting base pas cstightjy
55 through a soft rubber cork which fits into the aperture m top of theg obe The
cork is so sized that its upper side is a little distance below the top edge of tho
aperture, so that when the cork is in position a chambor is formed on top.
8 A.D. 1880.—N° 3765. jftwuiwi
bpcdflrmUon.
Brewer’s Improvements in Electric Lamps, See.
On ono side of the wall of tho aperture is an oponing having a tube upon its
exterior, tbo opening being into the chamber referred to ns formed nbove the cork
A mercury reservoir is connected to tho oponing by a floxiblo tube.
When tho cork is put into placo tho resorvoir is elevated and tiio mercury flows
thonco, forming a seal over the cook, per contra tho reservoir boing depressed tho n
mercury flows back into the resorvoir, leaving tho cork oxposed,
The globe is connected to a proper oxhaust tubo, sovoral springlo drops boine
simultaneously used.
By this means a carbon may be placed in tho globo, and soaled and exhausted
quickly, and tho current nppliod for testing the carbon, and if found perfect it may 10
be placed in a permanent lamjr.
If the carbon proves defective it is discarded, tbo only loss boing tho labor and
material, which are small, involved in tho manufacture of tho carbon, nnd not as
hitherto, the material nnd great labor necessary to make a complote lamp.
It is evident that several carbons may bo tested at onco in tho proving chamber 15
or temporary lamp.
One of tho objects in giving a very high resistance to the incandescing
conductors used in my system of lighting is to attain economy of mnterial in tho
conductors therefor.
The resistance usually given them is sufficient for any desired economy in 20
ordinarily thickly settled localities. For use, however, in sparsoly settled neigh¬
borhoods, as say, the outskirts or suburbs of a town or city, it may be desirable
to have a lamp by the use of which still greater economy of conductor is attained.
In such localities, in order to lessen tho number of lights needed in streots, it
may be also desirable to have a lamp in which tho volume of light is increased, in 25
order that economy in the erection of lamp posts, for examplo, may be subsorved,
and it may also bo desirablo to uso lamps in which tho volume of light may be
increased in other localities.
As there is oventually a limit to tho cffectivo lifo of tho carbon used, it is desirablo
to so nrrnngo a lamp that tho operativo lifo of tho lamp may be prolonged beyond 30
the average life of a carbon, to the end that tho cost of the labor expended in
embodying a carbon in a lamp may bo reduced.
Both or eithor of these results are obtained in the following way
In a globe mado and put togethor in tho mnnnor usually employed nnd hithorto
described, two or more carbons are used. 35
, J n “ S ‘ D S two to *ho end of ono conductor pnssing into and sealed in the globo
is by its single limb fnstenod, a double clamp of Y shnpo to each of tho douhlo
r a car ° on being attached. At their other end each carbon is attached to an
individual clamp, each clamp boing attached to a conductor passing nnd soaled into
tho globo. 40
The conductors (in this instance threo in number) pass to a circuit closer con-
necting them to tho conductor from tho source of electricity.
. , H c i rou >t closer is so constructed as to bo capable of closing tho circuit
simultaneously through both, and so that, as desired, they may bo eithor in ono
circuit, as a sones, or each bo in its own derived circuit, or the circuit may he closod 45
through either one separately.
When both are used in multiplo arc, it is ovident that the net resistance
of the circuit is ono half the resistance of one, and a certain sized conductor is
When both are used in multiplo arc, it is ovident that the net resistance
of the circuit is ono half the resistance of one, and a certain sized conductor is
required.
If both are used in series the resistance is double that of one, nnd four times 5'
fourths ' he ““ tipl ° aro ' in whicl1 0080 tl10 conductor may bo diminished three
As tho volume of light is that of two ordinary lamps, it is evident that a much
less number may bo used with tho same light giving results. Thus economy m
laying main conductors and in tho erection of lamps is secured.
It is evident that, os one carbon only may bo usod at a timo, that by so using
one only at a time, tho lifo of a manufactured lamp is practically doubled, for whore
jSflSSS. A.D. 1880.—N° 3765. 0
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, ito.
ono carbon has reached its effective limit tho circuit thero-through is transferred to
the othor, thus saving tho oxpenso involved in sealing ono carbon in its globo, tho
cost of a globo, and its exhaustion.
It is ovidonttlmt more than two carbons may bo sealed in ono globo, ono conductor
5 being provided with the corresponding number of clamps, nnd each carbon provided
with n separnto return wire, for which propor connections aro mndo by enlarging tho
circuit closing key, on tho principle shown.
In electric lamps formed by sealing an incandescing conductor hormotically in a
glass enclosing globo, tlioro may bo danger somotimos that tho glass and wire will
10 separate at tho point where tho conducting wires pass through and are sealed into
the glass globo. This is duo to tho fact that tho conducting wires near tho
incandescing mnterial becomo very hot by conduction, and that tho co-efficient of
expansion of tho glass nnd wire are so different.
In tho lamp mndo on this plan, owing to tho high resistance of tho incandescing
15 material, such small conductors are used that tho danger referred to has boen of
minor or tho very least importance.
It may bo desirable, however, to provido means which reduce tho danger to a
minimum, while affording at the same time tho necessary support for the very small
nnd dolicalo conductors nnd incandescing material.
20 To accomplish this, a small glass bulb is blown of a littlo larger diameter than
the distance apart of the ends of tho carbon.
Through this globo are pnssed and sealed therein tho conductors leading to tho
carbon, each conductor boing scaled therefore in two places, one contiguous to
tho clumps for receiving and supporting tho carbon, the other sonl being almost
25 diametrically opposito.
Tho carbon nnd clamps being placed in position, this small globo is placed in an
aperture left for tho purpose in tho larger enclosing globo, and sealed thereto at
about tho meridian lino of tho smaller bulb.
Tho larger bulb is provided with a tubo by which it is attached to the air
30 axlmusting apparatus, and where it is sealed after the vacuum is produced; con¬
nected to this tubo is a branch tube leading from tho smaller bulb, so that both aro
simultaneously exhausted.
As very small small conductors are used, it is necessary for stability that they bo
supported near tho carbon, which is dono at tho sealings on top of tho smaller globe,
35 but if either of these, from their proximity to tho light, is over so heated as to
crack, it will still subservo its function as a support, while the vacuum is preserved
by tho seals more distant from the clamps.
Sometimes it may bo desirablo to make a lamp in which a less porinnncnt seal is
used, involving a less expensive method of sealing, and which may bo taken apart
40 readily for the substitution of a carbon, or for other purposes.
This may bo dono as follows:—
Upon a tubo closod at one end is supported a carbon, tho conductors therefrom
passing through tho tube, and being sealed hermetically in tho top thereof.
Tho enclosing globo is mado with a neck somewhat lurgor than tho tube, so that
*5 the carbon may bo passed thorc-through.
A rubber packing is interposed betwcon the outer walls of tho tubo and innor
walls of the neck securing tho two together, tho ends of tho tube projecting beyond
tho end of tho nock. .
This projecting portion of tho tubo passes through tho base of a rubber cup, tho
50 baso of tho nock resting upon tho bottom of tho interior of tho cup. At tho top of
the clip a rubber packing Alls the spaco botween tho exterior of tho nock and the
interior of tho cup. . .... ,
Tho spaco in tho cup is filled with mercury, which is retained in place in tho
cup by tho packing last referred to, forming with tho rubber a good seal for any
55 temporary use.
10
BpwUtaUon,
EpfcIflraUon,
11
A.D. 1880.—N° 3765.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, <ic.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Lotters Patent filed by
the said Edward Griffith Brewer in tho Grunt Seal Patent Office on the
16th March 1881.
Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Chancery Lnne, in the County of Middlesex,
<• Improvements in Electric Lamps, and in Carbons or Incandescing 5
Conductors therefor, and in Means for and Methods of Manufacturing
the SAME.” A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo
Park, in the State of New Jersey, United States of America.
As is now generally known said Edison prefers to uso in his system of electric
lighting an electric lamp consisting essentially of an incandescing conductor sealed 10
hermetically in a glass enclosing globo.
In tho manufacturing carbons for such and for nil clnssos of electric lamps, the
practice so far as known lias been to mako them of ns low resistance ns possible, a
porous carbon having been used which was dipped or soaked in some cnrbonizablo
liquid until its pores wero filled nnd then subjected to reenrbonization, which 15
process was repeated until tho pores of the original carbon wero filled with
carbon.
By this process tho resistance of the carbon is lessened while its liability to
disintegration under high bent is incrcnsed. Such carbons nro unfit for use in
electric lamps giving light by incandescence. 20
For such lumps said Edison has discovered that tho incandescing material should
havo tho highest possible resistance in a very small bulk, nnd be capnblo of
resisting tho disintegrating effects of very high heats and tho absonco of atmos¬
pheric pressure, and further that carbons which are purely structural in character _
alone possess these qualities. By purely structural is meant a carbon wherein the 2o
natural structure, cellular or otherwise, of tho original material is preserved
unaltered, that is, not modified by any treatment which tends to fill up the cells
or pores with unstructurnl carbon, or to increase its density, or to alter its
One object of this Invention therefore is to provide such carbons and means 30
and methods for their manufacture.
In prnctice tho incandesing conductor of a lamp should be of about ono hundred
ohms resistance. While this may be varied within certain limits tho resistance
stated is a preferttblo one, and is a very high resistance compared to the carbons
referred to ns previously used. It is cssontial that this high resistance should be 35
had without increase of radiating surface, that is, only tho radiating surface
necessary to give a certnin standard amount of light at tho proper degree of
incandescence should be used.
Said Edison has discovered that incandescing conductors possessing the qualities
enumerated may be made of such natural fibers or fibrous bodies ns arc capnblo of
carbonization, especially such as nre large, filamentnry, and cellular in character.
Of such there are soveral varieties, of some of which a singlo fibor or several
fibers aggregated together artificially are used, of some a pieco composed or
numornus elementary flbros arc used.
Tho preferable single fibres are those of which juto, bast, manilla, homp, etc., ore
good types, tho moro prefernblo one being a fibrous grass from South America
called 11 monkey bast ” fibre, each blade of which is generally round nnd composed
of a grant number of elementary fibres held together by a nnturnl cement or
resin, which carbonizing locks all the elementary fibers together into a homogeneous
filament. The treatment next herein described applies however to nil tho fibers
of this class. These blades vary somowbnt in size nnd nro also slightly taporiog.
It being necessary that the conductors should bo of an uniform size tboy nro
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, <L-c.
reduced, and also any othor fibers varying in size to uniformity by passing them
through a cutting die which shaves ofT tho extraneous matter, or a revolving cutter
may bo pnssed along the fiber, or tlioy may bo reduced in any other practical
5 When desired, seveal fibers of tho above unmcd grass or several of any other
natural fibers may bo tnkon, and after bunching them together dip thorn into a
solution of sugar or other cnrbonizablo liquid nnd then carbonize as one fibor,
the carbonized cementing liquid binding them tightly together into a largo
filament of higher resistance, but of no greater radiating surfaco than tho carbonized
0 paper incandescing conductor lieretoh.ro patented by said Edison. So far os
capable of illustration this part of the Invention is shewn in Figs. 1, 2, & 3.
Upon tho ends of the fiber A, whether simple or compound, nre fixed prior to
carbonization, the chimps B made of any suitable cnrbonizable material, lignum
vitae, box wood, etc., being well adapted therefor. They may be made flattened or
5 square, hut preferably are cylinders. A small hole is bored through the center and the
fiber inserted therein, ns shown in Fig. 2. It is advantageous to moisten tho
inserted ends of the fiber with a solution of sugar or with othor cnrbonizable
liquid. Pieces of platinum wiro c, o, arc inserted into tho clamps, as shown
in Fig. I. Upon carbonization tho material of damps B, B, shrinks around,
!0 nnd upon tho wires nnd fiber binding them tightly togothor, which result is
aided by the carbonization of tho liquid applied, as before suggested, to the
inserted ends of the fiber. Of those materials wherein tho pieco necessary to form
a conductor is composed of a lurgo number of libers, excellent results pertain to tho
use of the plants of the family arimdeneria or gigantic grasses commonly known
5 as bamboo or cane or cane bamboo. In such the primary fibers milking up tho
mass of the material extends from end to end parallel tc
strength and obviating danger of brcakago from cross
bamboo cane the hard glossy exterior is the best to u
part should be rejected,
if) To produce the best results in giving light, it is essential that the carbons should
he of uniform size throughout the portion that is to bo rendered incandescent, in
order that the radiating surfaco and resistance bo regular and uniform, ensuring
even heating and incandescence. To accomplisn this, tho cane, bamboo, or other
material used is treated as follows, and by tho following means :—The cane is split
15 into pieces somewhat wider than necessary, and the inner or pith portion removed.
’The material chosen (either tho caso or bast, or other if desired) cut into strips, is
passed through a shaving device, in which a cutting or shaving knife is fixed, tho
material being forced against tho knife by a movable block provided with an
adjustable atop screw, by which tho distnneo of tho block from the knife can be
0 regulated, regulating in turn tho thickness to bo givon to the slip. Ill this device
the slip or filament is shaved on both sides until llio proper thickness is attained.
It is then placed in a clamp composed of two halves, of a length equal to the
desired length of the slip. In one half a shoulder or offset is formed at a distance
from tho edge greater than tho desired width upon which one edge of the fiber rests,
:5 which is then clamped between tho two halves, and the protruding portion carefully
shaved off, which may bo dono by hand or by a cuttiug blade moved by machinery.
On the opposite side of tho clamps is an off-sot in one half, at a distance from tho
edge exactly equal to the width to bo given the slip. As it is dosirnblo to form
the extended bearing, upon which take tho clamps securing the carbon to inotallio
'0 conductors, homogeneous and in ono piece with tho body, provision is made therefor.
Upon the side last referred tp of tho clamps and at the ends are miido projections of
tho exact slmpo nnd sizo to lie givon tho broadened ends of tho carbons. Tho slip
shaved upon both sides, and ono edgo is transferred to tho opening in the clamps,
and tho extra material sliavod or cut off. The slip is now of uniform sizo throughout
. - - • The enlarged ends are entirely upon
.. ,. .--■i— i-.i - edges.
o each other, increasing the
or oblique grain. Of tho
e, and the softer or pithy
its body, with enlarged ends formed upon it. The enlarged ends are entirely tj]
one edge instead of the enlargement being equally distributed upon both ed;
This construction enables the slips whon placed on edge, tho straight edgo in
Specification.
12 A.D. 1880.—N° 3765. spoliation.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, <fco.
carbonizing flask to movo tlieroin ns tlioy nro contracted in tbo process of carbon¬
ization. This pnrt of tbo Invontion is illustrated in Figs. 4, 5, 0, 7, and 8, in which
Fig, 4 is a top viow, and Fig. B is a side view of tho dovico used for shaving tho
sides; Fig. 0 is an ond viow, and Fig. 7 is a side view of tho clamps used in shaving
tho edges. Fig. 8 is a viow of a comploto filnmont. 5
In these Figures, A is a suitable base, having upon it supports a, a\ for tho
working doviccs, these supports leaving an open space between them in which such
working devices nro mainly located. In front of a 1 is fixed a block 33 fashioned at
ono end to recoivo and support nt tho proper angle tho knifo or plane b. In front
of a is a block C attached to screw D sliding in a, and caused to rotate so as to 10
movo C by disk E, working in a Blot in a, 1), boing prevented from rotating by
Berew d taking into a feather cut in its side. Upon the sido of C is lug 0, through
which passes tho scrow tj, which is set to strike against B, and consequently limit
the movement of C, keeping it at any desired distance from B, which distance is tho
thickness to be given tho slip. The slip s is placed between B and C, and 15
drawn through between them, being forced by C against tho edgo of the kidfo
until one sido is smoothed. It is then taken out and replaced with tho shaved sido
next to c, and the operation repented.
By theso operations and monns tho slip is reduced to an uniform thickness.
Tho clamp for reducing to an uniform width is made of two parts II, I, of a 20
lougth equal to tho length to bo given to tho slip, and held together by pieces x
ono at each end, hnving a slot o in ono end so as to permit of a limited movement
of the parts H, I, from each other.
Tho part I is formed with shoulders or off sots v, w, nlong its ontiro length,
taking into a corresponding recess in II, forming when tho two parts aro in position 25
Blots along tho entire length of tho clamp, tho oil' sets v, w, forming the bottom of
tho slots. Upon ono side at each end of each pnrt aro formed the lugs or
projections h, h, tho size and shapo of tho enlarged ends of tho finished carbons.
In h, h, tho small recesses i, i, for the purposes hereinafter set forth.
Tho slip S of a greater width than the widest portion of the finished slip is 30
placed in the clamp in the slot, whoso bottom is tbo off set v, the clamps tightened
and the protruding portion removed down to tho surfneo of the clamps. The edge
thus prepared forms a straight edge or gage for the finishing, tho slip being placed
in the clamp in the slot whose bottom is the ofl set w, and tho extra material
removed on tho line formed by tho surface of tho clamp and tho projections li. It. 3o
This being done a saw or knifo is run through tho recesses i, i. The result is
the slip shown in Fig. S having an uniform body with tho enlarged clamps for
securing the carbon in the clamps, and provided with the recesses i, which are of
use in securing the slip in the carbonizing flask, and afterwards for permitting
tho clamping screws to pass through. Sometimes it is dcsirablo to form tho ends 40
thicker in both directions. In such coses tho preliminary cutting in the first
machino simply reduces the slip to dimensions equal to tho desired width ami
thickness of tho ends, and it is then finished off in the clamps, ono set ot clamps
being made with shallow grooves so that the slip may bo laid flatwise thoioin. Boon
natural and purely structural carbons may bo mndo of wood, ns wood is an example 4o
of tho class of materials alluded to, in which tho mass of material is composed
of a number of elementary fibers naturally bound together. In all instances tho
wood is first to be formed into tho shape of whnt is generally known in KtlisoM s
system, as the loop or " horse shoe,” and then carbonized, and not to be subjected
to any further processes which will tend to fill up its pores and alter its density o
or resistance. ,
Tho wood may bo prepared by several methods, for instanco, it can be shaped oy
cutting or stamping by a die. A thin veneer of wood properly smoothed an
brought to the desired thickness is taken and laid upon a mold or bed put >
a cutting die is then forced down upon it cutting out a piece in tho desired snap
for the incandescing mnterial, and with thickened ends for attachment to t
clamps, or a number of veneers may bo taken and secured together, and then eu
A.D. 1880.—N° 3765.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, Ac.
into proper shapo by a band, jig, or circular saw. This is illustrated in Fig. 0,
which is a section of the cutting dio and mold with a veneer in position, and in
Fig. 10, which shows tho resultant piece ready for carbonization. In these Figures
A is a cutting or stamping dio provided with tho cutting or stamping edge a
s projecting from tho face of A, and of the samo size and contour as tho woodon horse
shoe E; B is the mold or bed-plnto having a groovo or recess D, whoso upper edge
is of a Bizo and Bhnpe just sufficient to receive a, but increasing in aizo towards tho
huso to permit tho ready escape of anything which may bo forced in at the top.
0 is a piece of voncer in position for tho operation of the stamp or die A. upon
10 forco being applied to A shoo E is cut from the wood, with the broadened otids c
for attachment to the clamps homogeneous and unitary therewith.. Ibis in then
taken and placed in a suitable carbonizing flask fully illustrated korem. The result
is a porous structural carbon of high resistance excellontly fitted for use in lamps
intended to give light by incnndesconcc, and not needing any further treatment
16 which might alter or modify its purely natural structure. Another method is as
16 follows A block of wood is taken and cut or formed so that its center shall ho a
web bounded at the sides by thicker portions. The grain of tho wood isfromside
to side, and tho thickness of tho web is about tho desired breadth of the carbon.
From tho block so fashioned pieces whoso width approximate the dosu-ed thick esa
20 of the carbon aro split, slowed, or cut olf These pieces are then sufbc.cntly
softened by moisturo and beat, so ns to bo bent into a circu a , <>
oval form, and they are retained in such shape in a proper enibomzmg flitsk and
carbonized. This method is illustrated ill Figs. 11, 12, A Id, m which Ii„.
represents a block formed as before described ; F ig. 12, a piece split cut or shaved
25 therefrom and Fig. 13 tho same after carbonization, in which A is the web of the
block, the’ center o^f the block being reduced in thickness, "’ hl . lo t l ® °"? S “’ sh ; vcd
left broad or thickened for fastening to the clamps This block is 13 0 r
into pieces like Fig. 12, which are then bent into the shape shown in F g. 13, or
into i nv other desired shape and then carbonized while in such form, ihe lesult
3() .. c .,..p 0 .. v .; t p ... ends for clamping unitary with itself, and wlncli is
it it . i c ro'iistunce and with a minimum tendency to
porous, structuraliy unaltered, oE mgn lesistanct, aim n cou u
latho for turning irregular form ,
which about one third, including an end, is cut reamod out h,
remainder in order to provide for tho flumps., xne . . , *—
0 a suitable machine,
of the wood.”The block is then split or saweu inio m,
forming ultimately one horse shoe «jrbon. J heso^slips,
;s of carbon horse shoos
so that the block then resembles ast
. each other. The length
s then split or sawed il
“ E» E“" nftrSiilji* SJ.SSuS
tlie horse shoo may it desired bo cut oil pnoi to .. a ft er wards forming
screws. This is illustrated in Figs. 11 1 10 .“ b
perspective viow of tho block partially turned m P I I f . s ; do v ; ew 0 f
Fig. 15 is a front view of a carbon after carbonization ,F 10 is^s _ ^ ^
65 a carbon properly secured in damps. ^ ^ q . g that ofan 0 val
ikS: o, s si. *
14.
for tho clumps, the interior boing reamed out to present a uniform smooth
surface F. 'J'liis block so shaped is then split or sawed into very thin layers or
slips of a thickness sufficient for ono carbon horse shoe, ns seen in Figs. 15 and 1G.
Thcso slips are then carbonized and a portion of C broken or cut off at c, c, as shown
in dotted lines in Fig. 15. At some stages in tho process, proferably while in the 5
shape shown, in Fig. 14, holes d, d, are drilled for tho reception of tho
screws e, which fnston tho clamps D to tho carbon. It is dosirablo in manu¬
facturing carbon slips or filaments of tho style generally known ns tho horse shoo
carbons for use as tho incandescing conductors in electric lights that they should he
carbonized evenly and uniformly, and that their shape should bo preserved, that 10
the carbonization should bo effected without warping or twisting tho body
of the carbon. As however tho material contracts largely in tho process of
carbonization, means arc required which, while holding the material in position
to avoid twisting or warping, shall nt tho same time guarantee oven and
thorough carbonization and permit tho material to move, so that tho inevitable 15
contraction during tho process may proceed without danger of rupturing or
otherwise damaging tho carbons. For this purpose means and methods ns follows
arc used:—
For fibers of tho class where a singlo fibor is used and clamps or enlarged portions
for clamps nro secured thereto, a carbonizing flask is used, in tho bottom of which 20
is cut a groovo approximating in form tho shape desired for tho finished carbon,
but somewhat longer, in which groove is laid the fiber with its attached clamps. A
heavy metallic cover is then laid thorcon confining the fiber in placo, so that it
preserves its shape during carbonization, wliilo at tho same time it is lice to
contract. The cover may in turn be grooved and receive another fiber, and a series 25
be used so that many may bo carbonized at onco in ono flask. This flask and nil
its parts should bo made of nickel, which is best ndnptcd to stand the high heats
necessary to thorough carbonization.
This flask is illustrated in Fig. 17, in which D is n flask or box of metal capable
of withstanding a high degree of heat, having ft groove E of the desired shape cut 30
in its bottom, as shown in Fig. 17. As fibrous material contracts or shrinks in tho
process of carbonization, it is necessary to provido for tho movement attendant
thereon, care boing taken at the same time to prevent any movement which would
allow of warping or distortion. This is effected by tho groovo E which allows a
longitudinal movement but prevents any other. In this groovo tho fiber with its 35
attached ends is placed, a cover F being then laid over it. A corresponding groove
may lie cut in tho upper surface of tho cover F and nnotlier fibor laid therein, mid
a number of such covers, limited by the capacity of the flask or box D, may he
used, so that many may be carbonized at one operation. When the (lask or box 1)
is full the lid F l is fastened tightly thereon, and tho whole placed in any suitable 40
furnace for carbonization. Tho result is what is now known as tho liorso shoo
carbon made as a singlo fiber with carbon clumps and proper conductors securely
att..cl.cd thereto by the process oi carbonization. As these carbon clamps from
their much larger Bize relatively contain a large quantity of deleterious gases, which
come out very slowly when under the action of the vacuum pumps, it is preferable 45
that clamps bo used which have first been carbonized and subjected in vacuo to
heat sufficient to produco a high degree of incandescence. When such nro used a
very small amount of sugar appliod to tho ends of the fibers sorves by its carboni¬
zation to bind them securely together.
The carbons made of the other materials sot forth have enlarged ends made upon 50
them for affording a large and certain connection with tho clamps, os 6et forth. For
their carbonization a flask constructed in either of the following methods is used:—
liieso several forms are unitary in principle in that they confine and support the
material during its carbonization, preventing any distortion, while at the same time
provision is made for contraction, and they differ only slightly in tho details by 55
which these results are attained. In one form a plate is provided with a groove
or recess of the Bbape and Bize desired for the carbon. At ono ond of tho groove is
BpwlflciUoo.
A.D. 1880.—N° 3
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, Ac.
a recess just large enough to receive one of the enlarged ends of the strip, a pm
bcinc used to socuro that ond therein. .
At the other ond of tho groovo is an elongated recess, whose excess of length is
enuttl lo tho contraction of the material during carbonization, in which rests tho
5 other end of tho filament, to which may bo attached or on which may be placod a
small weight to keep it straight. During carbonization this end is drawn up in its
elongated recess, tho other end remaining fixed. In another form a groovo or recess
is made of tho elliptical form desired, with recesses at tho ends just suflicicnt to
admit of tho oiilarged ends of the filament placed sideways therein. The top or apex
,0 of tho groovo is enlarged in this case, one boundary edge being upon a curve equal
to tho length of tho uncarbonized material, while tho other is ot the length and
shape desired for the filament after carbonization. „ ,- nf
In another form a recess is cut in a plate of tho form desired for the onn but
of a size that will nccomodato the uncarbomzed material. In the lcc ““ h " TJ
15 slides a plate slightly smaller than the recess, so that when the j.late s laid m the
recess a groovo is left sufficient in size to just receive the filament. Upon. the outer
edgo of the recess, and at the proper points, are made side recesses J ,3t * al =“ e =
torccoivo the enlarged ends of the filament. The filament is hud in tl o gice
formed between the recess and its plate the enlarged endslaying Durin „
of the material. These plans may be bettor understood by leferencoto .18,
19 20 21,22,23,24, 25, and 2G, in which l'igs. 18, 21,-4, ami _o nro pm
25 of carbonizing plates, unitary in principle but ditlerm^ shshtly m ““‘"I;. J ^
n ,,,i (,, 1 ,,,. and side view respectively of a slip or filament rc.iuy rar uu
30 “u ‘I" U.e'TensufSS W t^ffin'is lied'carbrnfi
pluf th" contraction of the material during ,to a
Fig. 18 this extra length is at ono end of the g , ' ^ g of thu ,j la „ le „t,
small chamber just sufficient to loceue om. ot 1 A P 1 need in the
35 Which is secured therein by a pin e a
cl a nbor to assist in keep ng the onln^ end « g >' ■ X J,lr 6, wlmse length
•" d/ , T 10 in U.,, st l. ..f the filament in
• *SU a -«. -ip - ..- r «=2
by a smooth plate, or a series ma. U- .i.o underneath. They arc then
under surface of one forming the covti ^ subjl . ctl ,d to the first low heat
placed in a smtublo nickel cast., and o = dually tluonghout each slip or
45 carbonization and contraction proceed e\ eii y d ^ uulU , a t | 1B
filament, the contraction drawing up the 1 ;t xiio cases and plates
«»•*
50 Tis shown formed with a chamber «‘ at the bow of tho
horse shoe. •. -,-nnve the ends c, c, fitting into
In this case the slip s is hud (bitwise m tl g■ ^ ^ jj y tlli3 mean3
chambers at the end of tho groove, upon w 11 S w)lile t | l0 con traotion is
16 A.D. 1880.—N° 3766. speculation.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, i to.
the plato A is formed with a chamber, in which slides a plate C smaljer than the
chambor by tho sizo of the filament or strip, so that when tho plato C is placed in
tho chamber a groovo shall bo left in which is placed tho filament or strip, tho
onds c, c, resting in chambers fitted for them, and held in place therein by woights
<7, g, laid thereon, in chambers mado thorofor. 5
As the filament is thus fastened at tho onds, ns carbonization proceeds, tho
ensuing contraction pulls tho bow towards tho onds forcing tho plato C towards
the end B of A. In all thoso plans, howovor, tho filament is kept under strain
during carbonization with ono or moro points fixed against moving, and tho
contraction proceeds agninst tho strain which constantly keeps tho filament against 10
or in contact with a former, preserving its shape and obviating any risk of warping
or twisting. In all provision is mado for keeping flat and in their propor relative
position the enlarged ends of tho carbon.
It is also essential that they should bo carbonized ovenly and equally throughout
their entiro mass. This may bo accomplished by a furnace of tho following 15
description :—Preferably a nickel flask is used composed of two parts, a base plate
provided with numerous legs so ns to support tho snmo and permit tho heat to
reach tho bottom, and a case or box which sots thereon. A series of plates,
constructed ns before described, is laid upon tho bottom so as to form a pile, and
tho box or case plnced thereon, its edges resting upon tho bottom. Tho (lask is 20
then placed in an oven of a size sufficient to lenvo a spaco on every side of the flask.
Tho oven is provided with a top, in which is a peep-hole, having a removable cover
for inspection of tho interior. A pipe connected to a source of supply of any
gaseous combustible passes around tho oven in several branches, inlet pipes
therefrom currying tho gas in as many places as necessary to tho interior of the 25
oven for consumption thcro.
A pipe connected to a suitablo air blnst passes around tho oven in tho same
manner, from which lead branch pipes, ono passing into each inlet pipo of the gas
supply, so tlint air under suitable pressure is mingled with tho gas at tho point of
combustion, furnishing the proper blnst for ensuring the necessary high degree 30
of heat. Tho gas and air pipes nro furnished with proper valves, so that the
relntive supply of each may bo regulated. By this means the supply may be so
regulated that at first tho flask is subjected to a comparatively moderate heat only,
which is then gradually brought up to tho highest degreo necessary.
The carrying into client of this part of the Invention may bo more clearly 35
understood by reference to Figs. 28, 29, and 80, of which Fig. 28 is a view of a
carbonizing plato grooved to receive a filament; Fig. 29 is a perspective view of
a series of the plates in the carbonizing flask; Fig. 30 is a perspective view of the
carbonizing oven. In these Figures, A is a carbonizing plate grooved to receive a
filament, and to havo it secured therein. The carbonizing flnsk is composed of two 40
portions, B and C ; B is a base provided with numerous legs b, b, b, t>, in order to
raise it above tho bottom of tho oven to permit tho free passage of heat there
around. Upon B is arranged a series of tho plates A, each containing n filament,
and over the series is placed a cover C, securing them all upon tho base and witluu
the flask. The flask so filled is placed within tho oven D, provided with tho 4o
cover E, an exit e for the escapo of tho products of combustion being provided. A
peep hole maybe provided, which is closed by cover F, through which tho condition
of the flnsk mny bo observed. A pipo G, connected to a source of supply of any
gaseous fluid, passes around tho oven in sovcral branches, inlot branches </,
therefrom conveying the gas in os many places ns necessary to tho interior of the o
oven for consumption ; 11 is an air tubo connected with a suitablo blast and passing
around the oven in tho snmo manner as O, from which lead branch pipes It, «> «>
ono passing into each branch inlot g, so that nir under pressure is mingled with tlw
gas at tho point of combustion, furnishing a supply of air for proper combustion,
and ensuring tho necessary high degree of heat. Both G and 11 are provided with
ordinary stop cocks or valves, by which tho supply of cither nir or gas absolutely
or relatively to each othor mny bo regulated. Tho oven D is of such a sizo tllM
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, ,ic.
tho flask and tho oven. The flask, filled with plates and filaments, is placed in tho
ovon and tho firo kindled by lighting tho gas. By moans of the valve before
inentionod, tho supply of fuol mny bo so regulated that at first tho flask is subjected
5 to a moderate boat, which may bo gradually brought up to the required point.
The blast onsures a high degreo of heat directed immediately upon the flnsk, and
evenly distributed thereon.
When heated for a sufficient time tho gas is turned ofT, and the flask mny bo
allowed to cool down in tho oven. During tho process of carbonization there is
10 sometimes danger that tho material under treatment may he oxydized to such an
extent as to interfere with proper carbonization. This oxydution is duo to tho
o'xyuen in the air present in tho flask, and to the oxygen eliminated from tho wood
itself at tho commencement of the process. If desired to provont this, an auxiliary
tube may be used, passing into the flask, through which is introduced therein prior
15 to firing, and during tho burning, an atmosphere of hydrogen, or of soino hydro
carbon, or of some othor element which will take up tho oxygen and prevent its
action upon the filaments. . ...
In a system of electric lighting, such as proposed by said Edison, in wliicli
separato electric lamps dovoid of regulating devices are used at tho places ot
20 consumption, tho entire regulation for all the lamps being performed at the central
station as with water or gas supply, it is essential that a constant electro motivo
force or pressure be maintained. And as in such a system tho amps are arranged
upon the multiple arc or derived circuit system it is essential that there should be
a certain standard resistance iu each derived circuit This has been attained by
25 placin'- ono lamp of such standard resistance in each derived circuit. It is desirable
that all lamps should bo of equal lighting value, each giving a ce. tain standard
amount of li-lit. This has been attained by giving each a certain definite or
11 ^
30 or electro motive force and the standard resistance should give a light equal o
sixteen candles. Sometimes however it is desirable in some parts o us sys en
use lamps which each give a much less amount of light; for instance, m chiindtl -i*
where it is desirable to divide tho total amount ot light produced among a la,ge
number of lamps than ordinary, that is, that the light of one, say, standard sixteen
35 candle lamp, be divided between two, three, or four amps, each of eigl . fivc
and one third, or four candle power respectively. This result may be attained
* U In'a^deri'vedPcircuitare placed two lamps, each being orwefully previded with
on incandescing conductor of one half the resistance and 000 > m f ?
10 surface of the incandescing conductor of the standard amp of t « ) '
single circuit breaker is provided for both lamps in order that both shall bo turned
olf or on simultaneously. 1 ^ When desirable the two lamps may be arra ged n on
holder, which may foimr a bracket or may &nn a ° 3a greup of lamps orjf
w surface ol the incandescing conaucioi oi mo hn fnrnpd
single circuit breaker is provided for both lamps in order that both shall bo^ turned
Olf or on simultaneously. 1 ^ When desirable the two lamps may be arra ged n on
holder, which may form a bracket or may form a section of a 8™“
, «chandelier. This part of the Invention is shown ml'igs. 31, 3-, and Jd. « bore n
53 «hicl, A would give. If it is desired to increase the njjmtar th sir
between tho number used and tho standard resistance ami 1 at g urUrem>fi°
exist. For two, three, or more lamps a suitablo holder if ot insuiatin 0 mure.iar
18 A.D. 1880.—N° 3765. speculation.
Urn warn Improvements in Electric Lamps, <0 ft
made, sockets s lioing made tlierein for encli lamp. To each sockot metallic
conducting plntes tiro placed on oppusito sides, as at c, c 1 , d, d\ for forming contact
with metal slips or pieces on the necks of the lamps. The socket may be provided
with a plain or screw threaded nperturo 1C, by which it mny bo attached to the wall
as a bracket or to a framing so that it may constitute a portion of a group of 5
lamps or of a chandelier. Upon tlm socket is a circuit breaker consisting of a
metallic screw D securod in a seat h, and which may bo turned to impinge upon or
bo cleared from contact with a metal block e. Tho conductor C passes through c, o',
to e, and the conductor C 1 through d, d\ to tho metal soal h of tho scrow D.
Instead of two lamps ns instancod, any number may bo used, care being takon 10
that tho resistance of each be a fractional part of the standard resistance of ono
ordinary lamp, the denominator of the fraction being'tho number of smaller lamps
in the one derived circuit. If more than two are used, the block e and screw I) are
placed somewhere in the circuit, loading through all the lamps in order that all mny
be turned on or off simultaneously, all tho divided lamps being used ns ono 15
stnndnrd lamp. In the lamps generally used in said Edison’s system, and referred
to herein before, the light is produced by tho incandescenco of a conductor in an
hermetically sealed vessel, the incandescing conductor being the small carbon now
generally designated ns tho " horse shoe carbon." Such, however, are designed for
small lamps usually, say, fifteen to eighteen candle power, and the conductor 20
required therefor being small is hermetically sealed in glass. When it is desired to
produce on the same principle a much greater light, say, ono hundred candle power,
tho conductor thereto must also be much larger. While said Edison has succeeded
satisfactorily in sealing somewhat larger conductors hermetically in the glass, it is
generally not so cflective or desirable a method of passing large conductors into the 25
bulb ns where small conductors are used. Wherefore, there seems to bo a necessity
for some other method, which in the case of larger conductors, shall pass tho
conductor into the bulb of the lamp without contact with the glass thereof, and at
the snmc time furnish an effective and lasting hcrmctical seal. This is accomplished
by tire employment in the lamp of two columns of mercury sustained in tubes 30
attached to the lamp bulb at ordinary barometric bight by tire pressure of the
atmosphere, and serving both as seals to preserve the vacuum in tho lamp bulb nnd
ns parts of the circuit through tho incandescent conductors. A glass globe or bulb
is blown of proper size, having an annular opening in its base of a size to admit of
tho passage into the globe of an insulating base supporting the carbon. After this 35
base is put in the globe, the annular opening is closed, and two tubes connecting with
tho interior of tho globe are connected hermetically thereto, of a length somowhat
greater thnn the barometric column of mercury. From tho clamps of the carbons,
conductors pass one from each clamp into the proper tube. The lower ends of the
tubes arc placed in proper mercury reservoirs insulated from each other, ono reservoir *
being connected to one pule of the source of electricity, the other to tho other pole.
Tho air being exhausted from the globe, the mercury rises iu tho columns or tubes,
forming a seal for tho vacuum, and also forming a circuit to the conductors attached
to tho clamps. Tho lamp is supported upon or by a frame, whoso standard., are
provided with adjusting screws, so that its bight may be regulated, or tho leveling 0
of tho stand secured. ,
This part of tho Invention is shown in detail in Fig. 34, which is a viow of a
lamp embodying this part of tho Invention, shortened somewhat in proportion to
its hight, ns indicated in the dotted line. A glass globo or bulb A is blown, having
an annular opening in its base of a size to admit of tho base ct, a, passing there- ■
through. Tho lino of this opening is indicated at i, i. Upon tho top of tho bulb is
formed a tube, tho continuation of tho projection N by which the lamp is attache
to the air pump. Upon a suitablo base a, a, of insulating material are fastened oy
proper devices, the clamps b, b, holding nnd supporting tho horso shoo B, tho clan'F
being connected to motnllie conductors c, o', passing a little distance, say, several
inches, below the base a, a. Two gluss tubes o, o', each of a diameter sevoral time
greater than that of e or e 1 , and several inches longer thnn a column of mercury
A.D. 1880.—N" 3765.
Brewer 'b Improvements in Electric Lamps, d-c.
supported in vacuo by atmospheric pressure, nro united near their top ns at m, nnd
their united tops formed into a circle, the diameter of or slightly larger than the
diameter i, i, of the opening in A. The base «, a, supporting tho carbon and with
its attached conductors is introduced into A, ami the tubes c, c 1 , are then secured
5 by sealing at i, i, to A ; tho conductor e projecting downwardly intoc, ande 1 into o l .
For supporting the lain]) thus formed a stand is employed consisting of an
insulating top Ii nnd baso E 1 united by metallic standards F, F 1 , which are
connected to the base E 1 by adjustable screw connections rj, p l , so that, as
circumstances require, tho top may bo raised, lowered, or inclined. Upon tho metal
10 standards F, F 1 , are binding screws, whereby 00111111010™ 1, 4, to nnd from tho
source of electricity nre attached. The top E is provided with a central aperture,
ur it mny bo annular, permitting the tidies c, e\ to pass through and below it while
supporting tho globe. Upon tho base E is located a vessel mado of insulating
material not affected by mercury divided into compartments D, D 1 , or two separate
15 distinct vessols may be used.
Tho tube 0 pusses into one D to near its bottom, while c passes into D 1 . A
wire 2 connects II and F nnd a wire connects II 1 and F 1 . The parts boing placed
in position, as shown in tho Figure, tho vessels D, II', are filled with morcury,
mid the tube continuation of N, before mentioned, fastened to tho pumps.
20 As tho air is exhausted from tho bulb the mercury rises in 0 and o'. During
this operation care must bo takon that tile compartments D. D 1 aro kept suppliod
with mercury and that upon the completion they are still full. Upon the proper
degree of vacuum being attained the bulb is sealed at N and tho tube removed,
At this stage tho mercury has risen to and remains at x, x, the hight at which
25 atmospheric pressure sustains a column of mercury in vacuo, tho mercury contacting
withe, e 1 , nnd passing a little distance above their ends. The columnsC,O', should
he of such a diameter ns to give 110 greater resistance to the curront than does
either of the conductors c, c 1 , 2 or 3.
For high candle power incandescent lamps this arrangement makes a very
30 mliuhle and durable seal, obviating any danger there may be of seal brenkngo
arising from difference of expansion coefficient likely to cxi-t where a large metallic
conductor is sealed directly to or in glass. For such reason in largo lamps this
method may prove preferable to that of sealing direct.
Hitherto in manufacturing the lamp the carbon having been prepared from
35 paper, wood, or other suitable fiber, was placed ill tho lamp, whoso parts are then
sealed; the lamp was then exhausted of air, a current being applied during the
process of exhaustion heating tho carbon.
l’rior to sealing in the lain]) and the process of exhausting tho completed lamp
tho carbons were not heated, and prior to heating any defects therein could not be
10 discovered. It is practically impossible to produce all the loops or slips of absolute
uniformity or homogenity, or to carbonize all of them absolutely uniform throughout
their entire mass. When heated to redness generally throughout their length somo
show spots either less red or of a brighter rod than the average of the carbons,
indicating for the first timo faults in tho carbons. Where there is a bad fault in
*5 the carbon a white incandescenco appears, determining the life of the lamp and
also affecting its resistance. Such lamps are unfit for use and tho entire cost of
their manufacture has provod a loss. .
It is now proposed to furnish a simple and cosy method and menus of testing the
. carbons before tlioy are put in the lam]) proper, and so prevent defective or
•id unsuitable carbons from boing embodied in completed lamps to be only thrown
away upon discovery of tho faults, increasing, in fact, tho net cost of tho faultless
ones. This is accomplished by a preliminary heating of tho carbons in vacuo,
which by the following means can be cheaply, rapidly, and effectually done. What
may bo culled a temporary lamp is formed of a globe or chamber of proper size,
50 with an aperture at its top of a sizo sufficient to admit of the passage of a carbon
ami its supporting base. Tho neck of tlm supporting base passes tightly through a
soft niMww <»».!. S.1.1-1. :„i„ ti,„-n,«, ton of the adobe. The cork is so
solt rubber cork which fits into the aperture iu top of the globe.
20 A.D. I860.—N 8 3765. '■*>
Brewer's Impro vements in Electric La mps, X-c. _
sized tlmt its upper side is n little distance below tho top odgo of the aperti
tlmt when the covk is in position a chamber is formed on top. On one aide
well of the aperture is an opening having a tube upon its exterior, the n]
being into the chamber referred to ns formed above tho cork. A mercury res
is connected to tho opening by a flexible tube. IV hen tho cork is put into
tho reservoir is elovutod ami tho mercury (lows thence, forming a seal ov
cork; per contra, the reservoir being depressed, the mercury Hows back ill
reservoir baring the cork. The globe is connected to a proper exhaust tube, s
snrenoel drops being simultaneously used. By tins menus a carbon, may lie
in the globe it sealed and exhausted quickly, and tho current applied testn
carbon, which standing tho tost may ho placed in n permanent lamp.
Suitable mechanism for carrying this part of tho Invention into ellect is she
Fi". 35, which is a sectional view of tho preliminary proving or testing
in'whic’h Fig. Q is tlio usual glass carbon support, which is sealed to the glass
in the completed lamp at r. a is tho carbon to bo proved, secured thereto
usual way. C is the temporary proving lamp, having nt its upper end an m
sufficiently largo to admit tho carbon and its support, and provided with
rubber cork B, through which tho neck of the carbon support Q passes
cork B fits tightly in the aperture, the sealing being further rendered secur
mercury seal E, a morcury reservoir il being elevated when necessary, so tli
mercury therefrom (lows down through a tube c over the top of tho cork,
the bottom of tho proving lamp C proceeds two two tubes, one n connecting
JleLeod gage ; the other tube b leads to and connects with the vacuum npji
In operation the carbon to be tested is placed in the proving chamber or 1.
and the mouth hermetically scaled. Tho stop cock x in tube b is then c
giving free communication between the chamber C and tho vacuum npp
When tlie proper degree of exhaustion is attained circuit is closed through ca
heating it to incandescence, causing defects if any to be visible. If the carbon
defective it is discarded, the only loss being the labor and material, which art
involved in tho manufacture of the carbon, and not as heretofore the lab
materials, which weio ninny times greater, necessary to a completed lamp,
evident that several carbons may be tested nt once in the proving clam
temporary lamp. . .
One of the objects in giving a very high resistance to the incandesce
ductors used in said Edison’s system of lighting is to attain economy of n
in tho conductors tlprefor. The resistance usually given them is sufficient
desiicd economy in oidinnry thickly settled localities. For use however inS
settled neighborhoods, as, say, the outskirts or suburbs of a town or city, it
desirable to have a lamp by the use of which still greater economy o cinitli
attained. In such localities, in order to lessen tho number of lights nei
streets.it may also be desirable to have a lamp, in which the volume of
increased, in order tlmt economy in the erection of lamp posts, etc., i
subserved; and it may nlso be desirable to use lamps in which the volume i
may be increased in oilier localities. As there is eventually a limit to the c
life of tho carbon used, it seems desirable to so arrange a lamp that the o|
life of tho lara]i may be prolonged beyond the average life of a carbon, to
that tho cost of the labor expended in embodying a carbon in a lamp
reduced. Both or cither of these results nre attained in tho lollowing
An enclosing globe is used, made and put together in the usual .ntier.
lamps herein described. To the inner and of one of tho conductors leading I
lamp is fastened n double clamp, tlmt is, one tlmt is Y shaped, a carboi
fastened to each limb of tho Y clamp. At tho other end each eai b< n is
an individual clamp, each clump having its own conductor leading . ..t —
lamp. The wires leading out of tho lamp and the wiros leading from a
source of electricity are united at a circuit oontroling device, constructed si
may close the circuit through either enrbon, tho circuit through tho ocher rei
open; or it may close tho circuit through both, as carbons in a series; or
Brewer's Improvements in Elcelrio Lamps, Ac.
closo a circuit through each, the circuit through them being dorivod or multiple nro
circuits. This part of tho Invention is moro clearly shown in Fig. 30, in whioli A
is a "lass globe, and B tho supporting neck united nt a, b. Through tho nook B
i,asses the conductors (i, 7, 8, which are scaled thorein. Upon tho innor terminal
5 uf (j is the Y shaped clainp 15, in each leg of which is fixed a enrbon e or g. The
other onds of these carbons nro in separate damps, e being fastened in the clamp <f
of conductor 8, and g in clamp il 1 of conductor 7. Tho conductors C, 7, and 8 and
tho circuit conductors 5, 9, are connected to a key E composed of metal contact
i,dints 1, 2, 3, 4, and anvils x, s, s, as followsCircuit conductor fl is connected to
10 point 1, contacting with *, and to anvil s, on which 2 contacts, while 9 is connected
to anvil s with which both 3 and 4 may make contact. Conductor C is connected
to anvil x; 7 to point 4, which contacts with 5 j and 8 to 2, which contacts
with »; and to 3, which contacts with s. If points 1 and 3 bo put in contact
with their anvils x, s, a circuit is formed, 5, via l, X, 0, D, e, d. 8, d, s,
15 to 9, tho circuit through g being open. If 1 and 4 be closed on x
and s the circuit is formed 5, via 0 D <J, 7, 4, a to 9, the circuit through e
beiim open, and r/ alone in circuit and use. If 2 & 4 be closed on « andtho
circint is from 5 via s 2, 8, c, D, g, 7, 4, s, to 9, and both e and g are in ono
circuit that is in series ’ If 1 3, and 4, be closed on x, s, and s, tho circuit is
20 from 5 via 1, x, 0, to" 15, where two paths aro formed, tho current consequently
dividing one circuit being D, c, 8, 3,s, to 9, tho other D.fif, 7, 4, s, to 9, both carbons
being in circuit, but each having its own circuit, which is a.derived one, so tinas
the main circuit is concerned. When both aro used in multiplo nrc it s evident
that tho net resistance of the circuit is one half tho resistance of ono, and a certain
25 sized conductor is required. If both are used in series the resistance “ double tlmt
of one and four times that of tho multiplo arc, in which enso tho conductor may be
diminished tlireo fourths. As tho volume of light is that of twoi ordinaiy 1 amps
is evident that a much less number may bo used with the same light giving result,
l ffi's economy in luyin" main conductors and in the erection of lamps is secured.
30 It is evident tlmt as one carbon only may be used nt a timc that iy so using one
±k.“e ta i
tilt’ j!Z“ e o? , °irSZ5n° l "fl” Whito cjw.ljm
proper connections are made by enlarging key E on the principle* showa It is also
evident that E may be provided with lover contacts instead of tho screw contacts
used to explain tho principle of this Invention. • i lmrmnticallv in a
In electric lamps formed by sealing an incandescing eond,.cto‘ ^
glass enclosing globe, there may bo danger sometimes that tle glass^and wire wn
separate at the point where the conducting wires pass through and are sea^d into
5 expansion of tho glass and wito uio , r m tnr>jiiulGscin<* material,
herein aforementioned, owing to the high resistance of t p's been of “bio™;
such small conductors nre used that tho danger r d to - d which
the very least importance. It may bo des mabto. 1.°w<>»« - “ the neoessar y
. reduce the danger to a ininimum, while aflortling at . V , • material Ono
6 « support for the very small and delicate conductors, and nwriewiU ^
pa'rjof this Invention has for ^“et«ia.i the
tit SSbSitsSS?. *i»«”» »'» “» lS
22
A.D. 1880.—N° 3765.
Brewer's Improve ments in Eleotrio Lamps, <t-o.
tho larccr enclosing globe, and sealed thereto at about the meridian lino of the
smallM bulb. Tlio larger bulb is provided with a tubo by which it is attached to
the air'exhausting apparatus, and where it is sealed after tho vacuum is produced
Connected to this tube is a branch tubo leading from tho smaller bulb, so that both
are sTmultaneously exhausted. This is shown in detail in Fig. 37, in which A is the
glass enclosing globe formed with tho tube ft for attachment to the ex mus iag
nnnaratus A small bulb B is made attached to the supporting nock C.and forrnod
Fit 1 ss;
IheHnes ^and thetube b conceded to the tubo «, the bulb B practically forming
the seal to A. Tho tubo ft is then connected to tho exhaust apparatus. It is
evident that a vacuum is created in both A and B. When a proper degree of
exhaustion is reached tho tube b is scaled off at y, after which ^ ^
off at x, x. The vacuum in gloho A is thus protected by two sealings of each wire
c e, and o', o», to only one set of which is there any danger, o» a', the other se , c, «
from its distanco from tho heated portion of the lamp, nevor heating X
be affected. As very small conductors are used it is nccessarry for sUb1t, a
tliev be supported near the carbon, which is done at tho sordines , »
of these *Z their proximity to the light is ever so heated as to, crackj it w.U stil
subserve its functions as a support while the vacuum is presei ved by the se Us c, e,
more distant from the clamps. Sometimes it may bo desirable to make H »
which a less permanent seal is used, involving a less expensive methodI of seaimg,
and which may be taken apart readily for the substitution of ,
purposes. This may be done as follows :_Upon a tube closed atoeedisup
ported tho carbon, the conductors therefrom passing through the tl n “ d
sealed hermetically in the top thereof. The enclosing globe is a
somewhat larger than the tube, so that the carbon[ may b 0 P« sscd 1 ^ 3
A robber packing is interposed between the outer walls of the tube and mnoiwaUa
of the neck, securing the two together, the ends o the tube projecting beyond tho
end of the neck. This projecting portion of the tube passes through be base
rubber cup, the base of the neck resting upon the bottom of tho dcr " " t ™ f C F
At the top Of the cop a rubber packing tills the space between the exte »r^ftlu
neck and the interior of the cup. The space in the cup is filled minfwith
which is retained in place in the cup by the packing last referred to, fernmng w h
the rubber,, good seal for any temporary uses. Fig 38 shows a la np embody mg
this portion of the Invention. A is the enclosing globe made with > long 1 ■
through which may bo passed the carbon B attached to clumps (j,, , • Q ^
conductors 1, 2, which arc sealed in the top of a tubo 0 lit c t c, t j u „])
somewhat smaller than the neck A 1 . Around tho base of C is a soft
which fits into the lower part of the neck A, forming a tight join , cup
two, supporting C and tho carbon in position in A and A; ^ 18 u . . o£ y
through the bottom of which by a tight joint passes tho end of » .• u] y
resting in the cup. At tho top of the cup a washer E of soft rubber fills tightly
the spaco between A 1 nnd tho inner wall of the cup F, the space in P, t
filled with mercury H or otlior suitable liquid, ilio lamp, so pu o „
exhausted, nnd tlien sealed nt ft in tlio usual manner, the combination of tlio I
plugs or washers D and E, and tlio mercury H forming a reliable Beal. M
Having thus described the Invention, what is claimed is hereby declared to
First. An incandescing conductor formed of ono or more carbonized natural fibers,
BU ScoonA* A carbon'elamp for uniting tlio incandescing and tho metallic conductors
formed of a carbonizablo material, substantially as set forth. motors.
Third. The method of uniting tlio incnndoscing and the metallic condu 5
which consists in inserting both in clamps made of carbonizable matoria ,
carbonizing tho whole together, substantially ns sot forth. . D : M e,
Fourth. Tho slip for enrbonization having enlarged ends formed in ou r
A.D. 1880.—N° 3765. 23
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, lie. _
and homogeneous therewith upon ono edge, or one side and ono edgo, tlio
remaining edge and side being straight, substantially as set forth.
Fifth. The method of forming a slip or filament for carbonization cons sting in
securing a blank in damps or holders, having tlio configuration desired fot the
5 carbon and shaving or cutting away tho superfluous mntorial, substantially as sot
“’sixth A slip or filament for forming on carbonization the incandescing conductor
of aii electric light made of hnst or fiber, liko cane and bamboo, substantially as
10 “seventh A slip or filament for forming by carbonization the incandescing
conductor of an electric light made of a material composed of fibres laying parallel
through tlio length of tlio slip or filament, substantially as set forth.
' Eighth. A slip or filament for carbonization provided with slots oi ''olcs m ts
enlarged ends for holding it in the carbonizer and for passage of the clamping screws
15 when nhiccd in a lump, substantially ns set forth.
Ninth. Tho combination of tho shaving knife, tlio block C, and means for m g
it, and tlio adjustable limiting screw, substantially as set forth.
Tenth. The clamp formed of two portions, one being provtded wit'offsets or
shoulders forming tlio bottom of slots acting as straight edges oi gages to tho slip
* 5 «■$
stsj c sxu ,«. ... »
30 ‘'“iWcciiih The hnrse-shoo with tliiekened or broadened ends for attachment to
..W0MsSg^^S
form, nnd carbonizing in such form, substantial y « ■ ^ electrie llimpa) consisting
of 0 f
Seventeenth. Tho metliod of forming c b Uock of w00 d into the shape
«■»- “»»*
portion of tlio broadened part,, substantial y ns t ^filamentary body with broadened
. ..M-nSS -
Nineteenth. The method of carbonizing
lamps, uniform and regular in shape and . definite position relatively
filaments while one or both ends are «« d m a ce « 00 ,Laoted the ends
to the amount of contraction, so that wlion oarDom^eu
50 slinll be in proper position to each ° tllor '. 3l ' b ^. b for incandescent eleotrio lnmps,
Twentieth. The method of S' "^ s ^ nt strn ' m ’ and with
consisting in maintaining the slips oi fila . ^ gtan ti a lly os sot forth.
I onc er both ends fixed while,in process of c f , nn, Leant electric
Twenty first. Tlio method of manufiiotiuang oarnons ior in yo9 w |,i c li
as set forth,
A.D. 1880—N° 3765.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, <£•<;.
Twenty second, The carbonizing pinto provided with a groove for shaping tho
material, and a chamber or chambers permitting contraction during carbonization,
substantially ns sot forth. •
Twenty third. A carbonizing flask and tho plates thereof made of nickel, substan¬
tially as set forth. 5
Twenty fourth. Tho carbonizing flask or box provided with groovos for the
reeoption of the fiber, substantially as set forth.
Twonty fifth. Tho carbonizing oven consisting of a case nnd a system of gas nnd
air supply pipes combined, substantially as described and for tho purposes set
forth. lb
Twenty sixth. The combination of a caso or cover therefor provided with an
inspection aperture and cover, moans for supplying gaseous fuel to the interior of
the case, and means for mingling air under pressure with tho fuel, substantially as
sot forth.
Twenty seventh. Tho combination with one derived circuit of a multiple arc 15
system of two or more lamps, each of a fractional resistance nnd radiating surface
of the resistance and radiating surface of the standard lamp of tho system, tho
fraction being the number used, substantially as set forth.
Twenty eighth. The combination with one socket or holder nnd one derived
circuit of one circuit controller, and two or more lamps each of a fractional 21)
resistance and radiating surface of a standard lamp, substantially us set forth.
Twenty ninth. Tho combination with the incandescing conductor of an electric
lamp, of two fluid columns sustained by atmospheric pressure, mid forming both a
part of the circuit and a liermetiea! seal to the lamp, substantially as set forth.
Thirtieth. The combination with the incandescing conductor and the fluid 25
columns of reservoirs connected to the source of electricity, and into which the
columns dip for the maintenance of tho columns and the completion of the circuit
therethrough, substantially ns set forth.
Thirty first. Tho combination with an elect!ie lamp of the stand or support
therefor, consisting of an insulating base and top connected by adjustable standards, SO
substantially ns set forth.
Thirty second. The combination with a globe or chamber of a much larger
chamber or reservoir connected to air exhausting apparatus, which iminituins
therein u high degreo of exhaustion, substantially
Thirty third. The combination of a proving
reservoir for sealing tho same, and exhaust resci
exhnusting tho same, substantially' as set forth.
Thirty fourth. Tho combination of a globe or chamber, a second and much larger
globe, chamber, or reservoir, a valvod tube connecting them, means for maintaining
a high degree of exhaustion in the larger reservoir or elm! iber and connected 4U
thereto, and a gage for determining tho degree of exhaustion, substantially as set
forth.
Thirty fifth. The combination with the globe or chamber of a proving lamp, of a
mercury reservoir connected to tho globe or chambor, so that tho stopper thorcot
may at will bo covered or not covered by mercury, substantially as set forth.
Thirty sixth. Tho method of testing carbons, consisting in subjecting them to the
action of a current in a temporarily exhausted globe or receiver prior to their
embodyment in completed lamps, substantially as sut forth.
Thirty seventh. Tho combination in ono electric lamp of two or moro mean- ^
descing conductors, and means for connecting thorn in tho electric circuit, either in
sorics or multiple arc, substantially as sot forth.
Thirty eighth. Tho combination in ono electric lamp of two or moro incandescing
conductors, and means for making or breaking an electric circuit through either ono
ns may bo desired, substantially us set forth. . i • , 55
Thirty ninth. Tho combination in ono electrio lamp of two or moro incandescing
conductors, and menns for completing the circuit through oitlior, or through bothi
substantially as sot forth,
A.D. 1880.—N° 3765.
Brewer's Improvements in Electric Lamps, £-c.
Fortieth. Tho combination of contact points 1, 2, B, 4, anvils x, s, s, and circuit
connections, substantially ns set forth.
Forty first. In nn oloetric lamp, tho combination with tho enclosing globe or
chamber of a second chambor through and into which the conducting wires puss
5 and are sealed, botli chnmbors being hormotically sealed togother and exhausted,
substantially ns set forth.
Forty second. The method of sealing tho enclosing globe or chamber of an electrio
lamp by sealing an auxiliary or secondary globo or chamber in tho opeuing of tho
first or enclosing globe, substantially ns sot forth.
10 Forty third. The mothod of preserving tho vacuum in the enclosing globo of an
electric lamp, consisting in sealing the conducting wires at two points in a vacuum
gloho hormotically sealed to the enclosing globo, substantially ns sot forth.
Forty fourth. Tho combination with the neck of the enclosing globo and the
carbon supporting tube of a cup containing a liquid receiving the end of the neck
15 of the enclosing globo, and through which passes the carbon supporting tube, and
washers or plugs tilling tho spaco between the neck and cup nnd the neck and tube,
substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, tho said Edwnrd Griffith Browor, have hereunto set
my hand and seal, this Fourteenth day of March, in tho year of our
20 Lord One thousand eight hundred and eighty one.
E. G. BREWER. (l.s.)
AJJ.1880. Sct. 16.W?-3285.
BREWER’S SnsoncArroi
FIG.31.
A.D. 1880, 2 ilh September. N° 3880.
Systems of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity, &c.
LETTERS PATENT to Petei
Middlesex, for an Invcntio
fob the Distribution oi
on, of 33, Chancery Lano, in the County of
Improvements in Systems of Conductors
3TRICITY AS A LlOUTINO AND MOTIVE POWER
Agent, and Appliances connected therewith. A communication trom
abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of Now Jersey,
United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Jensen at the Offlco of
tlio Commissioners of Patents on tlio 24th September 1880.
Peter Jensen, or 33, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex. “Impbove-
ments in Systems of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity as
0 a Lighting and Motive Power Agent and Appliances connected there-
WITH.” A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Ed.son, of Menlo Park,
in the Stato of New Jersey, United States of America.
Where many translating devices converting electricity WJ? “tbor I
are arranged upon the multiple arc or derived circuit s y st ,f“> ^^Sned n aU
10 so far as possible an equal electro motive foreo or - pressure bo maintained in all
Pi 'wh 0 /n t bow^ m eacli sot of conductors are rim out from the central stotion in a
straight circuit contniuing a number of translating devices, P > t j
, number of devices are in operation,' is apt to be g^test near^t the .central
18 station, and to diminish gradually towards the end of the conductors, this drop
’Sf'CSS' St irregulwity.
20 energy as feeding conductors only, fcvL upon
connected directly to the source, placing .the lamps or t a g
[Price 6<L]
2 A.D. 1880.—N» 3880.
Jensen's Impts. in Systems of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity, tie.
service or lump circuits which connect to, and are fed hy, the feoding conductors, in
such manner llrnt all tho lamp circuits are electrically distant substantially from
tho sourco of electricity by tho same mass of conductor. By so doing tho greater
portion, if not nil, the drop occurs in tho foeding conductors, tho pressure in tho
sorvico or lamp circuits being practically uniform at all points. 5
This Invention may bo carried into effect in several ways, of which tho following
aro brief descriptions :—
One method consists in placing upon tho conductors leading directly from tho
central station or source of energy no lamps, using such conductors only ns feeding
conductors to lamp circuit conductors, which they tap and feed into at their 10
centres, such lamp circuit conductors being largest at their centres, and thcnco
tapering to tho ends, tho lamps where many arc to bo used being placed in circuits
derived from these lamp circuit conductors only.
From a central station several sets of feeding conductors may lead out, each
foeding into its own set of lamp circuit conductors. 15
When it is desired to use a few lamps near tho central station, they may bo
placed upon a direct circuit therefrom with rcsistanco at tho commencement or
home end of tho circuit, suflicicnt to then reduce tho electro motivo force of such
circuit, so tlint it shall only bo equal to that in tho inoro distant circuits, and ono
or more of such circuits may be combined with tho circuits beforo described. 20
When largo buildings or blocks of buildings using many lamps aro to bo supplied,
it may bo desirable to lay therefor separato feeders insulated from each otlior.
While in this system it is preferred to uso round metallic circuits, it is evident
that by the introduction of propor grounds tho earth may bo used as half of the
circuit. 25
It may be desirable in using round metallic circuits to add grounds ns an aid to
half the circuit, in which ease such half the circuit may be of smaller conductors,
provided its size he such that its resistance, ndded to that of tho ground circuit,
shall not exceed that of tho other half of tho circuit.
Where several central stations are used in a city, each having feeding conductors 30
lending to lamp circuit conductoi-s, of tho description beforo noted, it may he
advisable to connect tho feeding circuits of all the stations, equalizing tho electro
motive force or pressure throughout the entire system of tho plnce where the
central stations aro located.
Another method consists in laying tho service conductor in squares around a 35
central station, the sets of service conductors (positive and negative) in each set
being concentric to each other, so to speak, feeding circuits leading to and
connecting with each sorvico set nt several points.
Tho service sets may also be connected togothor at sovcrnl points so ns to aid
in equalizing tho pressure throughout tho entire system. ™
In another method two conductors forming a complete metallic circuit aro laid
entirely around each square or block ns tho scrvico conductors of such block.
Feeding conductors from the sourco of electricity lead to and connect with tho
service conductors, but upon opposite sides, that is, ono conductor, say, tho one
from tho + polo connects nt some point to ono Rorvico conductor of a block, wliilo «
tho ono from tho — polo connects to tho other service conductor nt a point
exactly opposito to tho other, so that tho terminals of nil house circuits of a block
or tho points where tho houso circuits connect to tho service conductors, are alt
equidistant from tho sourco, or that tho same mass of conductor intervenes.
A series of blocks may bo so arranged, tho feeding conductors leading to the
extremo or opposite blocks, ono to each of tho series, tho service conductors ot the
Mocks being united by cross conductors, so that ouch blook is distant electrically
from tho source by the siuno mass of conductor. , .
Where a conductor varying in size throughout its length is used, it is P rc ' ,
ferable to mako it a compound ono, composed of several single wires of different
lengths, one or two of which extend tho whole length of tho conductor, others
spa*!,. A.D. 1880.—N° 3880. 3
Jensen's Impts, in Systems of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity, <£u
ending at various points. Those wires aro not insulated, but merely grouped in a
bunch, which linvo transvorso fastenings at intervals, or which may bo fastoned
together by branch conductors pnssing around whore connections aro formod.
It is preferable to form all conductors which vary in sizo decreasing from some
5 point in this manner, and it is to be understood in those descriptions that all such
conductors aro so made.
This system also contemplates tho supply of electricity for both light and power.
It is proposed that tho current used for these purposes should bo paid for at
different rates, therefore where both powor and light are desired two branch
10 circuits are run from tho mains into tho houso or locality of translation, ono for
the lights and ono for tho engines, a meter being placed in each.
ppirlflcnilon.
Jensen's Iinpta ♦ in Systems of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity, fa.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tlio conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by
tlio said Peter Jonson in tho Groat' Seal Patent Office on tho 24th March
1881.
Peter Jensen, of 33, Chancery Lane, in tho County of Middlesex. “Imfrove-
ments in Systems of Conductors for the Distribution of Electricity as 5
a Ligutino and Motive Power Agent and Appliances connected there¬
with." A communication from abrond by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park,
in tho State of Now Jorsoy, United States of America.
Where many translating dovicos for converting electricity into cither power or
light are arranged upon tho multiple are or derived circuit system, it is essential 10
that, so far as possiblo, an equal olectro-motivo forco or “ pressure ” bo maintained
in all parts of tho system.
When however each set of conductors are run out from tho central station in a
straight circuit containing a number of translating dovicos, the pressure when a
number of dovices nro in operation is apt to bo greatest nearest tho central station, 15
and to diminish gradually townrd tho end of tho conductors, this “ drop ” being duo
to the resistance of tho main conductors.
The object of this Invention is to obviate such irregularity and to maintain
practically throughout tho ontiro system an equal pressure.
This is accomplished by using tho conductors leading directly from the sourco of 20
energy ns feeding conductors only, placing no lamps ordinarily in tho circuit
connected directly to tho Bourco. placing tho lamps or translating devices upon
servico or lamp circuits, which connect to and are fed by the feeding conductors in
such manner that all tho lamp circuits are electrically distant substantially from
tho source of electricity by tho same mass of conductor. By so doing tho greater 25
portion, if not all, tho drop occurs in tho feeding conductors, tho pressure in tho
servico or lamp circuits being practically uniform nt all points.
This Invention may bo carried into effect in sovcral ways, of which the following
are brief descriptions :—
One method consists'in placing upon the conductors leading directly from the 30
central station or sourco of cnorgy no lamps, using such conductors only as feeding
conductors to lamp circuit conductors, which they tnp and feed into at their centers,
such lamp circuit conductors being largest nt their centers, and thcnco tapering to
the ends, tlio lamps where many are to bo used being placed in circuits derived
from these lamp circuit conductors only. 05
From a central station several sets of feeding conductors may load out, each
feeding into its own set of lamp circuit conductors.
Where it is desired to uso a few lamps near tho control station they may bo
placed upon a direct circuit therefrom with resistance at tho commeucoment or
home end of tho circuit, sufficient to then reduce tho electro motivo force of such *#
circuit so that it shall only bo equal to that in tho more distant circuits, and ouo or
more of such circuits may bo combined with tho circuits boforo described.
When largo buildings or blocks of buildings using many lamps are to bo
supplied it may bo desirable to lay therefor separate foedors insulated from each ^
While in this system it is preferred to uso round metallic circuits, it is ovident
thnt by tho introduction of propor grounds the earth may bo used as half of tho
circuit.
It may bo desirable in using round motallic circuits to add grounds as an aid to
half the circuit, in which case such half tho circuit may bo of smaller conductors,
provided its size bo such thnt its resistance added to that of tho ground circuit
shall not exceed that of tho other half of tho circuit.
Jensen’s Impts. i n Sy st ems of Conduc tors for the Distribution of Electricity, Jo.
Where soveral control stations aro used in a city, onch having feeding conductors
leading to lamp circuit conductors of tho description boforo notod.it may bo advisablo
to connect tho feeding circuits of all tho stations, cqualizing'tho electro motivo forco
or pressure throughout tho ontiro system of tho placo where tho central stations
5 nro located.
Another method consists in laying tho servico conductor in squares around a
central station,_ tho sots of service conductors (positive and negativo in each set)
being concentric to onch other so to speak, feeding circuits loading to and connecting
with each service sot at soveral points. Tho servico sets may also be connected
0 together nt several points so ns to nid in equalizing the pressure throughout the
entire system.
In another mothod two conductors forming a complete metallic circuit are laid
entirely around each square or block as the servico conductors of such block.
Feeding conductors from tho sourco of electricity lead to and connect with tho
5 servico conductors, but upon opposite sides, that is, ono conductor, say tho one
from tho polo connects nt some point to ono servico conductor of a block, while
the one from tho — pole connects to tho other service conductor at a point exactly
opposite to tho other, so that tho terminals of all house circuits of a block, or tho
points where the house circuits connect to tho servico conductors, aro all equidistant
III from tlio source, or that tho same mass of conductor intervenes.
A series of blocks may be so arranged, the feeding conductors leading to tho
exlremo or opposite block, ono to each of tho series, the service conductors of the
blocks being united by cross conductors, so that each block is distant electrically
from tho source by the same mn
5 Where a conductor varying ii
to make it a compound one, co:..,.- - „ _
one or two of which extend thu whole length of tho conductor, others ending at
various points. These wires are not insulated but merely grouped in a bunch,
which lmvo transverso fastenings at intervals; or which may bo fastened together
U by branch conductors passing around where connections aro formed.
It is preferable to form all conductors which vary in size decreasing from some
point in this manner, and it is to bo understood in these descriptions that all such
conductors aro so made. . . .
This system also contemplates the supply of electricity lor both light and
P Tis proposed that the current used for these purposes should bo paid for at
different rates. Therefore where both power and light are desired two branch
circuits run from tho mains into the house or locality of translation, ono for the
lights and ono for tho engines, a meter being placed m each. . .
0 The foregoing may bo better understood by a reference to the Drawiugs, in
which aro given diagrammatic representations of circuits, in which—
Fig. 1 illustrates a plan wherein the conductors nro made larger at their home
ends, gradually tapering to tho outer end ol tho system. _ ,
When such plan is used, it is preferable to make each conductor acompeundon
5 composed of several single wires of different lengths, one or twofwiccxtend
the whole length of tho conductor, others ending at various ipo nts, as shown in
Figure lb. These wires aro not insulated but merely grouped ! ^
have transverse fastenings at intervals, or which may bo “ ul ^
branch conductors passing around where connections nro loimcd,
. CO tF?2Tedi,,g conductors 1, 2, lead from control station c
3 the lamp circuit 3, 4, at about its center, the conductors of tlio h mp c cm
largest at that point, and also larger capacity at that point than the
conductors.
is of conductor.
size throughout its length is used, it is preferablo
nposed cf several single wires of different lengths,
0 A.D. 1880.—N° 3880. , WC i»„u M
Jensen '« Impts. in Systems of Omullectors for the Distribution of Electricity, &c.
By tliia nrmngoinoiil most, of tho fall of pressure or " drop ” takes place in the
feeding circuit, so that it cannot afl’cot any lumps, whilo tho “ drop ” in the lamp
circuit is reduced very low, the 11 drop ’’ from tho center of tho lamp circuit to
either terminal being only about one fourth what the drop would he from y to :,
if either end were connected directly to tho central station. 5
Any desired number of lamp circuits may be so arranged, each having its proper
feeding conductors, two so arranged being shown in Figure !1.
In some instances, when it is desired to use a few lumps near the station, tlioy
may bo placed directly upon main conductors and combined with tho circuit,shown
in Figures 2 and !!, as shown in Fig. -1, whero feeders 5, G, connect with 10
lump circuit 0, 10, arranged as in Figures 2 and 3, while circuit 1, 2, connected
directly to c, s, has a few lamps upon it, in which ense a resistance should ho used
therein to lessen the electro motive forco in 1, 2, to the samo extent as it is lessened
by tho longer eonductom 5, 0,
With such arrangement may also bo combined an ordinary terminal circuit 15
containing a few lamps, such as tho circuit 13, Id, in Fig. 5.
In Figure 0 is shown direct or main feoding circuits 1, 2, and 5, G, with lamp
circuits 3, 1, and !), 10, with branch feeders 7, S, IS, 1G, and 21, 22, lending into
side streets supplying lamp circuits 17, 18, 1!), 20, 23, 21, and 25, 20, tho branch
feeders being derived circuits from the main feeders, all constituting a multiplo arc 20
system. In Figure 7 feeding mains 1, 2, connect to the center of tho lamp
circuit 3, 4, while feeders 5, 0, leading to a greater distnuco and to a circuit
whero comparatively few lamps are required, connects to the end of lamp
circuit 9, 10, whose conductors gradually taper from tho point of connection. This
arrangement is sometimes desirable in sparsely settled localities as involving 25
economy in the laying of conductors.
In figure 8 is shown feeding conductors 1, 2, from which lead house feeders a,b,
which connect to lamp circuit b', which are of same description as circuits 3, 4,
Figure 2. Figure 9 shows a series of houses or buildings c, d, c,f, to each of which
leads ft feeding circuit of insulated conductor, tho lamp circuit of each house being 31
thereby put in direct connection with the central station c, s, the electro motive
force of any one lamp circuit not being affected by the others. In Figure 10 are
two blocks of buildings A, B, composed each of several houses h,h,h, separate
feeding circuits 1, 2, and 3, 4, leading to branch feeding circuits from winch lamp
circuits lead into each house, each house or lamp circuit being provided with its 3t
own connection and motor. In tho arrangement shown in Figures 8, 9, 10, the
greater portion of the fall or drop occurs in tho conductors leading to tlio liouso or
block lamp circuits, tho forco or pressure in tho branches leading into tho houses
being maintained practically uniform thereby in each lamp circuit. In Figure 11
is illustrated the substitution of ground O, G, for one conductor, say 2 of Figuro 1,
of tho feeding conductors, a common ground being provided for nil tho lamp3 in one
houso lamp circuit.
In Figure 12 is shown a comploto metallic feeding circuit 1, 2, in which grounds
G, G, are ndded ns auxiliary to tho portion 2 of tho circuit.
While ordinarily a metallic circuit is to bo propnrod, by adding grounds ono 45
portion of the circuit may bo of smaller conducting capacity, tliuh tending to
economy of conductor; caro should bo taken that tho capacity of 2, however, is such
that its resistance and that of tho grounds bo not greater than that of tho portion 1
ol tho circuit.
In Figure 13 is shown a serins of central stations c, s, from cncli of which lead 50
main feeding circuits M (which may bo of any desired number), each connecting to
and feeding into a lamp circuit l, c.
The mains of all tho stations are connected by conductors n, n, n, so that all the
stations are electrically connected into one general system, whereby the pressure
throughout the entiro system is equalized. , Jl
In Figuro 14 a houso circuit s branches from the main circuit 1, 2, tho circuit S
branching into two circuits, on ono of which all the lumps aro placed, the other
gprdflfntlon.
1
A.D. 1880.—N° 3880.
J ensen's Impts. in Systems of Conductors for the D istribution of Electricity, die.
being a motor circuit only, as shown, in each of which meters aro placed, so that
tho amount of current used for each purposo may be determined. In Figuro 15 tho
lamp circuit L, C, is. fed by n number of feeding circuits, connecting thoroto on
opposite sides alternately 1, 2, 3, 4, mid 5, 0, forming tlirco feeding circuits, by
5 which arrangement a comparatively uniform forco or pressure may bo maintained
throughout tho entiro system. Figures 1G and 17 illustrate the method of laying
the service conductors around blocks with foedine conductors leading thereto from
the central station. C, S, is the central station, around which following tho
general direction of tho blocks or squares of tho locality aro laid tho sots of
10 conductors 1, 2, .3, etc,, so that they are, so to speak, concentric with each other.
' From the central station branch conductors lead to each of tho main sets 1, 2, 3, at
a numbor of points, for instance a, a', lead to sot 3 ; b, b l , to 2; c, o', to 1. In
Figuro 10 eight sets of branch conductors aro shown leading to each of tho main
15 In Figuro 17 two sets of main conductors 1, 2 are shown connected to tho main
station by four sets each of branch conductors b, b', c, o', differing bowover from
Figure 1 in that the main sets 1, 2, are connected together by numerous sets of
coupling conductors d, <Z*.
As proceeding from the central station each set of main conductors traverses a
20 larger area of territory, and has a larger amount of work to do, if all the conductors
were of the samo size there would be increased resistance. It is desirable bowover
that each (no lamps on branch conductors or couplers) set should bo of the samo
resistance, and that tho same ratio of resistance of conductors to translating devices
should exist in all the sets. This is accomplished by increasing tho size of the
25 conductors as they aro laid further away from the central station.
Having determined the relative resistance wliich should exist between the
resistance of the conductors and that of the sum of the translating devices most
profitably to boused with such conductors, the increase of size to bo given is
that which shall preserve such ratio, taking into consideration the increased length
30 of conductors and tho increased number of devices to bo probably supplied thereby,
liy this method of laying and uniting the conductors an equal pressure or electro
motive force may bo maintained throughout an entire system. Figures 18, 19, 20,
and 21 illustrate modifications of the last described system, which may bo called
tho block or square system. In these Figures A is a central station, at which is
35 located a suitable source of electricity, and from which lead feeding conductors 1,2;
11 represents a block or square, around which are laid tho scrvico conductors 3, 4.
Conductor 1 leads to 3 at l, upon ono side of the block, while 2 leads to 4 at 4,
upon tho opposite side of the block. The greater portion ot any fall of electro¬
motive l'orco will occur in conductors 1, 2, while it will be constant at all pom s in
40 the scrvico conductors 3, 4, because every point in such conductors is distant horn
the source by exactly the game muss of conductor, us is evident irom inspection ot
tho diagram. ,
In Figuro 19 two blocks B arc shown, conductor Heading to and connecting
with 3 of block Bj while 2 leads to and connects with 4 ot B, B; while cross
45 conductors 5, G connect with; tho conductors of tho blocks. In figure 20 torn
blocks aro shown, conductor 2 being connected to 4 o tlio right hand blocks
through a branch 9 leading to both right hand blocks, wl.de l connects direct j to
both loft band blocks. In this Figure is shown a house circnil. a, a, contaimns
lamps, indicated by circles placed between a, a, lit i ,
50 connected as in Fig. 10, while from the cross conductors o, G, lends. . de IV ®“
circuit 7, 3, leading to two other blocks arranged ns described. Ins ea l o t o
blocks, as in Fig. 19, any number may be used, in all these plans e,nil Mock: uud
ouch houso circuit arc electrically equidistant from the source, by wluc i ..lot mty
ami equality therein ia attained, tho loss or drop ol iorco occurnng g
What is claimed is,— . , a, ...
First. The method of equalizing the pressure or electro motive toicc tin .u, .out
A.D. 1880.—N° 3880.
. Specification,
Jcimcn'a Jmpts. in Systems of Conductors for the Distribution o f Electricity, dc.
an elcctrio distributive and translation system, consisting in usin« feodum circuits
winch connect to and food into circuits on wliich are arranged (ho transktinc
devices, substantially ns sot forth. °
Second. Thp combination with a circuit containing translating dovices of n
a fooding circuit loading thereto from the source of enorgy and coiitninine no 5
translating devices, substantially as sot forth.
Third. The combination in ono systom of a main circuit connected directly to a
source of energy and containing translating dovices, and providod with means for
lessening its forco or pressure to tlmt of tho average of the system, a circuit not
directly connected to the source of energy containing translating devices, and n 10
leeding circuit connecting the lattor circuit with tho source of enorgy, substantially
as sot forth. J
Fourth. The method of equalizing tho pressure or electro motivo force in tho
lamp or translating circuits, by connecting the same to tho source of energy by
feeding circuits in which occur the greater percentage of fall of forco, substantially 15
as set forth. J
Fifth. The combination of a number of insulated wires or different lengths
grouped together and fastened at intervals, forming a gradually tapering conductor,
substantially as set forth. 1 °
Sixth. Tho combination with ono dcrivod circuit of two branch circuits for 20
different classes of translating dovices, each containing n motor nnd a feeding
circuit, substantially as sot forth.
Seventh, lhe combination with one lnmp circuit of a sories of feeding circuits,
substantially as sot forth.
Eighth, file combination with ono sido of an entire metallic circuit of a series 25
of ground connections as auxiliary thereto, whereby a lessor conductor may be
used m such half, substantially as set forth.
Ninth. The method of laying the conductors in an electrical supply system,
consisting in laying them in sets concentrically as explained, each set being
connected to tho central station at several points, substantially as sot forth. 30
Tenth. Tho mothod of laying tho conductors in an electrical supply system,
consisting in laying thorn in sots concentrically as explained, each sot being
connected to the central station by several sets of branch conductors, nnd tho
various sots bo...g connected to each otlior by several sots of coupler conductor.'.;
substantially as set forth. 35
Eleventh. As an improvement in tho art of distributing eloctricity for uso
ns a lighting and motive powor ngont, tho method of laying tho conductors,
consisting in laying around each block tho service conductors, and uniting the
same to tho sourco of electricity by feeding conductors arranged as sot forth, all
substantially ns herein shown nnd described. 10
.twelfth. As an improvement in tho art of distributing olectncity for uso as a
lighting nnd motive power agent, tho system of conductors set forth, consisting of
service conductors laid around each block, feeding conductors connecting thorn to
the sourco of electricity nnd united to them at tho points designated, and cross
conductors connecting tho service conductors of a series of blocks, substantially as 15
set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Jensen, have hereunto sot my hand
and seal, this Twentysoeond day of March, in tho year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred nnd eighty ono.
PETER JENSEN, (la) 50
1‘riutcra to tliu Quran's most Excellent Majesty.
For llcr Majestys Stationery Office.
A.D. 1880, 25 tk September. N° 3894.
Elootro-magnetic Railroads, &o.
LETTERS PATENT to Peter Jensen, of 33, Chancery Lnne, in the County of
Middlesex, for an Invention of “ Improvements in the Construction of
Machinery and Appliances for Electro-maonetic Railroads, and in
the Generation, Distrirution, and Translation of Electricity for
Working the same.” A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva
Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United States of
America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Peter Jenson at the Office
of the Commissioners'of Patonts on the 25th September 1880.
Peter Jensen, of 33, Chancery Lano, in tho County of Middlesex. “ Improve- ■
ments in the Construction of Machinery and Appliances for. Electro¬
magnetic Railroads, and in the Generation, Distribution, and Translation
of Electricity for Working the same.” A communication from abroad by
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the Stato of New Jersey, United States
of America.
Tho object of this Invention is to furnish an economical and reliable system of
\ 10 electro magnetic railways or tramways, which while useful in any locality shall
be particularly adapted in regions where tho traffic is too light for ordinary steam
railways, or whero tho main bulk of the traffic is limited to certain seasons,
or where the difficulties or expense of grading render ordinary steam roads
impracticable.
15 To this end the Invention consists in a complote oloctro magnetic railway system
embracing tho generation, distribution, and utilization of electric currents as a
embracing tho generation, distribution, and utilization of electric currents as a
motive power, and in tho novel device nod combination of devices therefore, as
moro particularly hereinafter described and claimed.
In carrying this Invention into effect the rails of tho track are electrically con-
20 nectcd, so that each lino of rails forms ono half of a circuit. Tho road is divided
into sections, whero from its length this is desirable, each scotion forming sub3tan-
\Priac Is. 0A] f
2 A.D. 1880.—N° 8804 /wu-tai
SlwIBnUon.
_ ■ Jenson's Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railro ads, £c.
tially a small independent rnilroad. For each section n contral station is providod
nt winch is ocated any suitable motor for giving motion to ono or moro mumiota
or dynamo electric machines connected thereto. °
At each contral station, and also at other points whoro necessary, a portion of a
section is electrically out off from the remainder, which in connection with a sidin» s
thore lmd enables trains to pass each othor. Movable switches or shunts aro formed
in tho onds of tho main track adjacent to tho sidings. The switches are operatod
by mcchnmsm set in motion by electro mngnotic motors having connection to tho
central station. From eacli end of each rail section connections are mado to scries
of electrical switches at tho central station, by which menus the engineer there in in
chargo is enabled to put tho current off or on, or reverse the same or any particular
track or switch section, and to opernto any particular switch.
For tho travelling motor or locomotivo an electro magnetic engine is mounted
upon a suitablo frame supported upon the axles of tho driving nnd other wheels
In order that the circuit from ono lino of rails to tho other be not directly through IS
tho wheels and axles, but bo through the motor, each car is, so to speak, electrically
. cut in two by tho interposition of insulating material somowhero in its structure
the poles of the motor being connected ono to each division. A seemingly preferablo
method is to form the hub and flange of a wheel of separate metallic parts, uniting
them by bolting each to a wooden web, which insulates tho two, whereby tho «0
body of the car and tho axles nro insulated from tho track.
Contact springs benr ngainst tho flanges, or preferably against hubs secured
thereto by cross bars or “ spiders," whoso outer ends nro bolted to tho flanges.
These contact springs nre connected to tho commutator springs of tho motor, ono to
each respectively, through the reversor nnd govornor, controlled contacts hereinafter 25
spoken of.
As in a central systom the motivo power is constant, irrespective of the con¬
ditions of the trains, it seems requisite that the motive power should bo connected
directly and inflexibly to the driving wheels, but in some sueh manner os will enable
the force to be gradually applied to or withdrawn therefrom. 30
Therefore n friction wheel is mounted upon a shaft of the motor, nnd ono upon
the main driving axle, tho two being disconnected, so that motion is not cointnuni-
cated from ono to the other. In a swinging frame pivotted at one end, nnd provided
atlho other end with a handle, is mounted another or connecting friction wheel,
which on depression shall take upon both the friction wlieols before nnmed, and 35
transfer the force from ono to the other; of course tho nmount of this transferring
is dependent upon the perfection of tho frictional bearing of tho intermediate upon
tho other two friction wheels, and may bo varied between tho limits of the minimum
and maximum frictional contact.
To accomplish tho same result a motor pulley- and a driving pulley may bo con- 40
nected by a loose belt to bo tightened by a swinging pulley belt tightener, or the
same result may bo accomplished in soveral other known ways.
As tho motive power sufficient to inovo a load upon a bovil with great speed is
totally inadequate to move it with tho samo Bpeed up an incline, nnd ofton fails to
move the load at all, means (oxtra amount of steam generative capacity for example) +5
are generally used for furnishing a large excess of power over tho amount usually
required, adding largely to the dead weight to bo carried. In this system however
it is proposed to use at all times for a load or train only tho amount of powor
normally required under favorable conditions, providing means by which speed is
automatically exchanged for power when necessarily, this to bo accomplished by a 50
governor, which upon speed falling upon reaching an incline shall automatically
operate to alter tho leverage either of bolts, friction gear, or dutches, through which
tho motor acts upon the driving whcol.
As tho devices for this purposo are applicable to other than olectro motor systems _
they are not further heroin described, but will form tho subject mattor of a separate
application for a Patent.
erKiiicaiioti. A.D. 1880.—N° 3894 3
_ Jenten’a Improvements in Elcclro-magnctic R ailroads, £c. '
»J J ESLr i ti iS 1 ® cnto<1 1 a reversing key through which the circuit passes to
tho motor, which may be used ns a brake in case of emergency, tho reversing of
the current acting to reverse tho direction of tho motor, and thereby more rapidly
stop it. The operative lever of this reversor is so combined with a spring that it
5 may bo hold in a central position without any of its contacts infringing on othor
contacts, and so act a.so os mere circuit closer .or breaker. A centrifugal governor
driven trom the driving axlo is usod connected to a series of contacts so as to break
the circuit at a number of points simultaneously upon a certain predetermined
speed botng reached.
10 Provision is made to dispenso with the necessity of much grading, enabling the
engmo to ascend ordinarily impracticable grades, as follows:—
Upon one or bpth Bides of tho engine car a wheel having a grooved face adapted
to clasp tho head of tho rail is mounted in a hearing so combined with a screw or
other lilting dovico that it may bo depressed into or elevated from contact with tho
15 rail. Upon its axle is fixed a rag or sprocket wheel.
Upon the main driving axle is loosely mounted a friction wheel having attached
to it a rag or sprocket pinion. To this loose wheel when necessary motion is com¬
municated from a friction wheel on tho motor shaft through an intermediate
friction wheel mounted in a swinging frame, ns before described. A sprocket
20 chain connects tho sprocket wheel on tho nxlo of the grooved wheel and tho sprocket
pinion. Under ordinary circumstances this Iriction wheel in the main axle has no
motion communicated to it, and tho grooved wheel is not in contact with the
track; when neccssaiy the grooved wheel is depressed nnd tho intermediate
friction wheel so applied ns to cause the loose wheel on tho main driving axle with
25 its rag or sprocket pinion to be rotated, the motion being communicated to tho
grooved whool, which grasping and biting upon the rail head pulls tho load up
without danger of slipping.
Where the rails aro used as conductors of an electrical circuit there is always
moro or less surfneo conduction, tho nmount depending largely upon tho dampness
30 or dryness of the adjacent soil ties, and such like.
Tliis surfuco conduction may bo largely reduced, or prevented entirely, in tho
following manner:—
Botwcen the rail nnd the tio is placed a pieco of felt, papormache, or other flexiblo
insulating material, preferably so treated ns to mnko it water proof, which piece
35 extends upward on tho web on both sides of tho rail to tho head, forming an
insulating shoo.
Between it and the spike is placed apiece of inotal of tho general configuration
of tho foot of tho rail, upon which the head of tho Spike takes and bears, so that
the insulating material is protected from abrasion or damage by the spike.
40 Instead of tliis metal piece a much heavier piece of wood may be used, forming a
shoe fastenod down by tho spike and in turn securing the rail.
The foot nnd web of the mils aro covered with some elastic insulating
composition; for example, a rubber paint of which tho baso is pure linseed oil, tho
tics, for a spnee of, say, one half foot to a foot, on each sido of the mils being
*5 similarly painted. , , „ . . „
In using electro motors tho best results nro obtained when tho speed of tho
rotating armature is maintained uniform and at a very high rate.
In railway motors a large excess of power over that required for a given speed
upon tho level is providod/in order that oven a very much diminished speed may
50 be maintained upon an up grade, the speed of tho motor being diminished
^Onoobjrefof this Invention is to so arrango a motor in relation to the driven
mechanism that tho speed of tho motor shall always remain unchanged, not being
affected by changes in the speed of the driven mechanism, and that po»ei may bo
«6 exchanged for speed, or vice versa, as circumstances may demand, will out the
speed of tho motor being affected. Another object is to furnish a method 'll pio-
_ Jensen's Improvements in Electro-ma gnetic Railroads, <l-c.
pulsion of trains analogous to tho action of a quadruped in drawing a load, especially
applicable as moans for climbing a grade or assisting therein. 1
To accomplish these objects a thread is mounted upon the shaft of tho rotating
armature meshing into n worm upon a shaft, at whoso opposito ond is a bevil
gear taking into a bevil gear upon a shaft parallel to the shaft of tho ongino. 5
Upon this latter shaft are two gear wheels, ono having several times as many
teeth as tho other, both being loosely mounted upon a slinft, on which nud between
tho two gears is fixed a suitablo clutch in order that ono or the other may bo
caused to rotato with tho nxlo upon tho clutch being thrown to tho oxtreme limit
or its motion, but that when the clutch is in an intormediato position neither shall 10
bo locked into tho shaft. In order to prevent tho clutch being moved too rapidly
it may bo operated by a screw threaded lover passing through tho free end of the
lovor.
Upon the main driven axle two gear wheels aro rigidly fixed, ono large and one
small, tho larger ono gearing with the smaller ono loose upon tho shaft last noted, 15
while the smaller ono gears with tho larger one loose upon Buck shaft.
It is evident then that whether speed bo converted into power or power iuto
speed will depend on whether motion be communicated from the shaft driven from
tho armature shaft to tho main driven nxlo through tho sumllor or through the
larger gear thereon. 20
For use upon grades a device which may be called a creeper is used somewhat as
follows:—
Upon the front of tho engine is mounted a vertical shaft carrying a worm gearing
into tho thread upon the armature shall.
This vertical shaft is mounted in adjustable bearings, so that tho worm may bo 25
thrown into or out of gear with tho thread, as desired.
Upon the lower end of tho vertical shaft is a bevil gear meshing into a bevil
gear upon a horizontal shaft, to whose ends by crank arms or pins are attached
rods, each carrying at its opposito end a box or casing provided with n central
wheel which rides upon the rail. In tho box or casing, so as to take upon tho sides 30
of tho rail, are eccentrically pivoted two wheels, one on each side. These side
wheels being eccentrically pivoted allow tho box to bo pushed forward along tho
side of tho rail, but prevent retrograde motion by closing together and grasping
tho rail. Tho arms carrying tho grippers or creepers aro mounted so that they
may be let down upon or removed from tho track ns occasion requires; lienee a3 a 35
rod is reciprocated from tho motor through tho gearing described it pushes forward
during one half revolution tho box or casing which slides upon the rail; upon tho
commencement of the other half of the revolution by tho action of the eccentrically
pivoted wheels or rollers tho box or casing is locked to the rail and tho engine is
pulled up. 40
Ono only being used tho action would bo a scrieB of pulls and pauses, and if
desired ono only may be used, taking upon either rail or upon a central rail laid
especially for this purpose.
In practice however it is desirable to use at least two, ono for each rail, with
cranks so arranged relatively to each other tlmt whilo ono is boing slid forward 45
the other is holding, so that a continuous motion may bo produced. Additional
grippers or creepers mny also bo placed at tho rear of tho train, so that a continuous
pulling and pushing action is produced.
Instead of rollers within the box or casing referred to another form of dcvico
may bo used, in order to give a larger gripping surfuce. . 5"
Within tho box or casing are two bars parallel to tho rail, one on each side.
These bars aro attached to the easing or box by loose toggio joints in such way that
upon motion forward of the box or casing the bars rccedo from tho rail, but upon
retrograde movoincnt thoy approach and grip tho rail. ,,
Another object of this Invention is to produco a sitnplo and effective oloctro*
_ Jensen's Improvements in Elcctro-m agnelic Railroads, de.
magnotic broke adapted for use on any stylo of rail road vohicle, but more especially
intended and adapted for uso in tho system horein described.
It consists in placing on clectro-mngnet in such relation to some rotatin'* metallic
portion of tho running gear of the vohiclo to be stopped that tho magnetic cirouit
5 shall bo through such rotating motallio portion, tho electro-magnet being furnished
with mobilo heads, which mny movo towards and clasp the rotating portion
whenever tho circuit of the magnet is dosed.
Upon tho axle and at or near its centre is rigidly fixed a disc of iron, which
rotates with tho axle and between tho polar oxtremities of an electro-magnet,
10 suitably fastened to or supported from the bottom of tho car.
Tho cores of this electro-magnet aro extended beyond tho coils, forming a spindlo,
which is reduced in size when necessary, tho ends being screw threaded to receive
Upon each spindle is placed a block of iron or other magnetic metal, forming a
15 polar extension secured in placo by a nut.
The orifices in the blocks into which the spindles pass aro olongated. so that tho
blocks or polar extensions mny have a movement to or from tho fixed disc upon
the nxlo rotating between them.
Tho polar extensions aro normally hold away from the disc by suitablo springs
°0 of low resistance.
When is is desired to use the brake a circuit from any suitablo source of
electricity is closed through the coils of the clectro-mngnots, whereupon the polar
extensions mutually attract the disc. It however being fixed while thoy aro
movable the nttrnctivo force causes them to move to the disc and grasp it between
25 them, enusing n retardation or stoppage of its rotation, and so acting through it ns
effective brake upon the wheels. Upon breakago of tho circuit tho springs restore
the polnr extensions to their normal position.
When desired, for the purpose of throwing the brakes off instantly, a momentary
reverse current may bo thrown into tho circuit just after breaking, causing a
30 momentary but instantaneous repulsion from the disc, and assisting tho springs in
removing tho polar extensions. It is evident that instead or one, several sets ot
such brakes may be applied to each nxlo when desired. .
In this system of electro-magnetic railways where the tracks themselves are used
as the conductors, it is desirable to make some provision guarding against
35 cessation of effect of the current at crossings, switches, rags, and such^hlce, orother
places where it mny bo desirable to cut out u portion ot tho track from the
"tMs may be accomplished by connecting the ends of the tracks in circuit
adjacentr«.e opposite ends of the cut out section by wire or other conductors, so
40 that a circuit is formed around such cut out portion
As the greatest lem'tli of any section necessary to be cut out wilt novel exceta
thc av 'rag g c length ofa train, or even the length of the shortest trains, it is preferred
10 AsTforo''described! wheels Imvlng"'STingcs and hubs insulated from each
“ 5“'b*n»to‘b,i. U g S.1 “■I*
arranged 1 on* tli'o carsTlmtthcy may ^'electrically bridged over on the
circuit.
6 A.D. 1880.— N° 3894. sJSSSSL
_ Jensen's Improvements in Electro-magn etic Railroads, <tc.
Upon raids already built and equipped for steam transport, but whero it is
desirable to use tins systom of locomotion, it may bo profcrnblo to make tbe clian"o
from one system to tho other gradually. °
To admit of gradual cliango, arrangements must bo mado permitting tho use of
botli systems. j
To do this, a third or central rail or conductor is used, electrically connected in
stations of suitable length, and thoroughly insulated from tho bod. To tho caw are
attached arms carrying rollers or auxiliary wliools, taking upon tho third rail and
conveying tho current therefrom through tho motor upon tho train, tho ordinary
rails being used ns tho return circuit. J |q
In order to most thoroughly insulate tho third or contro rail it may bo placed at
tho ties in n chair of glass or other insulating mnterial, only morticed into the tic or
laid on tho tie and spiked thereto, or an iusuluting shield of glass may bo interposed
between tho rail and n metallic chair.
A.D. I860.—N° 3894.
Jensen's Improvements in Electro-mugnctio Railroads, £
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by
the said Potor Jenson in tho Great Seal Patont Office on tho 25th March
1881.
I'eter Jensen, of 33, Chancory Lino, in tho County of Middlesex. “Improvb-
5 MENTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF MACHINERY AND APPLIANCES FOR ELECTRO¬
MAGNETIC Rail-roads, and in the Generation, Distribution, and Translation
of Electricity for Working the same." A communication from abroad by
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the Stato of Now Jersey, United States of
America.
10 The object of this Invention is to furnish an economical and reliable systom of
electro-mugnctio railways or tramways, which whilo useful in any locality shall bo
particularly adapted to regions whero tho trnfiio is too light for ordinary steam
railways, or whore tho main bulk of the traffic is limited to certain seasons, or
where tho difficulties or oxpenso of grading remlor ordinary steam roads
IB impracticable.
To this ond tho Invention consists in a complete electro magnotie railway system
embracing tho generation, distribution, and utilization of electric currents ns a
motive power, and in tho novel devices and combinations of devices therofor, as
moro particularly hereinafter described and claimed. „
20 In carrying tliiB Invention into ofiect tho rails of tho track nro electrically con¬
nected, so that each lino of rails forms one half of a circuit. The road is divided
into sections, whero from its length this is desirablo, each section forming substan¬
tially a small independent railroad. For each section a central station is provided,
at which is located any suitable motor for giving motion to ono or more magneto
25 or dynamo electric machines connected thereto. At each central s ation, and also
at other points whero necessary, a portion of a section is electrically cut oS from
the remainder, which portion boing connected with asiding there laid ena e
to nass each other. Movable switches or shunts nro formed in the ends of the
main track adjacent to the sidings. Tho switches are operated by mechamsm set
30 in motion by olectro magnotie motors having connection electrical’
From each end of each rail section connections are mado ™™
switches at tho central station, by which means the engneei ov
enabled to put tho current off or on, or reverse the same on any particular
switch section, and to opernto any particular switch. mounted
35 For the travelling motor or locomotive, « S "her
switch section, and to opernto any particular switch. mounted
35 For the trailing motor or locomotive, anolcctrom-agnotic engine amounted
upon a suitable frame, supported upon *[“ • t 0 ther bifnot directly
whereby the body of tho car and the “ '^bly against hubs scoured
< Contact springs bear against the flanges, or p.oi n Ui() (lang0Si
*5 thereto by cross bars or *' spiders whoso ° ute (tor spv i nf r S of tho motor, ono
Tlieao contact springs are connected to the-cornucontacts l.eroin-
to each, respectively through tho reveraer and govoinoi contronc
8 A.D. 1880.—N° 3894,.
Jensen’s Improvements in EIcctro-magnctio Railroads, <kc.
force to lio gradually applied to or withdrawn therefrom. Therefore a friction
wheel is^ mounted upon the shaft of the motor, and ono upon tho main driving nxlo,
tlio two being disconnected, so that motion is not communicated from ono to the
other. In a swinging frame pivoted at ono end and provided at tho other end with
a handle, is mounted another or connecting friction wheel, which on depression 5
shall take upon botli tho friction wheels before named, and transfer tho forco from
one to tho other. Of course tho amount of this transferring is dependent upon tho
perfection of tho frictional bearing of tho intermediate upon tiio other two friction
wheels, and may bo varied between tho limits of tho minimum and maximum
frictional contact. Iq
To accomplish tho samo result a motor pulley and n driving pulley may bo
connected by a loose belt to bo tightened by n swinging pulley belt tightener, or
tho snme result may bo accomplished in several other ways.
As the motive power suflicicnt to move a load upon a level with great speed
is totally inadequate to move it with tho samo speed upon incline, nnd often fails 15
to movo the load nt all, means (extra ninount of steam generative enpneity, etc.)
nre generally used for furnishing a large excess of power over the amount usunlly
required, adding largely to the dead wuiglit to bo carried. In this system however
it is proposed to use nt all times for a load or train only the amount of power
normally requirod under favorable conditions, providing incnns by which speed 20
is automatically exchanged for power when necessary ; this is to be accomplished
by a, governor, which, upon speed falling upon reaching an incline, shall auto¬
matically operate to alter the leverage either of belts, friction gear, or clutches,
through which the motor acts upon the driving wheel. As the doviccs for this
purpose nre applicable to other than electro motor systems they nro not further 25
herein described or illustrated, but will form the subject matter of a separate
application for a Patent.
Upon encli engine is located a reversing key through which tho circuit passes to
tho motor, which may bo used as a brake in case of emergency, tho reversing
ol tho current acting to reverse the direction of tho motor, and therefore more 50
rapidly stop it.
The operative lever of this reverser is so combined with a Bpring that it may
bo held in a central position without any of its contacts impinging on other
contacts, and so act also ns a mere circuit closer or breaker. A centrifugal governor
driven from the driving axle is used, connected to a series of contncts, ns fully 35
explained in a prior application, so as to break the circuit nt n number of points
simultaneously upon a certain pro-determined speed being rcnchcd.
Provision is made to dispense with tho necessity of much grading, enabling the
engine to ascend ordinarily impracticable grades as follows:—Upon one or both
sides of tho engine car a wheel having a grooved fnco adapted to clasp tho bend of 40
tho rail is mounted in a bearing so combined with a screw or other lifting devico
that it may bo depressed into or elevated from contact with the rail. Upon its axlo
is fixed a rag or sprocket wheel. Upon the main driving axle is loosely mounted a
friction wheel having attached to it a rng or sprocket pinion. To this looso wheel,
when necessary, motion is communicated from a friction wheoljon tho motor shaft 45
through an intermediate friction wheel mooted in a swinging frame, ns before
described j a sprocket chain connects tho sprocket wheel in tho axlo of tho grooved
wheel and the sprocket pinion. Under ordinary circumstances this friction wheel
m tho main axlo has no motion communicated to it, and tho grooved wheel is not
m contact with tho track. 50
When necessary tho groovod wheel is depressed and tho intermediate friction
wheel so applied ns to cause tho looso wheel on tho main driving nxlo with its rag or
sprocket pinion to bo rotated, tho motion being communicated to tho grooved wheel,
wich grasping and biting upon tho rail head pulls tho load up without danger of ^
In figures 1 to 15 of the accompanying Drawings is shown moro in dotnil how
this portion of tho Invention may bo carried into effect; it is to bo remoinbored
Jensen’s Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, Ac.
however, that tlicso details may bo varied or equivalents used, nnd that therefore tho
Invention is not limited generally in such cases to tho precise details therein illustrated.
In tlicso Drawings:—Fig. 1 is a view showing tho general arrangement of a
central station and tho track connections.
5 Fig. 2, a portion of tho I'ramo of a car.
Fig. 3, a perspective of an ongino car.
Fig. 4, a perspective view of the rail gripping doviccs for ascending grades, with
a section of the grooved wheel nnd rail.
Fig. 6, a perspective of tho reverser, governor, and tnultiplo circuit breaker.
10 Fig. C, a bottom view of tho reverser.
Figs. 7 & 8 arc views of different mechanical means for operating the track
switches. .....
Fig. 9 is a perspective view of tho electrical switches at central stations.
Fig. 10 is a perspective view showing means of electrically connecting tho rails.
16 Figs. 11 & 12 are sectional viows showing diflorents ways of electrically
dividing tho car, so as to insulnto ono flange from the other.
Fig. 13 is a diagram showing several sections and a side road or feeder.
Fi“ 14 is a diagram showing connections when desired at a bridge or other short
dividing tho car, so
Fig. 13 is a dingi
Fig. 14 is a diagi
section.
20 Fig. 15 is a dingi
multiple arc.
n showing the method of connecting the electrical devices ii
A is a central station, at which are located a steam boiler and engine as shown,
although tho motor may be a water or any other suitable form of motor; B is any
suitable magneto or dynamo electric machine, connected with and operated by
25 tl,e motor engine. From the generator connections 1 and 2 nre made to tho
switches 3 and 4, ono series being connected to ono commutator, the other senes to
lh MT“M'Ttnre the main line of track. The rails of each line of rails
arc electrically connected by means of copper wires or slijs E (lug 10) under tho
30 fish plate 15, V , and held t^nled
MT, of suflicicnt engtl. Ml" a".d JIT" At the side thereof and of
STi SSM 5 V 8W. rie ^rs^S^^i^
the ends of MT, arc made movable so as to constitute switches bj u Huh a
35 may bo switched or-shuntedl&ow , o. U U T, ^
For each track switch is arranged an ntwu . * tn Hio other series of
SJ”"ft-T 1.», -«• «•
« “X "2 r t. InFig.7
closed through a switch motor, its motion • which S L is tho
is shown ono means o so “mnmn.can? motion tott* fol , somo .
switch lover connected to a double rack it , omn k rod 0, R, either
what less than half its periphery, the” vitch moto.:
50 directly or through intermediate gearing, itoll i evol . s L is connected to a
Fig. 8 shows another way ... wl " "XVcam d whoso shaft carries a
framo D, sliding in suitablo ways. In ° f ^ gwHflh raolur . The gear and
gear, into which takes a pinion on tho . needed these switches may bo
55 located tf? SIXTSi
30 A.D. 1880.—N° 3894
Jensen's Improvements in Eleclro-mar/netie Railroads, do.
switch motor, moving tho switcli in one direction ; the rovorso movemont being by
a spring. At a little distance on each side of the switch engine are located circuit
closers, arranged to be hit by an arm projecting from tho train. If a train be
started, which it is intended shall go oil" upon a switch or branch, the arm on tho
train is set. On coming to the first circuit closer, tho arm strikes it, closing circuit, 5
moving and holding tho switch. Tho train passes on to the switch, strikes the
second circuit closer, opening it; the circuit being now broken, tho spring restores
the switch. Whoro there aro several switches a permutation arrangement driven
from tiie running gear of tho train will be upon tho train, capnblo of being sot so
that it shall project or lower tho nrm for operating tho circuit closers only as it 10
approaches the proper switch.
In Fig. 0 is shown in dotail the switches used in tho series 3, 4. Levers a, a, a,
arc pivoted in suitahlo supports upon tho base 0 ; springs o', a 11 , pulling tho lever
to tho rear. Upon the bnso are located springs b, b, with their inner onds turned
up so as to form a catch ’for tho lower ends of tho levers, as shown. From the 15
springs b, b, of the electricul switch, scries 3, 4, are mndo to each line of rails of
each track section and track switch, and also to tho switch motors, for instance,
from M T 1 , wires 7, 7, lead one to 3 and ono to 4. 8, 8, lead in samo way from
one end of MT, while 11, 11, lead from the other end. In samo way 9, 9, and
10,10, connect 3 and 4 and S W. By simply throwing tho proper switches so that 20
they catoli on their respective springs tho circuit is closed to any desired section,
and tho current thrown therethrough.
Tho circuit through any particular section being closed, and it forming tho
conductors for tho current, a circuit is formed from one lino of rails to the other,
and the current utilized as a motive agent by an engine constructed as shown in 25
Fig. 3, in which F is any suitahlo frame work suspended from tho main driving
axle and placed upon the other axle.
The wheels used under the engine car and all other cars aro constructed ns shown
in Fig. 11, in which tho flanges FI, are made separately, and connected by a
wooden web o, to which they are bolted, the wheel then consisting of a metallic 30
hub, a metallic flange, and an intervening wooden or insulating web. By this
means the axles and body of the car aro insulatod from tho flanges and track, and
the current cannot pass therethrough from ono rail to the other. Although both
wheels in Fig. 11 aro shown ns of this construction, it is evident that those on ono
side of a car only need be so constructed ns thereby the formation of a circuit direct 35
from one lino of rails to the other, would bo prevented. Tho samo purpose may bo
subserved by the construction shown in Fig. 12, in which ordinary wheels aro used,
tho axle being cut in two and united by a sleeve Q, insulated therefrom by P, and
bolts insulated from, but passing through the halves of the axles.
On the ongino car n spider or framo N, (Figures 3 and 11) is secured to the 40
flange F l, so as to bo in electrical contact therewith, but not touching or forming
contact with tho hub M. Upon the center of N is a boss or Bpindlo n on which
bears a commutator brush hold by arm p. The current then passes from ono lino of
rails through ono flange F l, framo N, boss or spindlo «, commutator p to the
roversing koy (Fig. 6) tho contact points 13, 14, 15, 10, to tho electric pngino, *>
thence by tho other nrm p, spindle, framo, and flange to tho other line of rails.
The reversing key is shown in Figs. 5 and 0, in which U and V are elbow lovors,
pivoted at Q and Q 1 respectively, the springs s and s l tending to causo them to
close circuit normally in r and r 1 j V is connected to P 1 , and U to P"; r and r are
connected to tho series of spring contacts, and then to ono polo of the motor “
engine. Between, tho levers U and V is placed tho operating lovor T, pivoted at
o, and connected to tho other polo of tho motor engine. Upon tho under side of 1
is a pin s taking into a slot y in a cam pinto w pivoted at x. Tho cam plate w is
moved ns tho lover T is moved by tho action of tho pin z in the slot y. It is.® 1
such n breadth, that when standing in a neutral or untilted position, its opposite
sides shall tako against pins it, v, on lovers U, V, and forco them from their
contacts, leaving the circuit open. A movement to cither sido however allows ono
Jensen’s Improvements in Eleclro-murjnctie Railroads, do.
of the lovers U V, to mako contact with r or r\ the other being kept from contact
therewith by its contact with levor T. _ Upon tho ongino is mounted a centrifugal
governor O r,' driven from tho main driving axlo nf tho car. The lower end of tho
rod, which is reciprocated by tho governor balls, takes upon a lover 17, pivoted
6 at 18, whose outer end takes under a series of contact springs 13, 14,15, 10, placed
in the circuit. Tho governor is adjusted to break the circuit whonavor a prodetor-
• mined rato of speed is reached, breaking it in a number of places simultaneously so
ns to greatly reduce, if not practically eliminate, the spark due to the breaking of
the circuit of a large current.
10 Tho circuit being now completed through tho motor and it being in operation
motion is communicated to the main driving axle ns follows, reforonco being had to
Fig 3, in which <J is tho main driving axlo upon which is mounted a friction wheel G.
Upon tho shaft c of the magnetic engine is a friction pulley e, tho pulloys e and G
not being in contact. In a swinging frame / pivoted at h is mounted a friction
15 pulley i. The frame/ being depressed bears upon o and G, and communicates
motion from e to G, tho percentage transferred being proportional to the frictional
contact of i upon e nnd G. As giving a better traction to avoid slipping on
grades a devico shown in Fig. 3 or tho device shown in Fig. 4 may bo used singly
or together. In Fig. 3, E M is a pair of ordinary electro magnets, there being
20 one or more pairs on each side. These magnets are suspended from the frame so
that their poles are over, nnd in immediate contiguity to the rails. From them a
circuit extends to tho arm p so tlmt they are in a multiple circuit to the track.
In their circuit is placed a key which may bo operated by hand or which may
be operated by the govornor automatically under the arrangement heroinbofore
25 mentioned. Upon coming to a grate tho circuit is closed and tho magnets
immediately exert their attractive influence upon the track, tending to hold tho
car firmly nnd to provent its slipping. , ., , , , . „
In Fig 4 in addition to to the devices already described as mounted upon shaft c
nnd axle 3,’ll is a friction pulley loosely mounted upon the main driving axle 3 j
30 to H is secured a rag or sprocket wheel I. Upon tho shaft 0 is placed a friction
wheels, nnd in a frame similar to frame/is mounted the friction wheel!; upon
depressing tho frame motion is communicated from 3 to H and I, winch rotate upon
the shaft l A wheel L having a grooved face is secured to an axle which is mounted
in a box adjustably secured to the framo by a sciow S. A s^rockct chain m
36 connects I and K. Upon reaching a grade by turning Wt
depressed nnd grips the rail, ns shown, motion bom"
described, by which arrangement tho engine ca
common steam rail rode. .
It should bo stated thall all tho devices usi
40 mutiplo arc system, the rails forming the d*-"
. o ...._v S tho wheel L is
,.ig communicated thereto, os before
a climb a grade impracticable in
amp for lighting i:,, 00 fVails of tho track If T. In practice however
Si'“theTori"^ «■»•* 10 th0 tlnCk - “ nd t0 th0 ar,n9
and flanges of tho wheels. nnd j[ T 2, onch with a central
In Fig. 13 are shown two sc • divided at tho station, electrical connection
- watfsa:
generator nt tho central station on tho m I ,. , , n bridge, or in any otlior
In Fig. 14, B 3 represents a.short is insulated iVoni its neighbors,
locality where it is desired to slow “P- shown at b\ 6", so that upon such
but connected thereto by wire conductors as shown at , . 1
12
13
Jensen's Improvements in Eleelro-magnetio Railroads, <tc.
section the current is rcvorsotl slowing the motor, the current being ngnin reversed
at tiro other end of the bridge soolion restoring tire speed.
In lieu of this arrangement very short soctions may be disconnected entirely
electrically, connection being made between the sections adjacent to the cut out
section by wires passing around such suction, so that tbo motive power is withdrawn 5
entirely on such sections.
At the central station it is advisable to place an electrometer in circuit, ns the
deflection of its needle gives n good indication of the relative position of a train
upon n section. As at times it may bo necessary to keep tho track clean, frre
from snow, or other impediments to a good contact between the flange and track, 10
it is preferable to mount in front of the engines brushes rotating at right angles to
the rails, and driven by a small motor on the engine car specially set asido for the
In using electro motors, tho best results are attained when the speed of tho
rotating armature is maintained uniform and at a very high rate. 15
In railway motors a largo excess of power over that required for a given speed
upon a level is provided in order that even a very much diminished speed may
be maintained upon an up grade, the speed of the motor being diminished pro¬
portionately.
One object of this Invention is to so arrange a motor in relation to the driven 20
mechanism, that the speed of the motor shall always remnin unchanged, not being
affected by changes in the speed of the driven mechanism, and that power may be
exchanged for speed, or vice versa, as circumstances may demand, without the speed
of the motor being nflccted. Another object is to furnish a method of propulsion
of trains analogous to the action of a qundruped in drawing a lond, especially 25
applicable ns means for climbing a grade, or assisting therein.
To accomplish these objects a thread is mounted upon the shaft of tho rotating
armature meshing into a worm upon a shaft, at whose opposite end is ft hovel gear
taking into a bevel gear upon a shaft, parallel to the shaft of the engine.
Upon this lntter shaft are two gear wheels, one having several times ns many 30
teeth ns the other, both being loosely mounted upon the shaft, on which and
between the two gears is fixed a suitable clutch, in order that one or the other
may be caused to rotate with the axle upon the clutch, being thrown to or near to
the extreme limit of its motion, but that when the clutch is in nn intermediate
position, neither shall be locked into tho shaft. In order to prevent the clutch 35
being moved too rapidly, it may be operated by n screw threaded lever passing
through the free end of the lover.
Upon the main driven axle two gear wheels nro rigidly fixed, one large and ono
small, tho larger ono gearing with the smaller one loose upon the shaft last noted,
while the smaller one genre with the larger one loose upon such nlinft.
It is evident then that whether speed bo converted into power, or power into
speed, will depend on whether motion bo communicated from the shaft driven from
the armature shaft to tho main driven nxlo, through the smaller or through tho
larger gear thereon.
For uso upon grades a device, which may be called a creeper, is used somowliat 45
ns follows:—
Upon the front of the engine is mounted a vertical shaft carrying a worm, gearing
into tho tlirend, upon the urmnture shaft. This vertical shaft is mounted in
adjustable bearings, so that tho worm may be thrown into or out of gear with tho
thread, ns desired. Upon tho lower end of tho vertical shaft is a bevel gear meshing 50
into a bevel genr upon a horizontal shaft, to whose ends by crank nrms or pins nro
attached rods, each enrrying at its opposito end a box or casing provided with a
central wheel which rides upon the rail. In tho box or ensing, so as to tnko.upo#
tho sides of the rail, are ecentriccally pivoted two wheels, one on each side. These
side wheels being exceniricnlly pivoted, allow the box to be pushed forward along 5i>
tho side of the rail, but prevent retrograde motion by closing together and grasping
Jensen's Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, tio.
tho rail. Tho urms carrying tho grippers or crcopers are mounted so that they
may bo lot down upon or removed from tho track, as occasion requires. Henco as
a rod is reciprocated from the motor through tbo gearing described, .it pushes
forward through one half revolution the box or casing which slides upon the rail.
3 Upon tho commencement of tho other half of tho revolution, by the action ot the
eccentrically pivoted wheels or rollers, tho box or casing is locked to the rail, and
tho engino is pulled up. „ ...
Ono only being used, the action would bo a series of pulls and pauses, and it
desired, ono only uiny lie used, taking upon either rail, or upon a central rail laid
10 especially for this purposo. ....
In prnctico howevor it is desirable to uso at least two, ono for each rail, with
cranks so arranged relatively to each other, that while ono is being slid forward,
the other is holding, so that a continuous motion may bo produced. Additional
grippers or creepers may also bo placed at the rear of tho train, so that a continuous
15 nullimr and pushing action is produced. . ...
Instead of rollcra within the box or casing referred to, another form of device
iniiv bo used ill order to give a larger gripping surface.
Within the box or casing are two bars parallel to the rail, one on each side;
these bare arc attached to tho casing or box by loose toggle joints in such way that
20 upon motion forward of the box or easing the bars recede from the rail; but upon
retrograde movement they approach and grip the rail. . ,
Tile operation of tho4 devices will be better understood by reference to
Figs. 15“ 1C, 17. and 18 of the Drawings, in winch
PV. 15“ is a perspective view of an engine, embodying both tho motoi and the
otor, mounted on shaft a, secured in
ivorm or screw 15, gearing into tho
id is the bevel gear D meshing with
ted loosely tho gears F, H ; H having
a Mason’s clutch. As such clutch i
encumber the Drawings with a detailed
Fig. 15 a is a perspective
25 creeper.
Fig. 1C and 17 are details of tho creeper.
Fig. 18 is a perspective view of the motor
A Ts tho rotating armature of the electric i
suitable bearings. Upon the shaft a is the
30 worm gear C on abaft c, upon whose lower
bevel gear F on shaft c, upon which arc mou
a much larger number of teetb than F. leev0 c 1 , upon
Between F and U is mounted so as to rota to w> ■ « the clultc.. Mee , }
which is mounted a suitable clutch, controlled by bitch:or.Dpjvote
35 piefcrablo clutch is the
known it has not been thought necessary to
view of it. . . ... n ffil . cons t{int rotation of A without
As hereinafter stated, provision is made either into operation
imparting motion to F or H. I« ortlc . 1 n . lSsafcCVO w threaded rod through
40 gradually, avoiding jar or shock, 1 *»"«“ J, und of tho ro d ending in a crank
tho freo end ol L and at right angles tlieret » , mov i n g the clutch only
or wheel by which the rod may be turned, each iciolutiou mov.n 0
the width of ono screw thread. , , a , ■ tll0 nm ;„ driven
The gears F and H mesh into gears O and I o sliatt g,
45 axle, carrying wheels, not shown, at its of teoth ns H bears to I.
Tho gear G bears tho same relation to 1 n „ always bo much less than
It is desirablo that the «* of . “'ndC'a..d U ami I insures this, tho
that of A. The relation existing bet" win B* , 01 . lls high as desirable,
speed of <j liowovor remaining au“>‘ « s . t0 S '.'; " / tll “ t 01l l y the power required
60 rate of progress to the car, the 1”°“ is furnished, the clutch being
for the maximum rate of speed and lo " d .T' a f , throu..U II and I.
thrown so that the motion is commumcaUdtoff « » Umt ia coin-
Upon reaching diminished by Urn ratio existing
municatcd through F, G, the speed cause M f
55 botween tbo two with a corresponding mcreascol ^ ,,„ u . s F, H, is
ft should bo noted that the relation btt'vro « 0 . .mcatod to
such that when tho dutch is in a central position no mo
14 A.D. 1880.—N° 3894. *****
_ Jensen's Improvements in Eic ctro-magnitic Railroads, etc.
either genr, so tlmt when tlio tmin mny bo stopped the motor still rotating at its
best dleclivo rate ready for instantaneous work with tho delay incident to
bringing its speed up from zoro to an effective rate.
From this it can readily bo seen that tho rato of rotation of arniaturo may bo
kept constant, while tho rate of speed of tho train may bo varied to suit tho various 5
requirements of change of grade or load, ensuring full utilization under all conditions
of the prime motor force applied.
Upon tho front end of the engine car is a shaft h, on which is a sleeve supporting
tho lower end of a shaft n, whose tipper end is secured in a bearing J which
permits of n slight movement of tho shaft n. U
Upon n is mounted a worm gear N, which may bo mado to mesh with the worm
or screw 15 on tho arniaturo shaft ti.
Upon and near tho lower end of n is tho hovel gear O, meshing into a bevel
gear P upon shaft h, to whoso outer ends aro attached tho arms R by means of
cranks Q. Thc-c arms It are arranged with any simple lifting device, so that they 15
can be Jot down upon or removed up from the rails.
Pivoted to It is a box or casing S, in whose upper portion is a wheel u riding
upon the top of the mil. b
• nn ^ l, P on wicli side of the mil, wheels 8 aro mounted, eccentrically
pivoted aa shown, the opening butween them at the widest point being just onough 20
more than the width of the mil to permit its passugo therethrough. From this it
is evident that if a body the width of a rail be slid bctwcon then in tho direction
of thei arrow, Fig. 2, it will push them apart, but that if tho motion bo in the
body 3 be t wo en* th" ^ CRUHQ tllc roJJcra 8 > 8 > to approach each other, gripping tho
When necessary the worm N is thrown into gear with B, motion being coin-
mumcated thereby to the arms R. Upon the forward half of tho movement tho
arm it pushes the box S along the rail. Upon the commencement of the latter
hair of the movement the rollers n, approach each other, gripping the track ami
locking the box^or casing to it, whereupon the car is pulled up toward S. 30
Where tho rails are light and might possibly be injured or indented au alternative
th^rail head 11 nm ^ ' v *>ich gives a long grip upon each side of
In this Figure 4 is a box or frame, connected pivotally to R, and having tho
wheel u, as in the other form. 35
Connected to 4 by toggle joints 3, 3, are the gripping bars 1, 2, one on each side.
As seen, upon motion of the box or framo in one direction, on account of the
toggle used, the bnrs 1, 2, recede from the rail, but upon motion in the opposite
direction nppronch the rail, gripping it and locking the box or frame thereto.
springs may bo applied to the rollers «, s, or bars 1, 2, so ns to normally hold 40
them to tho rail with a light pressure, not sufficient to interfere with tlioir sliding
m ono direction, but causing them to act instantly upon attempted motion in the
opposite direction.
By the use of the creepers described, the effect of groat traction may bo
obtained with little weight, bo that tho dead weight of engines and cars may 45
bo reduced to a minimum.
Another object of this Invention is to produce n simple nnd effective electro¬
magnetic brake adopted for use on any stylo of railroad vehicle, but nioro especially
intended and adapted for uso in tho system heroin described.
It consists in placing an electro magnet in such relation to some rotating metallic 50
I’ 0 '™ °f the running gear of tho voliiclo to bo stopped, that tho magnotic circuit
shall bo through such rotating metallio portion, the oloetro magnet being furnished
with mobile bends, which may move toward and clasp the rotating portion whenever
the circuit of the magnet is closed.
Upon the nxlo and at or near its centre is rigidly fixed a disc of iron which 55
rotates with tho axle nnd between tho polar extremities of an electro magnet
suitably fastened to or supported from tlio bottom of the car.
Jensen's Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, tie.
Tho cores of tho oleetro magnet aro extended beyond the coils, forming a spindlo,
which is reduced in size when necessary, tho ends being screw threaded to receive
nuts. Upon each spindle is placed u block of iron or other magnetic metal forming
a polnr extension secured in placo by n nut,
6 The orifices in tlio blocks into which tlio spindles pass nro elongated so that tlio
blocks or polar extensions may have a movement to or from tlio fixed disc upon
tho uxlo rotating between them. Tlio polar extensions nro normally held away
from the disc by suitable springs of low resilience. ■
Whon it is desired to uso the brnko, a circuit from any suitable sourco of
10 electricity is closed through tho coils of tho oleetro magnets, whereupon tho polar
extensions mutually attract tho disc.. It however being fixed, while they are
movablo, tho attractive force causes them to move to the disc and grasp it between
thorn, causing a retardation or stoppage of its rotation, and so acting through it as
an effective brake upon the wheels. . ,. .
15 Upon breakage of tlio circuit the springs restore the polar extensions to their
""when*desired, for the purpose of throwing the brakes off instantly, a momentary
reverse current may be thrown into the circuit just aftci breaking, causing a
momentary but instantaneous repulsion from the disc, and assisting the springs
20 in removing tho polar extensions. It is evident tlmt, instead of one, several sots ot
such brakes may he applied to eacli axle when desired. , . .
This brake is illustrated in Figures 1!) and 20 of the Drawings, m which F g. 10
is a perepcctivo view of a portion of the bottom of a car, showing a brake , Fig. 20
shows the polnr extension and spindle of tlio core in detail. nxtendimr
25 A is the bottom of a car resting upon tlio framing E, E; B is an axle extending
from whppl CJ to wheel on other side not shown. , ,
fr UpI„ this axle is rigidly secured the iron
extensions d, d, of electro magnet D suitably secured to t le o J, . ,j
Each of the cores of tlio magnet extends beyond tlio coils, forming a spindle g on
30 each core, whose end is screw threaded to receive a nut It. befitted
Each polar extension d is formed with a elongated slot e so that it n ay be Uttacl
upon tho P spindlo and be free to move thereon in one direction, vie., to and from the
Spring k, which may be any of tho arel! known ^ms, is combined with each
35 polnr extension, and serves normally to hold it ai ) t j s0 t ] m £ the flange, or
It is evident that the electro magno D ^\Xveef A and they aerate
a portion of tlio web of the wheel C, si ll [ . tL m “ X o t e I nV ention being
40 portion. .i-is where the tracks them-
as as?! S£bfr«» «*. £«- «»»<»* r “
“ “sa «,i. fr.—syirs as as ASS
adjacent to tlio opposite ends of the cut out section oy
so that a circuit is formed nrond such out J- °"' bo cut ou t will never exceed
i. ttaSysswt&y *** ** . . . “ p
■
tsszissts. w " s “ J ~
a train, one of which ears should always o the last ono
16
SpccUtndoil*
A.D. 1880.—N° 3891.
Jensen’s Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, <tu
All tlio commutator brushes used on either side of tho train being connected by
a conductor tu tho appropriate commutator on tho engino, tiio conductors being so
arranged on tho cars that they may bo readily connected.
By this arrangement tho cut out section is electrically bridged over on tho train
itself, instond of by wires attached directly to tho portions of tho track in circuit. 5
Upon roads already built and equipped for steam transportation; but whoro it is
desirable to use this system of locomotion, it may be prcforablo to make the change
from one system to tho other gradually.
To admit of gradual change, arrangements must be made permitting of the uso of
both systems., To do this a third or central mil or conductor is required, electrically 10
connected in sections of suitable length, and thoroughly insulated from the bed.
To tho cars aro attached arms carrying rollers or auxiliary wheels taking upon the
third rail and carrying the current therefrom through tho motor upon the train,
the ordinary rails being used as tho return circuit.
This is illustrated in Figs. 21, 22, and 23, in which 15
Fig. 21 is a perspective of tho running genr of two cars, each provided with
means for taking the current from tho track, the cars boing connected together.
Fig. 22, a perspective showing tho third or central rail, and arrangements of
circuits on the cars.
Fig. 23, a side view of an engino and car properly arranged, and a cross section 20
of threo rails with circuit connections.
In Fig. 21, A and B are two rail sections, B being an electrically connected
section, while A is cut out from tho circuit at a, the section A representing a frog,
a switch, or other place where it is necessary or desirable to cut out electrically a
part of tho track ; C, D, is the frame of two cars, C being tho engino or motor car, 25
the wheels of which are constructed as beforo described, that is. with tho hub nnd
ilange insulated from each other, a frame and hub b insulated from the hub of tho
wheels being connected to tho flange or commutator brush c, taking upon b, and
completing circuit to the engine.
Wheels of the same construction aro used with tho car D, which is the lost of 30
tho train, any number of cars, all or some of which are similarly constructed, being
supposed to intervene between C and D.
Preferably the framo and hub upon ordinary cars is upon tho inside of the
wheels, ns shown at c and /.
Conductors 1 and 2 run tho length of the train, connecting all tlio commutators, 35
1 upon one side, nnd 2 upon tho other.
It is apparent, then, that when tho engine car has passed upon tho cut out
section tliore will be no cessation of action thereon, ns the current will pass from tlio
conducting section B, through tho wheels and commutators of car D, by conductors
1, 2, to the engine. 40
In the ordinnry electrically connected sections this arrangement has tho advantage
of making contact with the rails in many places, insuring perfect continuity of
circuit, and lessening the spark duo to nny imperfect contacts consequent upon
oxidized spots on the rail. '
In Fig. 22,15, E 1 , aro tho rails of an ordinnry rnilroad which it is desired to «
gradually change to nn electro magnetic systom. F is a third rail, jaid preferably
between tho ordinnry rails, aud laid in chairs which thoroughly insulnto it from
the ties.
From tho one polo of the generator at tho station or source of electricity a
conductor 5 leads to tho central rail F, wliilo a conductor C from tho other pole #
leads to both tho ruils E, U 1 ns shown in Fig. 23.
To the frame of the car is attached, but insulated therefrom, a arm 0, carrying
a roller or wheel g taking upon tlio central rail F. Connected to this nrin and
wheel is a conductor 4 which leads to tho motor, from which a conductor J,
completing tho circuit therefrom through the iron or metallic parts of tho car to tlio »
rails E, E, which form the return circuit.
In practice g will bo an extra wheel, in ordor to liavo weight sufficient to always
A.D. 1880.—N° 3894.
Jensen's Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, &c.
17
insure good contact even whoro tho extra rail is oxidized, it by its weight however
serving to prevent nny oxidization nnd to keep the surface of tho rail bright. In
tho Figures it is shown as more of n rollor than a wheel, as to have shown it full
sizo would have obscured other portions.
5 It is prcfcrablo to use a rail for tho extra conductor, inasmuch as a large mass of
conductor with littlo resistance is given thereby at loss cost than to use a copper
conductor or ono specially prepared for tho service, and as they are generally easy
By using ordinnry rails for F, and ordinary wheels for g, not special appliances
10 need to be prepared while tlio change is going on, the method shown demanding in
its carrying out only tho materials usually on hand, or easy of obtaineinent and
capable of uso for their ordinnry functions, when their use in this connection is no
longer needed.
When it is attempted to uso the rails of a railroad track, ns herein sot forth, ns
15 the conductors for nn electric current, there is nlways more or less surface
conduction, tho amount depending on the hygroinetric conditions of tho adjacent
soil, tho tics, etc.
To largely rcduco or prevent entirely this surface conduction it is preferred to uso
means substantially ns follows:— ...
20 Between the rail nnd tie is placed a piece of felt, papier macho, or other flexible
insulating mntorial, preferably so treated ns tu make it waterproof, which piece
extends upward on tho web,'on both sides of the rail to the head, forming an
insulating shoe. , „ , , „ ,.
Between it and tho spiko is plnced a piece of metal of tho general configuration
25 of tho foot of the rail, upon which the head of tho spike takes and bears, so that
the insulating material is protected from abrasion or damage by the spike.
Instead of this metal piece a much heavier pieco of wood may be used, forming
a shoo fastened down by tho spike, nnd in turn securing the rail.
Tho foot niul web of tho rails are covered with some elastic insulating composition,
30 for example, a rubber paint, or a paint of which tho base is pure linseed oil; tho
ties for i! space of, say, ono half foot to a foot on each sido of tho rails being
35 m “idtatt.. tic. or l.td oo tl* tic ..(I ““"H ,l, ‘* ld
of gloss mavbc interposed botweon tho rad and a niotaUic chmr.
\Vl,;in this clmir of frlass or other insulating mateual is hero spoken ot in
connection with tho third or central rail, it may bo used with any rails forming
4. ““‘3- l»..l.ti." » '« ** **■ » » "• *»
30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36. . , „ P i.* nnnipv mnclid vulcanized
45 8l ‘C Figures 24. 26, and 27, is a washer piece of metal which is placed between A
nnd the spikes c, protecting A from injury by. the' spAM- b() ^
In place of tho piece C woodon pieces D, 1 8 * > . t ,f soluo clastic insulating
Tho foot b and web ct of tlio ra ' ls ^ ro 1 t " ( ?‘ )0sedi or in condition to forma
60 composition, leaving only tlio head of the r . ]
connection for conduction of current. liaviu" n bnso of pure linseod
This composition may be a rubber paint, or n paint havm„ l
oil or any oxidiznblo oil. . f 0 f j,isulalion referred to
55
"TfSfi Z 3 u ,w i.»** - - 1 ’™ '"‘f“ ”
Jenson's Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, Jo.
wood, tlio base K of tlio clmir being of ono picco, the rail rosting in a recess in
which it is secured by wedges L of insulating material.
In Figs. SO & 31 tlio clmir is of nti insulating material, say, glass, mnde in two
longitudinal halves, each having a recess tlio slmpo of half tlio foot of tho mil,
encli half being slipt upon tho foot. 5
In Fig. 30 tlio clmir has outwardly bevolod sides which toko into mortices in
tho tie, while in Fig. 31 tlio chair rests upon tho tie and is spiked thereto.
In Figures 32 and 33 tlio foot of tho rail rests upon a piece m of insulnting
material, while pieces n, n, of tlio samo material aro laid on tho lop of the foot,
half chairs o being placed to hold tlio whole together and then spiked to the 10
tio directly in Fig. 32, while a metallic base plato P is placed undorncatli in Fig. 33.
In Figures 34 and 35 an insulating bed plate r of the width of tho foot of tho
rail is used, pieces It being used over tho top of tho foot, the whole held together
in position by metallic half shoes Q spiked to the track. In Figure 31 tho
bed piece r lays upon tho tic, while iu Figure 35 it tits into a bevelled mortice 15
therein.
In Fig. 36 a metallic shoo iu ono piece is used, in which is a large recess with
bevelled sides, in which the (insulating shoe composed of base V and side piece T
is placed and secured therein by tho wedge U.
These plans aro all unitary, in that in all the foot of tho rail is so surrouded 20
by insulating material ns to completely avoid the surface conduction duo to
contnct with damp ties, etc., mid differ mainly in tho forms given tho inotallic shoo
which protects the insulation and serves to fasten tho rail and insulation together,
and both firmly to the tie.
While any insulating material may bo used, the best results are attained with 25
glass toughened by any of tho know processes for toughening it Such glass
stands any jar or shock well, not breaking or ernking under any ordinary wear
otid tear.
Wn.VT IS Cl.AI.MUD IS,—
1st. A system of electrical rail roading in which a road is divided into electrical 30
section, the rails forming tho conductors, each section provided with a central
station at which is located a suitable engino; a generator of electricity and means
for controlling and completing tho circuits to trains and to switches ; cars which
are electrically divided so tliut the motors thereon aro insulated from the track;
and means for completing the circuit from lino of rails through the motor, 35
substantially ns set forth.
2nd. Tho combination with a track switch' of an electric motor and circuit for
operating the switch, substantially as set forth.
3rd. The combination with a car frame insulated from the track of an electric
motor, an olectric traction devieo and lamps, or of any two of them when they aro 40
arranged on multiple arc or derived circuits, substantially as set forth.
4111. The combination with a car frame of an electric engino for actuating tho
car, mid having its inducing and field of force magnuts iu separate derived or
multiplo arc circuits, substantially ns set forth.
6th. The combination with an olectric engino mountod upon and, actuating a car 45
of a circuit revorser, and means for operating tho rovorscr from a distant station,
substantially as set forth.
Oth. The combination with an electric engine mounted upon and actuating a
car and the main driving axle of a governor receiving motion from tho latter, and
operating to break tho circuit of the engine upou tho nttninomont of n pre- 6l>
determined rate of speed, substantially ns set forth.
7th. Tho combination with a main electrically connected rail section of a short
section connected to the main section by conductors, arranged to change tho
polarity of tho current traversing cacli line of rails, substantially ns set forth.
8th. A car wheel constructed of n metallic hub and a metallic center unitod by »•
a wooden or insulating web, substantially us set forth.
Jensen’s Improvements in Electro-magnetic Railroads, tic.
9th. A car in which an insulation is so applied that the body is elcotricully
insulated from tho flanges of tho wheels, substantially as set forth.
10th. The combination with an electric engino mounted upon and actuating a
car nnd tho main driving nxlo of a loose or flexible connection for convoying
6 motion from one to the other, substantially ns set forth.
lltli. The. combination with a car of a magnet or magnets operating upon
closiiro of circuit to incrcaso tho traction of the car upon tho track by their
magnetic influence, substantially as set forth.
12th. Tha combination with tlio insulated flange and the contact spring for
10 convoying the current therefrom of several multiple are circuits, each containing a
device used in running, controlling, or lighting a car, substantially as set forth.
13th. The combination with a car of an additional grovo faced wheel mounted
in.an adjustable bearing, means for elevating or depressing tho wheals and its
, bearing, and a loose or flexible connection therefrom to the main driving axlo,
15 substantially as set forth.
14th. Tho combination of a loose friction pulley on the main driving axlo, a
friction pulley on the motor shaft, anil a swinging or movable pulley for con¬
necting the two, a sprocket wheel on tho loose pulley, a sprocked wheel on tho
shaft of the grooved wheel, and a sprocket chain, substantially ns set forth.
20 15th. The combination with the operating lever of a circuit reverser, of a cam
plate normally holding tho swinging levers of the reverser out of contact with
their anvils and always opening ono circuit beforo closing another, substantially as
set forth. . .
lOtli. The combination upon one car of an electric engine for actuating the car,
25 circuit reverser, a centrifugal governor acting to make or break the circuit, and a
magnet or magnets operating to increase the traction of the car upon the track,
substantially as set forth. ... , , „ e
17tb. The combination with main driving nnd ordinary wheels of a car ot a
wheel minuted to onisn tho track and to bo brought into operation ns desired,
magnet or magnets operating to increase the traction of the car upon the track,
substantially as set forth. ... , , „ e
17tb. The combination with main driving nnd ordinary wheels of a car ot a
wheel adapted to grasp tho track and to be brought into operation as desired,
30 substnntiallv as set forth. . , r n , , a w
18th. Th'e combination with the main track section of the section J1 1 and
and circuit connections and switch motors, whereby trains may e posse y e
° mh 8 tn"a n n "Z“o S muSiic railway engine, the combination with the motor
35 aud it driven axle , f t s of variable gears a id.a cluteh tor jmying the
r “ 20th! IdmeolbiltTrwitl, iTeleriro T„X'
Zi'iSS S **>
40 described. nnn reciprocated from the prime motor of a
us shown nnd described. . „„ s i 10 , vn consisting iu first
45 22nd. The method of propulsion, jubs «nt,« y to°the track,
sliding forward a mobile port on ot “ 0 Xn’,ute"anti«lly a. set forth.
and causing tho load to approach sue withoufc j ncl . enso of weight
23rd. 1’ho method of = t0 t l l0 track, substantially os set forth.
“ “Srs'sEl**!. b ” i ““ s “‘
SpwUrallou.
20 A.D. 1880.—N“ 8894.
Jensen’s Improvements in Electromagnetic Railroads, Ac,
constructed to grasp between its poles a rotating portion of or attached to tho
running gear, substantially ns sot forth.
27th. The combination of a series of insulated whcols and commutator brushes
on different cars of a train, and circuit connections through all upon onch side
respectively to tho motor, substantially ns sot forth. 5
28th. The combination of an extra rail connected electrically in sections, nnd nn
extra wheel or wheels upon the car frnrno or car frames, but insulated therefrom,
for completing the circuit, substantially as set forth.
29th. Tho combination of nn extra insulated rail, olectrically connected in
sections nnd connected to ono polo of tho source of electricity, with the ordinary 10
or traflic rails, ono or both connected to form the othor terminal of the sourco
of electricity, or ground, or part of the return circuit therefor, substantially as set
forth.
30th. Tho combination with the rail of a glass or insulating shoe, substantially ■
ns set forth. 15
31st. The combination with the rail nnd n metallic shoe of glass insulating
plates interposed between tho rail and shoo, substantially ns set forth.
32nd. The combination with tbo rails of a track forming nn electric circuit
of nn insulating cushion or shoe placed betweon tho rails nnd ties, substantially os
set forth. 20
33rd. Tho combination with the insulating cushion or shoe interposed between
tho rails nnd ties of a solid washer or piece placed between tho spike and cushion
or shoo for protecting the latter, substantially us Bet forth.
31th. A lino of rails electrically connected to form a circuit or part of a circuit,
and having the foot and web of tho rails covcrod witli nn clastic insulating 25
composition, substantially as set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Peter Jensen, have hereunto set my hnndnnd
seal, this Twenty second day of March, in tho year of our Lord One thousand
eight hundred and eighty one.
PETER JENSEN. (l.s) 30
A.D. 1880, 30 th September. N° 3964.
Magneto-electric Maohinea, &o.
LETTERS PATENT to Peter Jensen, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, for an Invention of " Impbovements in Magneto on Dynamo
Electbic Machines, Applicable to both Generatoiis and Engines.”
A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in
tho State of New Jersey, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Peter Jensen at tho Office of
the Commissioners of Patents on tho 30th September 1880.
the Commissioners oi raterne uu wi« ^
‘ bL’Z'SXZ. Vailed Stela etlm.iive
A portion of the Invention relates to Moists of a bundle of
»-• "l b "” h in ■” h
10 os to bear upon and make contact with ausually been rigidly attached
As hitherto constructed the ^to different
to the frame of the machine, with some,taa for “J ^ ifacom _
positions with relation to the commit , and a lacomout| a stoppage of
mutator brush become so damaged as to neea repair i
16 the machine was necessitated. ■ b sbea upon the periphery of the
It is important that the pressure °f, , . Bn + to the desired degreo, as
commutator should be “^ire toJ rapidly abraded and worn away,
20 thereof, causing them to be bunt or oxidized. .---’ '»
thereof, causing them to be burnt or oxidized. permitting the removal for
rep^f^
Jn, nr the current transmitted. _ _
repair or replacement ot a Drusn re l
with its capacity or the ou " ent n ‘[.TS or snring is secured in a holder having an
26 aiSTSfflr^ *° be “° bliqUely 7 0nth9 :
[Price 10i.]
Jensen’s Improvements in Dynamo-electrio Machines, <£u
commutator, Hint is, at an anglo otlior than a right anglo with the axis of the
commutator.
This holdor is pivoted in a U sliapod jaw in tho top of what is afterwards tho
stain or shank of tho holder.
At the pivoted point of tho holdor is n chamber in which is a spring, whoso forte 5
is oxerted to throw the brush upon tho commutator, a ratchet wheel and pawl
being arranged in connection therewith, so thnt tho force of tho spring may bo
adjusted. By this means an adjustable spring seated commutator, brush, or spring
is secured.
Upon one side and near tho lower ond of tho shank or atom is a recess, into 10
which from below passes tho ond of a sot screw. In front of tho commutator are
two metallic conducting bars, each forming ono tormina! of tho exterior circuit.
These bars are of tho sizo of tho recess in tho stoms or shanks last described, and
aro provided with a groovo in their under surfneo.
Upon each of these bam two, throe, or more of tho adjustable spring soated 15
commutator brushes are placed by slipping tho recessed portion upon tho bar, thoy
being then secured thereto by turning tho set screw until its ond takes in tbs
groovo in tho bar.
This arrangement nffords lnrgo contact surface, whilo at tho samo time any ono
brush may bo removed for repair or replacement without interference with the 20
generative capacity of the machine or disturbance of tho current.
Another portion of tho Invention relates to tho combination of tho primo motor
with the magneto or dynamo electric machine.
In using magneto or dynamo electric innchines it is very important thnt tho
nrmnturo should be rotated at an uniform nnd constant si>eed, ns any variation 25
therein immediately manifests itself in the current.
As ordinarily used, such machines are connected to tho primo motor by inter¬
mediate gearing, usually belts, which are liable to slip, causing irregularity in tho
rotation of the nrmnturo or bobbin, every such irregularity affecting the current,
causing tho irregularity to bo repeated and shown in the operation ofwhntevor30
translating devices are used in tho circuit.
To obviate this it is proforablo to connect the primo motor nnd tho generator
directly, that is, supposing tho prime motor to bo n steam engine, tho pitman rod
of tho engine is connected directly to tho shaft or nxlo of the revolving bobbin,
preferably by a crank pin on a disc upon tho end of tho bobbin shaft, which disc 35
is weighted upon tho side opposito to tho crank pin with a weight which counter¬
balances tho weight of tho pin and pitman, so that any jar or irregularity in
passing dead centres is obviated; this arrangement is specially needed as the
ongino used should bo one of very rapid stroke, not less than four hundred to five
bundled por minuto, in ordor thnt tho bobbin may recoivo its needod high rate of W
rotation. The ongino should also bo what may bo called “a self contained engine,
that is, provided with a governor and au automatic variablo cut ofr, which may
bo so adjusted that upon tho speed becoming too great, tho cut off shall bo
automatically changed to cut off at a less fraction of tho stroke, and vice versa.
c 9 ursc > as tho speed of tho engino lessens tho rate of tho rotation of the J
bobbin is lessoned, nnd consequently tho electro motivo force or “ pressure ” of the
generated current drops.
If the steam engino nnd generator bo so arranged, there is provided a system o
generation in which automatically tho pressure or force of the current may be
mamtainod constant. 5U
In manufacturing generators of large capacity, very largo cores and very largo
castings for polar extensions aro required. Theso very largo parts cost more
proportionately than small ones, nnd are much more difficult to handle, the winding
of them requiring greator labor and care. . , ,5
.ho greatest effect upon tho cores is given by tho coils nearest to it, but in
lmug very large cores somo of tho coils aro nocesBarily somewhat distant fro® 1
BpwJlIcatlon. A.D. 1880.—N° 3964 3
_ Jenson's Improvements in Dynamo-electric M achines, <fu “
With ssvoral smaller cores whose aggregate of weight is that of one larger core
a larger surface for tho action of cods may bo obtainod and a larger amount of
wire used, whoso averago distance from the surface of the cores in either case is
tho same.
6 Generators of very great capacity may therefore bo profitably constructed of a
senes (two or more) of coils and cores or field magnets, each sot having its own
polar extensions, but ono armature or bobbin common to all being used.
By such construction, ns boforo explained, ease and economy of construction are
secured, tho coils ure brought on nn average nearer tho cores, and a gronter amount
10 of wire inny bo profitably usod; moreover, if at any time it is desired to increase
tho capacity of tho generator it may bo dono by adding more field magnets to those
already in tho generator, tho only now part required being a proportionately longer
bobbin.
As ensuring compactness and strength it is preferable to mount the engine and
15 genorator upon ono base, on which is secured upon intermediate supports of a non¬
magnetic substance tho genorator, tho non-magnotic supports being necessary to
avoid the formation of a magnetic outsido of the polar extensions.
In order to give greator rigidity and needed support to the generator the series
of polar oxlonsinns are united physically by a brace or union of non-magnetie
20 material, which in effect makes the opposite poles ono structurally, but preserves
them separate magnoticnlly.
Another portion of this Invention relates to tho governing or regulation of theso
machines when usod as enginos for tho conversion of current into power.
Governors as usunlly hitherto made for such engines havo been arranged to
25 break the circuit upon tho occuranco of a too great speed, tho circuit being again
closed upon the proper lessening of the speed ; but it is evident that tho abnormal
speed will be continued by tho momentum of tho parts for a greater or lass interval
after tho breakago of tho circuit.
This plan gives rise to undesirable variations in the speed of the engine, as the
30 speed must first rise when tho circuit is broken, tlion fall when it is again com¬
pleted, thus alternating in rise and fall of speed, ofton giving a jerky motion to tho
engino and connected gearing. ....
Tho bettor plan would seem to bo to so arrango tho governor that ordinnnly tho
abnormal or greater than desired speed should not bo reached, the speed being
35 maintained practically uniform. , . ...
The object of this Invention is to accomplish tins result, and to that end it
consists in a governorby which tho circuit is broken at regular “ t ? rva “-
once in every revolution of the governor, and ordinnrily [ at a certain.jammed
point, tho ongino running by momentum until the circuit bo a S alrl “ P euttinir
their lino of union being a diagonal, that is, it the s n ^ ^ w tha
flat it would bo of the shape of an itaht A, th , this spindle and tho
60 diagonal connecting tho legs of the If. A spring beam upon tins spimu
circuit to the engino passes through the s P nn 8 p ,,, j proper Bp eod and with
The governor is so adjusted that ^" l^^irVeTn 'Z rigEt position for
the circuit tobTcompLto during 1 enough of each rotation of the sleeve to maintain
“ tit
tho governor slowing will cause the current to bo on for a greater p ^
_ Jensen's Improvements in Dynamo-electric M achines, <tc.
rotation, or, so to speak, will cut off at a great fraction of the stroke or via
versa. ’
Another portion of the Invention relates to means for communicating motion
from the rotating nrmnturo of an electric engino to tho driven mechanism without
tlio use of belts, gem's, or other similar devices used to diminish tho speed. 5
The best elici ts nro obtained from electric engines when tlio armatures are
steadily and uniformly revolved at a very high speed.
1 his rate of »po> d is oftentimes, or rather generally, greator than the rale at
which it is desired to run the driven machinery ; in order therefore to reduce the
speed tlio motor and driven machinery nro connected by bolts or gearing, in whose 10
uso there nro inherent defects, such as tho slip and strotch of belts, tho rattle of
gear, and so forth.
Tlio method which I have devised for this purpose may bo stated in coneral
terms as follows b
Tlio rotary motion of the armature is first converted into an oscillating motion, 15
winch is then converted into a continuous rotary motion in tho following
way:— °
Upon the slinft of the armature is a balnnced crank pin to which is attached a
pitman or driving rod connected to an oscillating frictional pawl mechanism.
Upon the driving shaft is fixed a wheel having a frictional periphery. Loose 2U
upon the driving shaft is an nrm extending a distance nbovo the rim of tlio frictional
wheel, and then bent over nnd fashioned into a frame, in which are pivoted two
paw s connected together by a frame capablo of being shifted, so that only one
pawl con tnko at tlio time upon tlio wheel.
1 lie pawls aro so constructed that they communicato motion in opposite directions, 25
hence the direction of rotation of tho driving wheels depends upon which one of
the pawls is used. 1 1
The arm carrying thepnwls is slotted, and tho pitman or driving rod is connected
thereto by a pin whoso position is adjustable in tho slot, so that the leverage may
be adjusted and tlio speed communicated onsily varied. 30
The arrangement described is used in duplicate; that is, two or moro driving rods
communicate motion from tho nrmnturo Blmft to os many frictional pawls and
driving wheels on the driven shaft, tho crank pins being so arranged relatively to
each other that a continuous motion is imparted to tho drivon shaft, and mechanism
connected therewith. 35
Upon tlio driven shaft is loosely mounted the fly wheel nnd main driving pulley,
n clutch being used to fasten them to tlio shaft when it is desired to communicate
motion, so that tho machinery may bo slopped without stopping tlio motor itself.
bomo methods by which power could be readily and economically transferred to
a aistanco from a prime motor has long been folt to bo desirable, und to tlmt ond •»<>
many suggestions have been made and plans devised involving its transfer by ropes,
by compressed air, and by electricity.
Practically it lina been determined tiiat the power of a primo motor may bo
converted into electricity, nnd the electricity convoyed to a distanco to bo
re-translated into power; this, however, only to a limited extent and by the uso of «
y nigo conductors, for to transmit power to any great distance without the uso
^ g0 and °°, at| y conductors, requires that the current should Imvo very great
electro-motive force or “ pressure,” say ns much as two tliousnnd to threo thousand
Wltl ‘ ““Eneto or dynamo olootrio macliinos ns now built.it is
impracticable to gonorato currents of such high electro-motive force. 80
one r?:!?“r in ? s bavo but a 9 ' n 8 l0 bobbin - nnd tho difference of potential between
section of wiro upon tho bobbin and another would bo very great,
hv if 1111198 90 8 re ®^ a difference of potential it is extremely difficult to guard even
by the most careful winding and insulation. •
4e ™™?V 8p ?° iall J r in dani P woathor or when tlio bobbins bocomo damp, that 55
eats break a short path from sootion to section, burning tho wires.
Jensen's Improvements in Dynamo-electric Machines, £c.
In addition such great electro-motive force causes a large increaso of destructive
spark nt the commutators.
If currents of such electro motive-force could be safely nnd economically
generated nnd translated, exceedingly Btnnll and inexpensive conductors relatively
5 could bo used to transfer, without material loss, a very largo amount of power, say,
several hundred horso power.
Another object of this Invention then is to furnish means and methods by which
this transmission may bo made.
In systems of this kind a primo motor is used which may be an air, Bteam,
10 water, engine, windmill.
A high speed engino should bo used geared directly to the generator.
When a wator wheel is used, bucIi as ure now ordinnnly used, oil account of the
low spcod with ordinary bends of water it would have to be connected to the
generator by gearing, ordinarily belts, arranged to increase the speed so as to give
15 tho bobbin a sufficiently rapid rotation. Tlio uso of belt3 or gearing however
involves k>3s of powor nnd irregularity. _
Still nnothor object of this Invention then is to so arrange water wheels in con¬
nection with generators that the wheel nnd generator may be connected directly
and without intermediate gearing, and still the necessary high speed obtained.
20 To accomplish these last named results n battery of generators is used, each
separntoand complete in itself, but with all the rotating armatures or bobbins
(each provided witli its own commutator) mounted upon tho same dr.vmg shaft
the total electro-motivo force of all tlio bobbins bemg equal to the electro-motive
25 ^By'thu^d'ividing it between a number of bobbins it is lessoned ini each bobbin
with a consequent reduction of difference of potential between the layers or sections
on each bobbin. are divided up in the same way, all tho
—* -F-
"’■“Arrrw rr
speed it should boused to actuate a pumping a PP aratas - 1ra ““f ller wheel geared
hight whence it may flow under great head or ^ to of tho second
directly to the generator, tho iiicreased liead o wat ^ becaugn the lo39
35 wheel resulting in an accelerated velocity, tins | wheel is less than the
in pumping and using tho pumped water to drive the: sreotid vhe 1 .s
loss due to gearing by belts and such like « s ow moving
in such manner os to give tho desired high ve<Ki . an( j commercially prnc-
By the arrangement thus generally stated it P . pr ime motor into
10 ticablo to convert even soveral thousand horse p small conductors
electricity, convey the electricity by moderate sired or even y
to a distance, there to he reconverted into power. . mua t exist botweon tlio
In addition, for tho best results, certain relat
generator and engines. _ ll j-i 1 is suonlied to nn electric engino,
« In using generators to produce a current, wmeu o ‘ l tran3miu ; ng machine and
the practice hitherto lias boon to mako tho 8 ^ when each is rotating at
tlio engine or receiving maehino exactly nh , . y( , r es00 tly equals the electro¬
same speed the counter electro-motivo f “ rc0 ° hen n0 work is being done, the
motivo force of tho generator. In such cos > wte of S p ee j which is necessary
50 tendency of tlio engine or receiver is toaul * ,: vo f orc o about equal. As w°
to mako tho countor and tlio primo ?' ectr ’ nt | y its counter olootro-motive >
given tho engine to do, its when dob« *» ™;jg
55 point reducing its speod, and consequently
s countor electro-motive -
force and tho counter electro-motive
Speculation.
A.D. 1880.—N« 3964.
Jensen's Improvements in Dynamo-electric Machines, <tc.
force (of course less friction, for oxamplo), represents Urn amount of current Irons-
forrod into power, winch in most cases is not inoro than fifty per cent.
Instead of the nrrangoinent dosoribod tho bobbins of tl 10 receiving machines nr
engines are wound so that when driven at tho same speed as the general
transmitters their counter olcctro-motivo forco shall be only one half or ev«Th.« a
that of the transmitters. * Iess * 0
Unloaded then, ns their tendency is to run at the rnto which shall dcvolono tho
same eleetro-motivo force, they rotate at twico tho speod of tho generators. P
Now if they are so loaded with work as to reduce their speed to tho same as
that of the transniliters they devolope only .half their unloaded counter electro 10
motivo force, turning fifty per cent, into power at that rato.
nfa.nn!!,! n?l 0 n ,0B ?u U ! 0 ? n ? ino witb work °'>ly to that point which permits
of a speed not less than that of the gonerator, and usually somowhnt greator, so that
t n C n 0 r;,',‘ ter i 0 f tr0 '' I ,'° tlV r f ° rC0 dov8ll T od slm11 b ° "bout soventy five per cent, of
tlio prime electro motive force, at about which point is the Greatest economical 15
ry"bTfolIowefift'oth" COnnCCtillg “ P thB 8 enorator8 ««1 engines tho same plan
, n n^r t0d l Pre r 0USl /,i Uta 8mnI1 currontis squired to knep up to tho point of
magnotic saturation field magnets onco brought to that point. P
rnaimot^wi ’f CUrr ° n t generat0d “ tok8 " through tho coils of tho field of force 20
thc ™‘ a ™';y t-'nen as much current as needed for tho purpose, and the
ouenl vTlUn 16 / 10 ' ^ 01813 u f less| y add nd to tho circuit of tho current, consc-
Sm bobbin ^f P ^ !md „ t0 ,. use on y part °f the current, arranging a shunt circuit to
fields nf b .11 ° r “ tlie rnaclmies, which shunt passes around and energizes tho
motive^ ' n Ule r i8ta r of tlle fioIdB iB Proportioned to tl,eclectic- 25
tl °u \° h° b . b ! n ' 80 th,,t on 'y tbo Proper proportion of current will pass
through the shunt, that is, just enough to keep tho field magnets up to the point
of economical magnotic saturation. 1 P
J n,mturo us cd at presont is ono composed of a number of
r i w 0,, “' lW ?' ,lly ° v r 11 8in 8'° core . the coils crossing each other at the 30
ends where there is a largo and cumbersomo mass of wire.
rliffi„,.it C , ltt !'. C ° one or lnore eoils aro injured or destroyed tho repnirmont is a
which nvprlnn t° U , S i P™ 08 ? 8, 8ucb c0 ‘ ls were among tho first put on those
removed " P 1 1 Cnds mU8t b ° romoved boforo tbe injured ones cun bo
8Uch P rovision be rnnde that any coil can be removed or
repaired without disturbance of tho remainder.
this object p0rt '° n ol t,ie I uve, ition therefore relntcs to a construction for attaining
„ ™V?“ BC °";P lial ! ed b y making of wire only that portion of tho coil which is 40
rnuf««° r fV V0 fa ?°’ 110 wires of a coil being connected at the cuds by metallic
are m, l 4eDed nn | n8 ulating base and insulated from onch othor. These plates
at wlnni? b0 - aB . ^Project at the proper poiuts above tho general surfaco of tho core,
devices tbe T® 8 ? r ° 8ccur ? d tliom by soldering, brazing, or clamping
block. At 0n ° ° Dd 0801 P * ttto “ suitnbl y connected to the propor commutator 43
° { e cm ? val of “y ooiIs ifcia unloosed from its plates at cadi
to remove t rfn .^ rba a C0 of 1 otbor colk In fact, by such construction it is possible
machine nnH w'm ' a"? ro I )laco an y coil without taking tho armature out of tho
. bu4 , “ sli 8''t stoppage of tho machine 50
from each othec^i 4 . 1 ! 0 ond . nre “ ado 118 concontric almost semicircles insulated
thereto th U * 110 P ro J octlon8 I 01, receiving tho wires nearly at right angles
r Jstonce^n.o 0 ^'' le f r . esiatanco t,mn ‘ho wire, and consequently tho internal
resistance of the generator is proportionately reduced. 65
A.D. 1880.—N° 3964.
Jensen’s Improvements in Dynamo-elcclnc Machines, <to.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Letters Patent filed by
the said Peter Jenson in the Great Seal Patent Ollico on tho 30th March
1881.
Peter Jensen, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the County of Middlesex. " Improve*
6 ments in Magneto on Dv.vamo Electric Machines, Applicable to both
Generators and Enoines.” A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva
Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United States of America,
A portion of tho Invention relates to the commutator brushes.
As iB well known the commutator brush generally used consists of a bundle
10 of wires or layers of sheet metal fastened in n frame or brush holder in such
position as to bear upon and muko contact with tho commutator.
Ab hitherto constructed the brush holders have usually been rigidly attached to
tho frnmo of tho machine, with somo device for adjusting them to different positions
with relation to tho commutator, and also so attached that if a commutator brush
15 become so damaged as to need repairs or replacement a stoppago of tho machine
was necessitated.
It is important that the pressure of the brushes upon tho periphery of tho
commutator should bo constant and capable of adjustment to the desired degree, as
when tho pressure is too greut the parts are too rapidly abraded and worn away, -g
20 and when too slight an are nmy form between the opposed surfaces or portions ^
thereof, causing them to be burnt or oxidized. '
It is also important that provision should be mado permitting tho removal for
repair or replacement of a brush without stoppago of tho machino or interference
with its capacity or the current transmitted. , .
23 To accomplish these results each brush or spring is secured in a holder having
an angle therein, so that the brush or spring may be set to bear obliquely upon
the commutator, that is, at an angle oilier than a right angle with the ax 8 of the
emulator. This lioldor is pivoted in an U shaped jaw ■» wnatis
commutator. This holder is pivoted in an U snapeci jaw in the top of what* 8
afterwards tho stem or shank of the lioldor. At the pivoted pom
wsnsftttt
lowereml of tlm'shank or stem is a recess, into which from below passes the end
W ^° r ^&«,o commutator are two metallic conducting^e.h fbtmmg one
terminal of tho exterior circuit. These bats are 01 „ ronvB in their under
stems or shanks last described and are F° vld8 ^ b » g ^ a[] j ugtablo Bpring
surface. Upou each of theso bars two, three, or re(;csse j portion upon the
4(1 scaled commutator brushos are placed by slippii g un |j[ its end takes
bar, they being then secured thereto by turning tho sot screw until
Kg.,-1.» »■ > »■ “»
« "X*. i h . rf. ud -ri» T b '“ l “
tho luvention. , , ,, *
Figure 2 is a side view of ono brush holder; , ,,
Figure 3 a longitudinal section of part of on ^ machine placed ns usual
A is the commutator of a dy uau.o or iaa o at its outer 0 nd in bearings O j
60 at tho end of tho rotating armature B > und 8 “ pp 0 f the armature, but insulated
a, a, being the strips thereof connected to the cods « “ bars D, D,
from each other. At a suitablo distance from tbe coimnurere n
_ Jensen's Improvements in Dynamo-ele ctric Machines, £c.
aro supported in (but insulated from) supports D 1 , D 1 , (ono of which only is
shown). 1
The brush holdors aro mado in two pieces E, F, tho part E being formed with
an U shnpod recess or jaw at its upper ond, in which takes and in which is
pivoted the part F. A pin or pivot i passos through the two parts and holds them {
together. In the lowor portion of tho part F a chamber is formed, in which is
placed tho spring h, whose inner end is attached to i, tho outer end being fast to the
wall of tho chamber. Upon tho end of i, outsido of the chamber is a ratchet
wheel k, a pawl m being arranged upon E to take into tho teeth of k, and hold it
m a fixed position. In the uppor or free end of F is a chnmbor or recess / for 10
receiving and holding a brush which is socurcd therein by a set screw e. Upon
the inner side of E is cut a groove the size of the bar D, in tho under side of which
is cut a slot, as shown in Figures 2 and 3.
A series of commutator brush holders thus constructed are placed side by side
upon the bars D, D, by simply slipping each on to tho bar from tho front, each 1
being secured thereon by tho set screws d, taking into tho groove in D.
The use. of a series, ns shown, involves several advantages. Each scries of
brushes is in metallic contact at tho same timo with the same strip or strips of the
commutator, hence sparks between tho commutator and brushes are greatly lessened,
if not entirely obviated, even with a very largo current. If repairs upon or 2(
replacement of one or more brushes bo necessary tho set scrows d of the defective
brushes are loosened, and the holders of such defective brushes removed from tho
bar D without disturbance of the remaining brushes which atTord nmple contact
surface.
As before Btated tho ratchet k is upon the pivot i, to which is attached the 2i
spring h, hence by turning tho ratchet k any desired degree of resilience may ho
given the spring, which forco is expended in holding tho brushes upon the com¬
mutator with a steady and uniform pressure, which may bo varied or regulated by
means of tho ratchet. This arrangement affords a largo contact surface, while at
the same time any ono brush may bo removed for repair or replacement without 30
interference with tho generative capacity of tho machino or disturbance of the
current, and to it is given tho name “ lurgo current multiplo brushes.
.pother portion of the Invention relates to tho combination of tho prime motor
with tho mngneto or dynamo electric machino.
In using mngneto or dynumo electric machines it is very important that the 35
armatures should be rotated at an uniform and constant speed, os any variation
therein immediately manifests itself in the current. As ordinnrily used such
machines are connected to the prime motor by intermediate gearing, usually belts,
winch are liable to slip, causing irregularity in the rotation of tho nrmaturo or
bobbin, every such irregularity affecting tho current, causing the irregularity to be 40
repeated and shown in tho operation of whatever translating doviccs aro used in
tho circuit. °
To obviate this it is preferable to connect the prime motor and tho generator
airectly, that is, supposing the prime motor to bo a steam engine, tho pitman rod of
the engine is connected directly to tho shaft or axlo of tho revolving bobbin, 45
prcterably by a crank-pin on a disk upon the end of tho bobbin shaft, which disk
weighted upon the sido opposite to tho crank pin with a weight which counter¬
balances the weight of the pin and pitman, so that any jar or irregularity in
P , ln 8 dead renters is obviated. This arrangoinent is specially needed, os the
. 8'?° ? 3ed 8 . ud * )e one of very rapid stroke, not loss than four hundred to five 50
order that tho bobbin may receive its needed high ruto of
ration. The engine should also bo what may be called a " solf contained engine,
P r , ov ‘ ded will > a governor aud an automatic variable cut off, which may be
eb n r,i U j » ~ pon t,ie 8 P° ed becoming too great, the cut-off shall be automatically
changed to cut off at a less fraction of the stroke, and vice versa. , 65
is i P „ ®°J!i re0 “ e s P eed °f the engine lessens, the rate of rotation of the bobbin
a, ana consequently the electro motive force or pressure of tho generated
Jensen’s Improvements in Dynamo-electric Machines,1T~
current drops. If tho steam ongino and generator be so arranged, there is nrovided
rn^to m m° inCnTd c°o«. ° nUt0mati “"y tho 1“ « «f «>e current
In manufacturing generators of large capacity, very largo cores and vory largo
6 castings for polar extensions aro required. These very large parts cosT more
proportionately than small ones, and are much more difficult to handle, the winding
of them requiring greater labor and care. Tho greatest effoct upon tho cores is
given by the coils nearest to it, but in using very large cores some of the coils aro
necessarily somewhat distant from tho core. With several smaller cores, whose
10 aggregate of weight is that of ono larger core, a larger surface for tho action of
coils may bo obtained, and a larger amount of wire used, whoso average distanco
from the surface of the cores in either case is the same. Generators of very great
capacity may thoreforo bo profitably constructed of a series (two or more) of coils
and cores, or field magnets, each set having its own polar extensions, but one
15 armature or bobbin common to nil being used.
By such construction, ns before explained, ease and economy of construction are
secured, tho coilB aro brought on an average nearer the cores, and a greater amount
of wire may bo profitably used. Moreover, if at any time it is desired to increase
tho capacity of the generator, it may be dono by adding more field magnets to those
20 already in tho generator, tho only new pnrt required being a proportionately longer
bobbin.
As ensuring compactness and strength, it is preferablo to mount the engine and
generator upon ono base, on which is secured, upon intermediate supports of a non- j
magnetic suliBtanco, tho generator, the non-mngnetic supports being necessary to
25 avoid tho formation of a magnetic circuit outsido of the polar extensions. In order
to give greater rigidity and needed support to the generator, the series of polar
extensions are united physically by a braco or union of non-magnetic material,
which in effect makes the opposite poles one structurally, but preserves them
separato magnetically.
30 This is illustrated in Figure 4 of tho Drawings, which represents a prime motor
and a generator united and constructed, as before set forth.
L is a suitable base, preferably of cast iron, upon which is secured the individual
base M of tho steam engine. This base M may bo cast in ono piece with L, or it
may be mudo separate and properly fastened thereon ; A is the cylinder of the ongirie
35 provided with tho usual throttle vnlvo a, and with steam chest, &c., not shown in
1 TtaXton rod B connects to pitman b, which takes on a crank pin on the disc C,
to which is secured a block or weight which counter balances the weight of the
crank-pin and the pitman b. The disc C is mounted upon the shaft e, wh eh also
40 carries the revolving armature or bobbin, and is therefore both the engine and
bobbin shaft, and maybe termed properly either a bobbin or aupu ■haft
The engine is provided with a governor G, rotated osusual ham o 10 “ "5
of tho machinery, and attached to a variable cut off, so as to
the cut-off reducing or increasing the speed by lengthening or shorten g
46 proportion of tho stroke during which steam is adimtted. E,E,L, repent
three scries of field of forco magnets, each series form.ng on inagnot e core^ of
whose coils are connected by a back ,1000 or . r vo , ke '. f ; A^ no l r xtenskns
S'UVS" JUT.S. «b., p„i
vertically. In order then to give necessary ngtdfty, and ensuro^ne p ^ ^
between the poles for tho rotation of tho t he bobbin or armature E‘ forinod
° 5 mater >al is bolted to them. Upon the shaft h ^ ^ effeo| . w i engt b,
on a sleeve D which is koyed to tho shaft c. extensions, and in which it
equal to the length of the aperture formed by the polar extensions,
10 _ A.D. 1880.—N° 3964. s^
_ Jensen's Improvements in Dynam o-electric Machine, <b 0 .
is to rotate. In addition to performing its function as a bobbin or armature
bobbin is so proportioned that it acts as a fly or balance wheel to the enEma
In ordor to prevent a maj-nctic circuit boiug formed outsido of tlio magnets non-
magnetic material I, K, is placed botweon tho generator and base L. 8
, nt “ 7 r ° . PUr0b ' a d / nan, ° ,nncI,ino “"ydrop in the pressure or S
force in tlio circuit, duo to increased resistance or work in tho circu ; t would ha *
immediately felt in tlio field coils themselves, whorcos it is preferablo that such
current should not be so affected. In ordor to maintain tho preM^u^ *
far as regards sue . disturbances, it is well to use a small auxiliary dynamo Renemto?
ns the source of tho current for the field-magnets. * generator
The bobbin of such auxiliary generator may be placed upon n prolongation of the °
slmft c, and its current passed through tho field of force coils E, E\'’e < 1 These
field of force coils may bo connected in one circuit us a series • or they may to
circuit eJt ° th ° fi ° d ° f f ° rCe circu!ts b y derived circuits, as a " multiple arc"
two V ‘or° l n n : h “! >aWir ,’ g ° nlj ; tl,reo ser ‘ cs of ra "g not » Qro «bown, it is evident that “
oonomm a 7 . • “° d n “ wb « l r - mn Y bo used. It is further evident, given a
the addition nfm" “ P “ y ’ r tl,lt ,t3 c “P ncil y ra ay at any time bo increased by
tlm !» " / ™ ore f rlefl of magnots, without tho necessity of ro-modoling the
VMj!l'r n ni| 1Cr r ,r“ 10 I’ r ? vidin ,g of n proportionately longer bobbin. ® 20
J . er P orfc,on of tills Invention relates to the government or regulation of these
Tu ua lVI,iZ7 e aS rr CStbe . c °™™°u into power. Governors
““thl y J^nr for such engines linvo been arranged to break tho circuit
nronor r C °#h° f ^ IT* 8|lced ' th(J circuit being “««>“ dosed u|K)ii the
contomid hv | S f 110 ! Peed ’ - b 7 11 18 ° vident thot abnormal speed will to 25
br^ka 0d nf y ih b . ra0 T n m!" 0t , the .l >ttrts f °r a greater or less interval after tho
of t 8 ' 10 C :, rCU,t , TI1,18 l >lau S ,vos riao ‘° undesirable variations in tho speed
it , n ™ 5 nB , tbo8 P ecd ,,,U3t f,rst rise when tho circuit is broken, then fall when
SrkvTL!T P m ’ thUS alt , Crlmti "g in riH0 and fall of speed, often giving a
be to so i| ie en g" 10 n,ld connected gearing. The better plan would seem to 30
sneed Sl,nnn e °f . be g °T'T , tbat ordin,l >% ‘bo abnormal, or greater than desired,
Thn iv , "fn 0 re,lched ' tho 8 l ,eed ho-g maintained pruetieilly uniform,
end it en - C t ° f - 1118 part of 1,19 Invcnti °n is to accomplish this result, and to that
that 7‘ NU •“* “ g° vcrnor by which tho circuit is broken at regular intervals.
flpformL ? CG * n 4 c X cr Y evolution of tho governor, and ordinarily at a certain 35
TZTT,\r nt ' tbo on g',' 10 running by momentum until tho circuit bo again
the sis b ' 'f," 1 so .f° “Peak, allowing tho current to net through only a portion of
enaits ^' “ ng “ f. tbea ’ atter * “anner analogous to tho cutting off in steam
S h n tbo e°J ern “ r being also so arranged that as tho speed increases tho current
durirm °“ tho engine run by momentum a proportionately longer time 40
tho stLm engine cuTolf f0Iinmg a Variable aut °mutic cut exactly analogous to
ani“ nt T i r fUgttl .e°': er " 0r is arranged to be drivon from some rotating part of tho
and m °“ a 18 a . lmft ', and connecting with tho ball-arms so os to be moved up
their Imp J 8 C0 Y? com posed of an insulating and a conducting portion, 45
flat it wn„n I?' 0 r b . eln g, a diagonal, that is, if the surface of the spindlo wore laid
dfaVonnl „ 9 ?- f th ?, 8l,a P e of an italio tho lino between the two being tho
tl.o 8 eirLi i ne f. tmg th ° '“S 8 of ‘ ho N - A spring boars upon the spindle, and
issomlto.. Ml, cng,ne l ,a3 ? ea ‘■•■rough tlio spring and spindlo. Tlio governor
of currant Upon rotuti ? n ftt fc ho proper speed, and with a proper pressure 50
conmlotn dnl- 0 00m "' U ! ato r w ‘ b bo in tho right position for tho circuit to be
speed dur mg enough of each rotation of tho sleeve to maintain uniform such
theaovnr 01 addit . ional work is givon tho engine to do, or loss current is supplied,
rotation r,.” 8 ? wln S f lU .9? UB0 ‘bo current to bo on for a greater portion of tho 65
Figure 5 0 f , 1 ° Bpeak ’ ' vdl cut off at a greater fraction of tho stroko, or vice versa,
v lgure 5 of the Drawings illustrate such a governor.
Iil ~‘ i, “ ll0l, ^ _ A.P . 1880.—N° 3064. u .
Jensen's Improvements in Dynamo-electric Machines, *T~ -
whtcb^oTitotoffn »nnn„ g 7 0 R n0r . COmp03 , ed ° f twoba,ls ' attacbe d to the fly rods
bearings, aSd Ka by ^mZs e°f ttrf’ m ° U “ t0d " 4^°
pulley C and connecting it to some moving part of thehongil^TheTnk'sVa 0
b th arr g a 0 n V e e ed 0 to a :.i , P ‘? ted *? 8le9V9 whioh is attached a lommutator'g
both orranged to slide up and down upon tho shaft B. Tho commutator D is
Tnd d unitod C afthn" 8 l F ° rt101 ] !nsullltin S P ortion d ‘, eacl. out diagonally
!l,, i L! dla S° nal . ed S lis ; Tbo circuit to tho engine passes by
conductor 1 to tlio shaft B, then by the conducting portion d to spring e
10 supported on but insulated from tho framo of tho governor, and thence to 2. The
governor is so adjusted that upon rotation at the proper speed and with tho proper
pressure of current tho commutator will be in the right position for tho circuit to
be coinploto during onougb of each rotation of D to maintain uniform such speod.
As either additional work is given the engine to do, or less current is supplied, the
lo governor slowing will cause tlio current to bo on for a greater portion of tho
versa. 0 "' 8 ° l ° 8PCak ’ W ' U CUt 0fr at a 8 reator fraction of the stroko, or vice
Another portion of the Invention relates to means for communicating motion
from the rotating armature of an electric engine to tho driven mechanism without
20 the use of bolts, genrs, or other similar devices used to diminish the speed.
The best effects are obtained from electric engines when tho armatures are
steadily and uniformly revolved at a very high speed. This rate of speed is v
oftentimes, or rnthor generally, greater than the rato at which it is desired to run 1
the drivon machinery. In order therefore to reduco the speed, the motor and
25 driven machinery arc connected by belts or gearing, in whoso use there are
inherent defects, such as the slip and stretch of belts, tlio rattle of gears, &c.
The method which is dovised for this purpose may be stated in goneral terms as
follows:—The rotary motion of tho armature is first converted into an oscillatory
motion, which is tiien converted into a continuous rotary motion in the following
30 way:—Upon tho shaft of tho armature is a balanced crank pin, to which is attached
a pitman or driving rod connected to and osciluting a friction pawl mechanism.
Upon the driving shaft is fixed a wheel having a frictional periphery. Looso upon
tho driving shaft is nil arm extending a distanco abovo tlio rim of the frictional
wheel, and then bent ovor nnd fashioned into a frame, in which are pivoted two
36 pawls connected together by a frame capable of being shifted, so that only one
pawl can take nt a tiino upon tlio wheel. Tho pawls are so constructed that they
communicate motion in opposite directions, hence tho direction of rotation of the
driving wheols depends upon which ono of the pawls is used. 1 ho arm carry mg
the pawls is slotted, and the pitman or driving rod is connected theroto by a pin,
M whose position is adjustable in tho slot so that tho leverage may bo adjusted, and
the Bpecd communicated easily varied. Tlio arrangement described is used in
duplicate, that is, two or more driving rods communicate motion from the armature
shaft to as many frictional pawls and driving wheels on the driven shaft, the crank
pins being so arranged relatively to each other, that a continuous motion is imparted
45 to the drivon shaft and mechanism connected therewith. , ,
Upon tho driven slmft is loosoly mounted tlio fly whool nnd . mIu . n . "Immiraicato
a clutch being used to fasten them to the slmft when it .. desired to comma,»«to
motion, bo that tlio machinery may bo stopped without stoppin 0 the *
r This system of devices is more clearly shown in the Drawings, n. which Rgure 6 is
50 a perspective viow of tlio driven mechanism detached from I*g > ,,
porepcetivo of a motor engine complete. Figure 8 shows the
a locomotive, and Figure 9 its application to a pump, tt boxn e jmd^; 8tood bo '' 9Ver
‘hat the Invention is applicable to many otl.er uses, those being shown as types.
. In Figure 7 is shown ‘ an electric engine composed of magnate M, M yoke Y
55 polar extensions P, P, and rotary armature A, the aammutator gpr m g s.or brushes
being removed, in order not to obscure tho view of the P ‘ c ^ rcu ^
some rotating part of the machinery is ft governor G which operates a circuit
1Z A.U. 1BBU.—JN- 3U04. SpWBcuon.
_ Jensen's Improvements in Dynamo-clectrio Machines, <tc.
breaker, adapted to make or break tbo circuit at a number of points simultaneously
This circuit breukor is merely arbitrarily indicated at O', its construction, operation
and functions being more fully shown or explained in prior Patents granted to said
Edison. Upon the shnft b of the armature A is a- disk a, on which is the etank
pin e. The disk a is weighted upon one side or out away so ns to bo balanced s
Loosely pivotod upon tbo shaft d of the driving wlicol D is the nrm g extending
above D, and formed into the fraino i, in which are pivoted the pawls k, k\ connected
together by the shifting frame m, by which one or tho other may bo brought into
contact with the periphery of D. In g is the slot h, in which is secured the pin f.
A pitman or driving rod c is connected at one end to pin c, and at tho other to 10
pm/. As the distance of pin / from its contor d is always greater than that of e
from the center b, the rotation or a communicates only an oscillating motion to g.
The pawls are so fashioned, ns shown, tbnt in movement in one direction thoy slido
over the face of D, whilo in tho reverse movoiuent they lock to the face and
movo D. As shown, tho pawl k is in use. If o rotates in tho direction of its 15
arrow, k during tho forward half of o's rotation slides over tho face of D, but upon
the rearward half rotates D with it in tho direction of tho arrow marked thereon.
In practice two or more sets nro used, ns shown nt 2, 3, in Figure 7, so that a
constant motion is secured instcud of tho intermittent notion duo to one only If
desired to reverse tho motion, tho frame to is moved to tho loft, lifting k from 20
contact with D, nt the same timo putting k‘ in contact therewith. Any suitable
device may be used &>r holding tho frame to in tho pod lion to which it is moved.
Upon the shaft d is mounted loosely tho fly wheel F and driving pulley E, a
clutch C with lover L being used to connect E, F, to tho shaft d, so that tho movo-
moiu of tiie driven machinery may ho controlled without subjecting tho motor 25
itself to tho objectionable effects of sudden starts and stoppages.
In Fig. 8 the engino is shown mounted upon a wheeled frame, driving
efficient loco ^t'"^ Huljat ‘ tutod ,or l ' 10 fl y wheel and pulloy, constituting an
In Figure 9 a pump P r is shown connected directly by pitman r to a crank 30
cr on shaft d. By thus connecting direotly instead of through the medium of
intermediate gearing increased efficiency of service is secured. Some motliod by
which power could bo rcudily and economically transferred to a distanco from a
pnmo motor has long been felt to bo desirable, and to that end many suggestions
ni^ and^y 11 1 t ^ nnB duvlscd > involving its transfer by ropes, by compressed 35
Irachollyit liaa teon determined that the power of a primo motor may bo
converted into electricity, and tho electricity convoyed to a distance to be ro-trans-
uted into power, this however only to a limited extent; and by tho use of very
urge conductors for to transmit power to any great distance without tho use of 49
large and costly conductors requires that the current should liavo very great
electro-motive force or •> pressure," say, as much ns two thousand to three thousand
P ract,co with magneto or dynamo electric machines as now built, it is impracti-
. 0 , S en ®|' ato currents of such high olcctro-motivo force. Those mnohines have but 45
• i ln ‘ , f ! nd t * le difference of potontial betweon ono section of wire upon tho
it i.'i,*”™ , ‘i n0 j. l 2 r "! oul d 1)0 very groat Against so great a difference of potential
The d .'^ 1 ouI . t 10 8 uard > even by the most careful winding and insulation. .
lhe ,,!l U „ VT C ', y ,n . d,l,1, P weather or wlion tho bobbins becomo damp, is that
nH(1hiiI ent8 ,^ rcn * c a 8,1 °rt path from section to section, burning the wires. In 6#
at tho 'IT?™ 1 e h Clr °‘ mot 've f° rco causes a largo increaso of destructive spark
ooooll.' ^^ tator- If our| ents of such electro motivo forco could be safely and
dimt/m, 1 '„iv senei'etcd and translated, exceedingly small and inoxponsivo con-
tunount nf an™ y C0U d bo , used to transf er without material loss a very largo •
amount of power, say, several hundred homo power. 66
Another object of this Invention then is to furnish moans and mothods by which
Bj*ciac*u°n, A.D. 1880.—N« 3904. 13
_ Jenecn ’ B Improvements in Dynamo-electric Ma chines, d-c.
whlhmav'h!'? may b ,° “ a,lc - l ? s y alem3 of this kind a prime motor is used
which may bo an air, steam, or water motor, or windmill. A high speed engine’
should bo used, geared directly to the generator. When a water whUl isTsed
such as nro now ordinarily used on account of the low speed with ordinary heads
6 or water, ,t would have to be eonneetod to the generator by gearing, ordinarily
mereaso tho speed so a, to give the bobbin a sufficiently rapid
rotation. Tho uso of belts or gearing however involves loss of power and irregu-
lurity. Still another object of this Invention then is to so nrrango water wheels in
connection with generators that the wheel and generator may bo connected directly
10 and without intermediate gearing, and still the necessary high speed obtained. To
accomplish these lost nainod results a battery of generators is used, each sepnrnte
and complete in itself, but with all tho rotating arinntures or bobbins (each pro¬
vided with its own commutator) mounted upon tho same driving shaft, the total
electro-motive forco of all tho bobbins being equal to the electro-motive forco
16 desired. By thus dividing it between a number of bobbins it is lessened in each
bobbin, with a consequent reduction of difference of potential between the layors or
sections on each bobbin.
The motorB or re-translating engines aro divided up in the same way, all tho
bobbins, each having its own commutator, being mounted upon the one driving
20 shnft, upon which thoy all exert their force. Where a water wheel is used with a
fall only sufficient to give a low rate of speed, it should be used to actuate a ...
pumping apparatus, raising tho water to a height, whence it inny flow under great I
head or pressure to a smallor wheel geared direotly to the generators, the increased
head of the water and small size of tho second wheel resulting in an accelerated
25 veloeity. This plan is followed because the loss in pumping and using the pumped
water to drive the second wheel is less than tho loss due to gearing by belts, &c., a
slow moving wheel to the generator in such manner as to give the desired high
velocity. By tho arrangement tliUB generally stated it is possible and commercially
practicable to convert even several thousand horse power of a prime motor into
30 electricity, and convoy tho electricity by moderate sized or even very small con¬
ductors to a distanco, there to bo reconverted into power. In addition for the best
results certain relations must exist between the generators and engines. In using
generators to produce a current which is supplied lo an electric engine the practice
hitherto has been to make the generator or transmitting machine and tho engine or
35 receiving machine exactly alike, so that when each is rotating at same speed the
contrary electro motivo force of the receiver exactly equals the electro motive force
of the generator. In such cases when no work is being done the tendency of the
engino or receiver is to acquire that rate of speed which is necessary to make the
counter mid the primo electro-motive forco about equal. As work g
40 engine to do its speed, and consequently its counter electro-motive or “|“ ... '
but when both are made alike, and have when doing no 'vork eipial to c s hns
not been found desirable to load tho engino or receiver beyond tho point reducing
its speed and consequently its counter olcctro-motive forel more taoMtaft
Tho difference botweon tho electro motive force and 4 transferred into
45 forco (of course less friction, &c.) represents tho amount of cuuout transferred into
transmitters thoir counter electro motivo force shall ° £ . ’ t tl te
- affisss i«S55£SSSS&3S
of tho generators. Now, if they are so lcaided s itl , m]( thoir un i oa ded
counter fficotro"nmUvo'foree” turning ^\^ts“ n
the counter electro motivo forco developed shall be about seventy l
M
8|*d«t»Uon.
A.D. 1880.—N° 3064.
Jensen’s Improvements in Dynamo-clcctric Machines. <Cc.~
the prime clcolro motivo forco, nt about which noinf ;= _, . -’
conversion into force. In connecting up the genttra
pinn may be followed in both. Ah stated pr^viousS but n C n ‘ T*
up to the point of economical magnetic saturation In ^re7 0 tf
eTo t H nrru j8 emen *' described, so far as may be sS inDrawi ^ 8
machinery to be driven *wl iT" ’ sl,aft 18 suitably connected to tho
tn ' In t 9t f d 0f , th ,° 8«»emtors and engines bt-ing arranged
the multinlo arc »««#„,? k ? e ° mtd desirable bo arranged, oithor or both, on
be adjusted to compensate tol r 1? CS 1 . rt ‘ lati y° resistances of tho parts must
arrangement of dpvin • 1 dlQ difference in resistance of a circuit inherent upon
blttefy a need not ^ I 8 '? a 80 ? 8 ° r n deriwl ciroui “- The engine of the 40
instance throunli a J^ted at ono place as shown, but may bo distributed, as, for
where E is located To'on T "° 1 18 rem ° ta fr °m dl ° source of supply, or station
»t the village or l n ,•„'];/ 8U ? 1 ' ca *° “ small dynamo mny bo placed in tho circuit 2
of the enS a ^ therefrom used to excite the held magnets
coils of ?he en^„c^L , U,t fr ° m a,,d tho «Wmo through all the field 45
B0a8l ren uf;rn in ll 0 ( l0Cattd lustead of the bobbius being wound differently
engines or receiving m ** , l< ! >ee ^ 8 1,10 8111110 electro motivo forces, the number of
insCce asTnwn 5 !,, v' m ‘ C8 , U8od W, bo les8 ‘hon that of the generators, for
with the result in order to’ n'lv W ' tb s,J f Generators four engines mny be used,
run with much’creator 11 ‘® 881110 electro motivo force, that tho receivers 60
used nt present » mm „ s l’ eed tbai l tb o generators. Tho common type of armature
si..gle cS X r r/ P0SCd ° f ? nuDlbur of coil8 wound longitudinally over a
cumbersome mL of wTroa'^Tr.' 11 ° tl,Cr , 0t 0,0 ends < where there is a large and
destroyed If any el.nnco, one or moro coils ore injured or
among the first nJ^orWhL 18 J} diffloult “nd tedious process. If such coils wore 55
injured ones can^jo reached. 0 W * 1<dl oveida P nt the ends must bo removed before tho
s^tou^a. A.D, 1880,—N ° 3904 15
--_
that any ceil can be removed or
6 ^r e {j4^ 0 Tlu'^is^nccomplishcd^^maiung 8 ^ a construction for
other. Theso plates are made so « lo^S^A ^ lnsu)a . ted each
general surface of the core, at which point Ihotir , P P ° r point3 nb °™ ‘he
soldering bracing, or clamping device^ At one * ^ ? Ur , ed to thom b 7
10 connected to tho proper commutator block d Ca f h P ,ato is suitably
coil it is unloosed'from its platTat each ° f r< T Val <*
In fact, by such construction, it is possiblo to remnvn d d “ rblm J 0 of other coils.
zss.““" 8 oui " ,,i “ iE5ifis,Xs;s
15 This part of tho Invention may bo carried into effect hi „
1 to'is" fn A l nnl ln p UlUtm8 c . iroul “ r in form - the radial metal plates numbered
20 bla^ spa^ botwccn thonr 0 ^ ' lnaU ' at<il1 fr ° m ^ ° tW ‘ “ b y the
Up° n A the circular plate or bar a connects 1 and 10; b, 2 and 11 • c 3 and 12 • :
, , o comrautatlI1 g 0 nd O tho arrangement is somewhat different. Upon it
Ln d r 2 a ?,T, nCCtC * by J m ’ 2 Illld 9 3 and 14 l) y°’ 4 nnd 11 hyp, 5 nndlG
by C nnd 13 by r. 7 and 18 by a, 8 and 15 by t, 10 and 17 by u. These bats
are insulated, as before stated in the caso of A.
30 Upon tho commutating end tho odd numbered radial bars are bent outwardly at
a right angle at their inner end, tho bent portions v, v, being secured to a hub and
forming the commutator.
To these end disks, thus constructed, are seoured wires, ribbons, or bars, in any
suitalilo manner, forming witli tho radial and circular plates the coils. For largo
•»» machines it is preferred to use naked bars of copper B 1 , B l , which are seoured in
tho recessos shown in the outer edges of tho radial plates. They will bo sufficiently
insulated from each other by tho air space botween them. If bars are used not
sufficiently rigid to presorve their relutivo distances from each other throughout
*hoir length, stays or blocks of insulating material, such ns mica, may be placed
40 botween them at proper intervals.
By tho arrangement of connections and the commutator as shown in C all the
coils nro constantly in circuit, the genoratod current having tho electro motive
force of a coil of tho total length of nil tho coils, while the internal resistance is
kept low by the lessening of resistance in the ends, due to tho much larger mass of
45 conductor in section of the plates and bars over that of the wires ordinarily used,
while tho resistance of the activo parts, when burs are used, as described, is also
greatly lessoned.
Supposing the parts nro in such position that the commutator brushes are ia
connection with 5 and 15, the path of tho generated currents will be ns follows:—
50 Sturting, say, at the brush on 5, tho path in tho machine to 15 would bo for one
portion of tho current, via 5. e . 14. o. 3. o. 12. m. 1 .a. 10.«. 17.i. 8. t. 15.
and for tho other portion via 5.q. 1C. A. 7.8.18. k. 9. w.2.6.11.p. 4, d. 13:
*• G .0.16. thus including overy coil. . . .
_ While tho term magnoto or dynamo electric machines is used herein, both in
65 description nnd claims, it is evident that those improvements are equally applicable
4° electrio engines or motora, and that tho claims herein are to be construed and
taken os covering such application.
16
1 ?
Jensen’s Improvements in Dynamo-electric Machines, <Lc.
What ia claimed is,—
First. The combination with the brush holder of a, magneto or dynamo electrio
machino, of means for giving an adjustable pressuro of the brush upon the
commutator, substantially os set forth. '
Second. The combination with a commutator of a series of brushes each mounted 5
independently upon a common supporting shaft or bar, and independently adiusM
substantially as sot forth. J J ’
Third. The combination with a commutator of a series of brushes and holders
each mounted independently upon a common bar or shaft, and arranged so that
each brush takes obliquely upon tho commutator, substantially as set forth. 10
. Fourth. A brush holder formed of two parts, tho ono for fixed seating upon a
proper support, tho other connected thereto by an adjustable spring union sub-
Btantially as sot forth. ’
Fifth. A magneto or dynamo electric machine consisting of a series (two or more)
of independent field of force magnets and a single armature or bobbin common to II
them all, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. The combination of a magneto or dynamo electric machine, a steam engine
connected thereto by a counter balanced connection, a governor, and variablo cut
off automatically controlled thereby, and an armature or bobbin serving both as an
armature or bobbin nnd os a fly or balance wheel, substantially as set forth. 20
Seventh. The combination with a common base of an automatically controlled
engine, a magneto or dynamo electric machine, and non magnetic supports placed
between the generator and tho base, substantially ns set forth.
Eighth. The combination with the polar extensions of a series of independent
electro magnets forming, with a bobbin common to them all, a generator of a nou- 25
maguetic plate or brace uniting and supporting the polar extensions, substantially
as set forth.
Ninth. The combination of a generator, a high spcod steam ongine, and a variable
cut-off nnd governor, so that the speed of the engino and the power or pressure of
the current are automatically regulated, substantially ns set forth. 30
Tenth. A governor for an electric engine arranged to broak tho circuit at regular
definite intervals, substantially as set forth.
Eleventh. A governor for an electric ongino arranged to break tho circuit once in
every revolution of tho governor at a point and for n fraction of tho revolution
dependent upon the speed of tho engine or urnount of load, substantially ns set 35
forth.
Twelfth. The method of reducing speed botween on electric engino and the
machinery driven thereby, by first converting tho rotary motion of the armature
into oscillatory motion, and then reconverting tho oscillatory motion into rotary
motion, substantially as set forth. 40
Thirteenth. The combination with the rotary armaturo of an electric engino of an
oscillating pawl carrier and a friction wheol actuated thereby, substantially ns sot
forth.
. Fourteenth. Tho combination of a rotating armature, an oscillating pawl carrier, a
pitman, and an adjustable connection, so that tho throw and speed of tho pawl 45
carrier may be varied, substantially as set forth.
Fifteenth. The combination of a rotating armature, an adjustable double pawl
carrier, an adjustable connection between them, and means for determining which
pawl shall be kept in operation at any ono time, substantially as set forth.
sixteenth. I he combination of an electric engine, a mnehino driven therehy,and a 50
pitman for connecting tho two directly without the intervention of gearing or belts,
substantially as set forth.
Seventeenth. Tho combination of n magneto or dynamo electric machino and on
electric engine constructed relatively to each other, so that the engino must run at a
much greater speed than the magneto or dynamo electric machine to produce a counter 55
electro-motivo force equalling the electro motivo force of the dynamo or magneto
electric machine, substantially os set forth.
Jensen’s Improvements in Dynamo-e Uctric Machines. <tn.
and fbatterv *<£££?£" ° f * ° f »r dynamo electric machines
and a battery of olectrio motors or engines arranged differently relatively to each
“her, asSibed:KS® S ^ * «*
Nineteenth. Tho method of transferring power into oloctricity and reconverting the
5 electricity into power, consisting in generating the current in dynamo or magneto
electric machines, or in a battery thereof giving a certain speed, a certain electro
motive force transmitting tho current to an electric ongino or motor or series
thereof arranged to givo tho samo electro-motive forco only at a much higher rate
of ftnood. Hiimtnntinllv ns «nl fnrM» * °
motivo force transmitting tho current to an electric engine or motor or series
thereof arranged to givo tho samo electro-motive forco only at a much higher rate
of speod, substantially as sot forth.
10 Twentieth. Tho combination with the main circuit of a series or batteiy of
magneto or dynamo olectric machines used cither as generators or receiving machines,
of a shunt circuit to the bobbin or armature of ono of the machines, which shunt
passes around and onergizes all the field of force magnets of the battery, substantially
as set forth.
15 Twenty first. Tho method of generating currents by tho uso of a water wheel as a
prime motor, consisting in using two wheels, tho first nnd largor pumping water to
a bight, then using the wator so pumped with its greater head to actuate a smaller
wheel at a greater rate of speed, the second wheel being connected to the generator,
substantially as set forth.
20 Twenty second. A revolving armature for magneto or dynnmo electric machines,
having its onds formed of radial plates suitably connected, substantially as set forth.
Twonty third. The combination in an armature for magneto or dynamo olectric ,
machines, of radial plates and circular connecting plates, substantially as set forth. 1
Twonty fourth. Tho combination with the armature of a magneto or dynamo
25 electric machino provided with a sories of coils or bars, of a commutator and
connections arranged to retain all tho coils constantly in the circuit, substantially
as sot forth.
Twonty fifth. An armature for dynamo or magneto olectrio machines having
its active or gonerativo portions mado of uaked bars or ribbons of metal, sub-
30 stnntially as sot forth. . ,. . ...
Twonty sixth. An armaturo for dynamo or magneto electric machines in which
the activo or gonerativo portions may be removed without disturbance of the end
or inert portions, substantially as sot forth.
In witness whoreof, I, tho said Peter Jensen, have hereunto sot my hand
35 and Beal, this Twonty second day of March, in tho year of our Lord One
thousand eight hundred and eighty ono.
PETER JENSEN. (l.s.)
A.D. 1880, 20 th October. N° 4276.
Separating Impurities from AuriferouB Ores, &o.
LETTERS PATENT to Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Chancery Lane, in the
County of Middlesex, for an Invention of “ Improvements in the Mode
of and Apparatus for Separating Impurities from Auriferous Ores
and IN THE TREATMENT OF SUCH Ores.” A communication from abroad by
Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of New Jersey, United
States of America.
I
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the Baid Edward Griffith Brower at
the Office of the Commissioners of Patents on the 20tliOctober 1880.
Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Ohnncory Lane, in the County of Middlesex.
“Improvements in the Mode of and Apparatus for Serara®*®,^ c^f
from Auriferous Ores and in the Treatment of such Ores. (A com¬
munication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, m the State of
New Jersey, United States of America.)
By careful microscopio and chemical tests the inventor has found that the gold.
nnrtinn thereof, in tho so called auriferous sulphurets exists as
A.D. I860.—N° 4270.
11 reiver's Apparatus for Separating Impurities from Auriferous Ores, <tc.
By microscopic mid other tests it is first determined whether the gold bo fino
or comparatively coarse, that only boing called fino when the gold therein is found
to be as fino ns or finer than tho degroo of comminution to which it is practicable to
reduce the rock or " ganguo ” by grinding or stamping.
If the gold bo found to bo coarse tho material is simply ground, tho iron remaining 5
in tho shape of sulphurot of iron.
If tho gold bo fino tho material is roasted and ground, this process changing tho
sulphurot of iron to ferrous oxide. ' " L '
Tho material is then passed through tho series of magnetic separators hereinafter
referred to. jq
Tho magnots thoroin being of great strength duo to tho largo currents from
powerful magneto or dynamo-eloctro machines used therewith act magnetically
upon tho iron compounds, drawing thorn out of tho mingled material and loaving
tho remainder to bo treated by somo appropriate process in order to free tho gold
from any impurities which may exist. 15
Tho inventor has found that by this courso of treatment sulphurets, even when
of very low “ grndu ’’ may bo readily and economically treated, and tho gold
profitably separated therefrom. ‘ ‘
Tho inventor has n device for separating inngnotie nnd noil-magnetic substances,
consisting essentially of a magnet, past whoso poles fall tho mingled substances, tlm 20
attraction of tho magnet acting to niter tho path of the magnetic substanco, drawing
it out nnd away from tho non-inngnctic portion, the magnetic nnd uon-iungnetic
substances fidling iuto different receptacles.
Another pnrt of the Invention in this caso relates to improvements upon the
above described device, nnd consists in tho feature more particularly hereinafter 25
specified. In this Invention V shaped electro magnets are used, made up of one or
of several series of coils.
Where several series of coils aro used their polar faces or extensions nro united
polar face or extension for one polarity, the polnr face being placed at
,o form o _ _
right angles to the flow of tho material to bo treated.
i he magnetic material is acted on consequently by both poles. As the first
draws it out of its path, if the second were in tlio same piano relatively to tho flow
of material, it would net on tho material at a shorter distance than tho first, and
would possibly attract the material to itself.
To avoid this it is better to place the active faces of tho polar extensions in 35
different planes relatively to tho flow of material, tho second being placed at the
rear of tho first, a distance approximately equal to the distance tho first draws
the magnetic material out of its path.
From tho fact that often a particle or particles of magnetic substances are not
drawn out of their path sufficiently, and tail with tho non magnetic substances it 40
is preferable that tho material be subjected to tho action of tho separator several
times in order to ensure thorough separation.
' As somo portion of the substanco to be treated is more magnetic than another,
this more magnetic portion is npt to be drawn out of its path and separated by tho
first separator; moreover if tho magnets bo too near the path of tho very magnetic 46
material they would be npt to draw such material to themselves, which clinging
thereto would soon clog the magnots, thus constantly extending their poles; hence
the magnets of tho first separator are placed at somo distance from tho path of
the material.
In order then to act equally on tho loss mnguolic portion is is preferable thnt tho 50
noxt sot of magnets bo placed somo what nearer the path or tho falling material,
and so with each successive separator of the sorics.
To accomplish this several, preferably three, separators are arranged in sories,
somewhat in echelon, so thnt tho portion which passes into tho non-magnctic
reccptnclo of the first passes immediately to tho second separator, and so on through 55
A.D. 1880.—N° 4276.
Brewer's Apparatus for Separating Impurities from.Aurif erous Ores, &o.
shootT”* 8 * tho magnetic receptacles of all tho series leading to a common dolivery
Combined with this sorics is a suitablo hoppor and siovo and elevator for carrying
tho sifted matorral up and delivering it to tho first separator of the series.
5 Tho construction of tho individual separator and tho sorics possesses advantages
boyond those noted, especially for uso in an improved process of treating so ealfed
auriferous sulphurets.
It is ovidont that tho uso of a separator thus constructed is not limited to tho
separation of magnetio substancos from auriferous ores, but may be used wherever
10 it is dosired to separate mingled magnotic and non-mngnctic substances.
'4 A.D. 1880.—N° 427G. s,*,
Brewer'8 Apparatus for Separating Impurities from Auriferous Ores, <te.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tlio Lottors Pntont filed bv
the said Edward Griffith Brcwor in tho Orunt Sent Patent Office on tho 20th
April 1881.
Edward Giuffitii Brewer, of 33, Chancory Lane, in tho County of Middlesex
“ IMPROVEMENTS IX THE MODE OF AND APPARATUS FOR SePARATINO IMPURITIES 5
from Auriferous Ores and in the Treatment of such Ores" (A com-
! > 1 “t'on abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of
rsow Jersey, United States of America.)
By careful microscopic and chemical tests tho inventor has found that tho gold
or tho greater portion thereof, in tho so-called auriferous sulphurets oxists ns freo 10
gold therein, either comparatively coarse, i.c. t in small lumps or flakes, or in a vory
finely comminuted state sometimes tho surface, but it only being nflccted by tho
sulphur, though then sufficiently to prevent easy or economic amalgamation.
The inventor has also found that while sulphuret of iron and forrous oxido aro
generally considered to bo non-magnetic, they aro in fact slightly magnetic, so 15
much so that they may bo magnetically affected, especially when subjected at a
small distance to tho action of powerful magnets, such as may bo produced by
currents from large magnots or dynamo-electric machines.
With these discoveries ns a basis tho inventor has devised a process by which
the ferrous compounds constituting tho greater portion of the “ ganguo ” of tho so- 20
called auriferous sulphurets may bo easily and economically removed from tho
auriferous portion.
By microscopic and other tests it is first determined whether the gold bo fine
or comparatively coarso, that only boing called fine when tho gold therein is found
to bo ns fine ns or finer than tho degree of comminution to which it is practicable 25
to reduce tho rock or “ gangue ” by grinding or stamping.
If tho gold be found to bo coarso tho material is simply ground, the iron
remaining in tho shape of sulphuret of iron.
If the gold be fine the material is roasted and ground, this process changing tho
sulphuret of iron to a ferrous oxide. 30
The material is then passed through tho scries of magnotic separators hereinafter
referred to.
The magnets therein being of great strength, duo to tho largo currents from
powerful magneto or dynamo electric machines used therewith, act magnetically
upon the iron compounds, drawing them out of tho mingled material and leaving 35
tho remainder to bo treated by some appropriate process in order to freo tho gold
from any impurities which may exist.
Tho inventor has found that by this course of treatment sulphurots, oven when
of very low grades, may bo readily and economically treated, and tho gold
profitably separated therefrom. 40
The inventor has a device for separating magnotic and non-mngnotic substances,
consisting essentially of a magnet, past whoso poles fall the mingled substances,
the attraction of the magnet acting to alter tho path of tho magnotic substanco,
drawing it out nnd away from tho non-raugnotic portion, tho magnotic and non¬
magnetic substances falling into different recoptaclos. 45
Another part of tho Invention in this caso relates to improvements upon tho
above described device, and consists in tho foatures moro particularly hereinafter
specified. 1 J
In this Invention U shapod electro magnets aro used, made up of ono or of
several series of coils. 60
Where several series of coils aro used, their polar faces or extensions are united
to form one polar face or extension for ono polarity, the polar faco being placed at
right angles to tho flow of tho material to bo treated.
SpedScBtlon. A.D. 1880.—N° 4276. K
~ Drcwcr ' 8 Bratus for Separating Impurities from Auriferous O^To -
'«»-a&s
5 nr 1,118 it,s . ljotter to I’hico the aotivo faces of tho polar extensions in
reir'of tlmTrsra^r Lt 0 ''°' V °. f 1 ,,1,,tol ' i “ l < tho second being placed at tho
tho*mnghetic^Imtcriiil'oilt'of ita'peth!™' 1 * 0 ^ C1,Ua to 1,10 *o ^ draws
in a P a . l tic,e or particles of magnetic substances aro not
teh,’ nmfetn i /'iP' s , l,fl . 1< f 1 I1 ‘ I y '/V d <‘.11 with the non-magnetic subtsances,
in.J i f t b . '.'! atCnal , b ® sl,b J cct e‘ l tho notion of the separator several
times in order to liisuro thorough separation.
As some portion of the substance to bo treated is more magnetic than another,
this more magnetic portion is apt to be drawn out of its path and separated by
16 tho first separator; moreover if tho magnets ho too near tho path of the very
magnetic material they would ho apt to draw such material to themselves, which
clinging thereto would soon clog the magnets, thereby constantly oxtending then-
poles ; honco tho magnets of tlio first separator are placed at some distance from tho
path of tho mnterinl.
20 I» order then to act equally on tho less magnetic portion, it is preferable that
the next set of magnets be placed somewhat nearer tho path of the falling material,
unu so with cnch successive separator of the series.
To accomplish this several, preferably three, separators aro arranged in series,
somcwhnt in echelon, so tlmt tho portion which passes into tho non-magnetic
25 reccptaclo of tho first passes immediately to the second separator, and so on
through tho series, the magnetic receptacles of all the series leading to a common
delivery shoot.
Combined with this series is a suitable hopper and sieve nnd elevator for carrying
the sifted material up nnd delivering it to tho first separator of tho series.
30 Tlio construction of the individual separator and the series possesses advantages
bey-ond those noted, especially for use in an improved process of treating so-called
auriferous sulphurets, which forms a portion of this Invention.
nto the non-magnetic
separator, and so on
i leading to a common
It is evident that the use of a separator thus constructed is not limited to the
separation of magnetic substances from auriferous ores, but may bo used wherever
5 it is desired to separate mingled magnetic and non-magnetic substances.
Such part of the Invention ns is capable of illustration is shewn in tho
accompanying Drawings, in which
Figure 1 represents in perspective view n series of separators and accessories
mounted in a suitable framing.
D Figure 2, a single hopper and magnet in detail; Figure 3, a series of magnetic
separators in section taken on line x, x, of Figure 1.
H, H, H, shews tho framing, which mny bo of any suitable kind, in which aro
secured the separators 1, 2, 3, each consisting essentially of a hopper and magnet,
as AM, BM'.nndCM 11 . ,
; The material to bo treated is first fed into n hopper 1', whence it passes into
a sievo, as all lumps, stones, &c., should be separated from the material to be
tf An'clovator L convoys tho material to tho hopper A of tho first separator,
whcnco it falls in front of tho magnet M.
i Bolow M is a hopper B receiving tho non-magnetic portion anil passing it before
tho second magnet M 1 , tho maguetic portion falling into B\ and thence into tho
' V< Bclow°lL' hi a similar hopper C passing tlio non-magnetic material before M 1 ,
nnd tho passago C l passing the magnotic portion into the waste shoot is.
Thin I.nnstn.otid.1 and relation aro repeated until us many .-apiimlors as may bo
55 This construction nnd relation aro repeated until
desired aro arrauged in tho series.
material before M 1 ,
.parators as may bo
lirewcr'a Apparatus for Separating Impurities from, Auriferous Ores, etc.
It will bo noticed tlmt each succeeding magnet is set ncaror tho path of tho
material than its predecessor in tho sories; for instanco, M u is nearer such path
than M 1 , and M 1 than M.
Motion is communicated to various portions of tho series by means of belts and
the pulleys P, P, etc. 6
When desirod it is evident that tho olovator may bo dispensed with, and tho
sifted material bo convoyed to tho hopper of tho first separator in any convoniont
manner.
Haying now described tho nature of the said Invention and in what mannor tho
Bnmo is to bo performed I declare I claim,— 10
First. In an electro magnetic separator, a mngnot, a series of magnots whoso
poles or polar extensions or faces are in different planes relatively to tho pnth of tho
materinl to be treated, substantially as set forth.
Second. Tho combination of a sories of mngnctic separators, substantially such
ns described, arranged to act successively upon tho samo stream of matorial, 15
substantially ns set forth.
Third. Tho combination of a scries of mngnetic separators, substantially such as
described, eneb ono of tho scries being nrranged nearer tho path of tho material to
bo neted on than its predecessor in the scries, substantially as set forth.
Fourth. Tho combination with a scries of mngnctic separators arranged to act 20
consecutively upon a stream of material of a single waste shoot and a possago
thereto from eneh separator, substantially as sot forth.
Fifth. Tho combination of a sieve, an elevator, a series of separators, and a singlo
waste shoot, substantially as set forth.
Sixth. The method of treating so-called auriferous sulphurets, which consist in 25
reducing them to powder and then subjecting tho resulting material (either raw
or roasted) to tho action of a magnetic separator, substantially ns set forth.
In witness whereof, I, the said Edward Griffith Brewer, have hereunto sot
my hand and seal, this Sixteenth day of April, in tho year of our Lord
One thousand eight hundred and eighty ouc. 30
E. G. BREWER. (L.S.)
t.OSDON: Frinto.1 l>y Qwrann Kmvjnn Hr** nml Whj.hh SrornsvrooaK,
Printers to tho Queen’s most Excellent Mnjesty.
For Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
A.D. 1880, 27th October. N° 4391.
Measuring the Amount of Eleotrioal Current Plowing through a
Circuit.
LETTERS PATENT to Peter Jensen, of 33, Clmncory Lane, in the County of
Middlesex, for an Invention of “ Improvements in Means for Measuring
toe Amount of Electrical Current Flowing through a Circuit.”
A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in
tho Stato of New Jorsoy, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by tho said Peter Jensen at tho Office of
tho Commissioners of Patents on tho 27th October 1880.
Peter Jensen, of 33, Chancery Lane, in tho County of Middlesex. '■
ments in Means for Measuring toe Amount of Electrical c ™»ei«
o r LOWING THROUGH A wm;un.
Alva Edison, of Monlo Park,
America.
10 ISHsa ti
J "i» of tu.
15 which end it consists, broadly speaki g, . g lt t] deposition of metal upon
20 A depositing cell is used in which thehMPJ*j, woigllt ndjustabo
onaTev d erTm!°so V ttt the Amount of excess of weight upon one plate over the
[Price 0(2.]
2 A.D. 1880.—N° 4391. J^r!^
Jensen's Imp/s. in Measuring the Electrical Current Flowing through a Circuit.
other required to cause a tilting of the balanced arm may be detorminod and
regulated.
The cell so arranged is placed in n branch circuit, that is, a circuit derived from
ono member of the circuit supplying electricity to the translating devices containing
a resistance, being so arranged that a definite fraction of the current used shall 5
traverse the branch circuit and depositing coll.
It is evidont then that ns tho weight of ono pinto is increased by the deposition
of, say, copper from tho solution, it will tip tho balanced nrin whenever tho weight
of tho increase becomes suflicient to overbalance tho weight nlludcd to as on tho
lover nrm. 10
The lever nrm moving causes a movement of a registering nppnratus registering
each tip, nnd at tho same time causes a revorsnl of tho current through tho cell, tho
effect of which is that tho copper is absorbed or removed from tho now henvior pinto
and deposited upon the lighter, until it in turn becomes tho heavier, causing another
tipping, another registration, and another reversal. 15
As tho amount of current needed to enuso tho deposition of metal enough to enuso
tho tipping is known, nnd ns it is a dofinito percentage of tho entiro current, tho
registration may indicate tho total amount of current; or as tho ratio oxisting
between current nnd feet of gas for illuminating effect has boon determined, tho
registration nmy indiento tho equivalency in light of foot of gas. 20
As stated tho lipping of the balanced arm nnd attached lever nrm causes a
movement of a registering apparatus and a revorsnl of tho current through tho
depositing cell.
It may cause this directly by having either tho balanced or the lover nrm con¬
nected directly to a register nnd to a roverser, or indirectly by setting into operation 25
intermediate mechanism.
In tho latter caso tho following is a convenient arrangement:—
Two magnets nro used with their poles placed oppositely, between which plays nn
armature lover, ono end of which is nttnehod to prime motor of tho register, tho
otlior end plnying in tho open part of a fork or Y. whoso upper ends operate a 30
reverser.
Tho play of tho Y is limited by two set screws, ono on either side, with a circuit
connection from each to ono of tho magnets, tho connection from the left hand
screw being to the right hand magnet, nnd from tho right hnnd screw to tho left
hand magnet. 35
The play of tho weighted lover nrm before referred to is determined by two set
screws, each screw being connected with tho magnet upon its side.
From ono member of tho circuit containing translation dovices is a circuit con¬
nection to tho Y while the lever arm is connected to the other member. In this
circuit is interposed a very largo resistance, so that but a small percentage of tho 40
current passes therethrough, simply enough to operate nn ordinary electro magnet.
A circuit tlion mny bo formed through either magnet, in which are two breaks,
ono closod by the weighted levor nt tho end of its movement, tho other by tho Y
at the en< ^ movement, tho circuit being shifted from ono mngnet to tho
other ns tho lever arm is tipped by ono plate receiving its determined load by 45
deposition.
Around each mngnet is a short circuit of largo resistance, which nffords a path for
*"mf x *' ra or '“ftoced current, avoiding spark therefrom at tho contact points.
The same principle, namely, tho effecting of a registration by tho over weighting
or a plato by deposition mny nlso bo carried into effect by mounting upon a shaft a 50
S T'°t • P’ nte3 "'h'd* radiate therefrom. This shaft is journulcd in a suitable caso,
which is filled with tho proper depositing solution nearly up to tho shaft.
Upon the shnft are a series of commutator blocks ono for each plato.
Commutator springs nro so arranged ns to boar simultaneously upon tho blocks __
of the plates remote from each other In tho fluid, a branch circuit from ono member So
ot tho consumption circuit being connected to tho springs.
#S£5i. A.D. 1880.—N° 4391. 3
Jensen's Inpts. in Measuring the Electrical Current F lowing through a Circuit.
As deposition proceeds ono plato becomes so londcd ns to cause a partial rotation
of tho shaft, which causes tho circuit to bo formed through another plato, which
becoming londcd, causes further rotation, bringing another pinto into tho circuit
whereupon tho first plate is again in circuit, but in such relation ns to bo tho plate
5 which is reduced to afford material for deposition upon tho otlior plato in circuit,
each plato being thus successively loaded nnd stripped, tho movement from one*
plato to tho other causing by loading by deposition being registered by the rotation
of tho shaft.
Tho Invention mny bo carried into effect in many other ways, but tho ones hero
10 described are sufficient to illustrate its principle.
Instead of a balanced arm from which tho plates are suspended a spring balance
may bo used, the plate ns it becomes loaded acting on a spring to mako the necessary
circuit connections at the predetermined point.
Jensen's Impts. in Measuring the Electrical Current Flowing through « Circuit.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tlio Lotlors Patent filed by
tho said Peter Jenson in tlio Groat Seal Patent Office on the 27th April
Pktkh Jensen, of 33, Chnncerj’ Lane, in the County of Middlesex. “ Improve-
jiknts is Means for Measuimno the Amount of Electrical Current 5
Flowing through a Circuit.” A communication from abrond by Thomas
Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in the State of Now Jersey, United States of
America.
In any system of furnishing to consumers electricity for light, power, or other
purposes, it is desirable that means bo provided which shall accurately measure the 10
current used. It is also dusirnblo that this measure of current should be automati¬
cally indicated and registered in a manner analogous to the registration of gas or
water flow.
I lie object of this Invention is to provido means for nttnining'theso results, to
which end it consists, broadly speaking, in using balanced plntes in a depositing 15
cell, so arranged in connection with other devices that the deposition of metal upon
one plate causes an overbalancing, which sets in operation registering devices and
devices reversing the circuit through tlio cell. In practice devices, combinations,
and circuits somewhat as follows are used
A depositing cell is used in which the plates aro suspended but insulated from a 20
balanced arm, to which is attached a lever-arm, on which is a weight adjustable
Oil a lever-arm, so that the amount oi excess of weight upon ono plate over the
other required to cause a tilting of tlio balanced arm may bo determined and
regulated.
'llio cell, so arranged, is placed in a branch circuit, that is, a circuit derived 25
irom one member ot the circuit supplying electricity to the translating dovices
containing a resistance so arranged that a definite fraction of the current used shall
traverse tlio branch circuit and depositing cell.
It is evident, then, that as the weight of ono plate is increased by the deposit
oi, any, copper from the solution, it will tip tlio balanced arm whenever tbo 30
weight of tlio increase becomes sufficient to overbalance tlio weight alluded to ns
on the lever arm.
1 he lever-arm moving causes a movement of a registering nppnratus registering
each tip, and at the same time causes a reversal of tlio current through tlio cell,
the effect of winch is that the copper is absorbed or removed from tlio now hcavior 35
plate and deposited upon the lighter, until it in turn becomes the heavier, causing
another tipping, another registration, and another reversal. As the amount of
current needed to causo the deposition of metal enough to eauso the tipping is
known, ,.i„l as it is a definite percentage of the entiro current, the registration may
indicate the total amount of current; or as tlio ratio existing between current mid 10
loot ol gas for illuminating effect lias been determined, the registration may indicato
the equivalency in light of feet of gas.
As stated the tipping of the balanced arm and attached lever-arm causes a
movement of the registering apparatus and a reversal of the current through tlio
depositing cell. It may cause this directly by having either tho balanced or the 45
letci-nrni connected directly to a register and to a revorsor, or indirectly by setting
into operation intermediate mechanism. In tlio latter enso tho following is a
convenient arrangement
magnots arc used with their poles placed oppositely, between which plays
an armature lever, one end of which is attached to the nri.no motor of tho register. 50
Jensen's Impts. in Measuring the Electrical Current Flowing through a Circuit.
tho other end playing in tho opon part of a fork or Y, whoso upper end operate a
roverser.
Tho play of tho Y is limited by two sot screws, ono oil either sido, with a circuit
connection from each to ono of tlio magnets, tho connection from tlio left band
5 screw being to tho right hand magnet and from tlio right hand screw to tho left
hand magnet. Tlio play of tlio weighted lovor arm before referred to is determined
by two sot screws, each screw being connected with tlio magnet upon its side.
From ono inombcr of tlio circuit containing translation dovices is a circuit
connection to tho Y. while tho lovor arm is connected to tho othor member. In
10 this circuit is interposed a very largo resistance, so that but a Binall percontngo of
tho current passes therethrough, simply enougli to operate au ordinary olectro-
' * A circuit then may bo formed through either magnet, in wInch are two breaks,
ono closed by the weighted lover at tlio end of its movement, tho other by the Y
15 at tho ond of its movement, tho circuit being shifted from ono magnot to tlio
other ns the lever-arm is tipped by ono plate receiving its determined load by
d ° Around each magnet is a short circuit of largo resistance, which affords a path
for tho extra or induced current, avoiding spark therefrom at tbe contaot pomts
20 Tho tamo principle, namely, tlio effecting of a registration by t ho over weight
of a nlnto bv donosition, may also bo carried into dlcct by mounting upon a sill
a scries of plates' which radiate therefrom. This shaft is journalled ui a smbd
25 snriiiL's are so arranged ns to bear simultaneously upon tho blocks of the plat
30 further rotation, bringing another plate -which is reduced to affo
is again in circuit, but in such relation ns to he tie patowl» bcing t ,
described nro sufficient to lllustrnto its P r, "“P. • susp onded a spring bain
Instead of a balanced arm from »^* , J^^^tonRdMWnoc«
may bo used, the plate os it becomes loaded acting on a spring
circuit connections at tlio pre-detormined l
40 p" g U T is T view?partly perspective, partly plan, showing tlio form first described,
"^Fig. 2 is tho second plan or modification. ; d d with a cover B, upon
iA-i 8 u».a&» **'»*=•»
45 which is a balanced arm a ntiacucu
supports attached to tho cover. d U)o plfttc3 C , C', forming the, anodo
From tho ends of the arm (t art su p lover-aim d, upon which slides tlio
and cathode of the cell. Upon tho end of ^b » ^ p P sition . At its lower
and cathodo of thocell. Upon tlio ^ P t wiy deSred position. At its l°' v ® 1 '
50 SClfiSiffl Sco^a^oinU whichfako against tho set screws 8,0,
which limit its motion. . faoe each othor, acting upon armatures
C A.D. 1880.—N" 4391.
Jensen’s Impta. in Measuring the Electrical Current Flowing through a Circuit.
having a projection nt its end taking over a small projection upon D with sufficient
force to hold it against accidental displacement.
1, 2, nro the main conductors of n system from which lend conductors 15,1C, to
and through tho plnco of consumption. From 15 a circuit is formed through tho
depositing cell by 1112. 0. C‘. 13./. e. 14 . the direction of tho currcut in 5
tho cell being determined by tho contact of/, /*, and c, in tho roversor. Between
11 and 14 in 15 a resistance ll 1 is placed, adjusted to causo a definite and
determined fraction of tho entire current traversing 15 to pass through the cell.
A circuit for tho magnets 1C, E 1 , is formed as a dorivod or multiple arc circuit
to 10,16, by 15, 3, D, and then in ono position of D by l . 4. E 1 .5. 9. cl. 10.1C.or 10
in another position of D, by 15.3. D. l >. E. C. 7.8. d . 10.10. In 10 n resistance R
is placed adjusted to tho resistance of tho main circuit, so that only a small amount
of current, simply enough to mnko E or E 1 effective, shall, traverso tho circuit
through them. Short circuits around E, IC 1 , nro formed containing resistances r, r\
for the purposo of absorbing the extra or induced current, lessoning or avoiding 15
spark at the contact points. Tho operation is as follows :—Supposo tho parts to bo
in tho position shown in Figuro 1, and the current flowing through tho coll so
that C is tho nnodo and C 1 tho cathode. As metal is deposited upon C 1 it gradually
overbalances C, swinging il out of tho pcrpondiculnr until finally it takes against
screw 9, whereupon the circuit through E l is closed, via 10. d . 9.5.4 . I . D. 3. 20
E 1 attracts 1‘, causing it to operate tho register II; E in moving toward E‘
strikes D, causing it to break circuit at 1 and carrying it over against l ';
at tho same time tho arm g is carried in tho roverso direction, lenving /' and
allowing it to contact with c, and at the samo tiino contacting with / and causing
it to bieak contact with e, causing the current to pnss through tho cell in tho 25
reverso direction. C 1 now becomes tho anodo, and the motal deposited thereon is
dissolved therefrom and carried to C, which finnlly becomes tho heavier, causes
a repetition of tho operations described. It is evident that tho roversor and register
might bo actuated directly by d, but tho dovices shown aro more accurate and
delicate, and destructive sparks at tho contacts aro greatly lessened if not 30
entirely obviated. In Fig. 2, Iv is any suitablo case, in which rotates a shaft
from which project radial plates n.o.p. etc., dipping into tho fluid o. Tho plntcs
arc insulated fro... each other, mid each is attached to a commutator block ;
m, m , are commutator brushes or springs arranged to bear upon tho blocks of tho
plates reinoto from each other in the fluid. To m, ni\ lead conductors 19, 20, 35
completing a branch circuit from tho house or consumption circuit. Supposo tho
current to flow in such direction that n is tho anode and p is tho cathode, as p
becomes loaded it sinks in tho fluid causing it to rotato, which movement is
registered upon a register attached thereto. This movement has brought o in
contact w ith »i, making it the anode, nnd r in contact with m 1 , making it tho 40
cathode. When r becomes loaded it causes a rotation, whon p becomes tho
dissolVd tr. t,1<! ' v * loreu P on tho motal formerly deposited thereon is
In both forms each plate is alternately an anode nnd a cathode, reeciving n
ueposit only to lmvo it stripped off, the very act of deposition sotting in operation 45
thc'clir cnuao tl10 0,ian 6° from anodo to cathode, and ngencica which register
llio register H may bo mndo so ns to indicate vobors or current units, or as tho
relation between current and gas for light production is known, it may indicate
U . 1 ? r ° f ' eot <= ns would bo equivalent in light production to tho 50
amount of current registered.
t ' lcso devices aro shown in a branch circuit so that only a portion of the
the circuiT" 8 l,,mthrou e l1 * U is evident that they may bo placed directly in
t ' 10 c ? rcu ‘ts controling the mechanical dovices arc hero shown as branch or 05
pic are circuits, it is evident that they may be battery local circuts.
Jensen’s Impta. in Measuring the Electrical Current Flowing through a Circuit.
It is also ovidont that all tho mechanical devices may bo actuated by clock-work
which is controlled by tho balanced arm or lever.
As this arrangoment registers tho oxact number of vebors or current units
passing thorothrough, tho name of » vobormotor” has been applied to it.
5 First An olcctro-dcpositing cell in which onch plato becomes alternately anode
and cathodo, substantially as set forth. . ....
Second. Tho method of measuring a current of electricity, consisting in causing
a delinito portion to pnss through a depositing cell containing balanced plate or
10 nlates, tho overbalancing or tho plates causing a registration and a cliango of
tho nnodo nnd cathodo relation of tho plates successively, substantially os sot
f °Third. Tho combination of a decomposing coll, balanced polar plates theroin.and
a registering apparatus controlled by tho overloading of either plate, substantially
15 "Tilth'Tho combination of a decomposing cell, balanced polar plates therein,
nnd^reversor reversing tho direction of thecurrcnt through the cell,andcontrolle,
Fifth. Iho commmii _ rever sin" tho direction of tho current tlirougl
IhrcoMhoT^te? and roversor being controlled by tlio overloading of eithe
plate, substantially ns set forth. common armature loTer paying
Sixth. Tho combination with two ran new the lovor 0 „ u 3 attraction
between them and a £ t h 0 circuit of tho magnet attracting it and
25 by cither inngnot causing a break m tne circm.,
30 In witness whereof, I, tho said ieter Je , Lord 0n(J thoU3anc
seal, this Twentysixth day of April, in tuo yui
eight hundred nnd eiglityonc. PETER JENSEN, (l.s.)
A.D. 1880, lOf/i NorsuDBR. N° 4621.
Magneto-eleotrio Signal Apparatus.
LETTERS PATENT to Edward Griffith Brower of 33. Chancy
County of Middlesex, for an Invention of 'IsirnovESims in lUa
Electric Signal Apparatus.- A communication from eabroad by Edwar
Hibbord Johnson and Thomas Alva Edison, both of Menlo Park, in
of Now Jersey, United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by to sa d Ed d ^ mbor 1880 .
the Office of the Comm.ss.oners of Patents on to ^
Edward Griffith p CT ’ ER * ^.^‘“Cnal^paratus.” (A communication
“ Improvements in Magneto S ^Thomas Alva Edison, both of Menlo
3 SS,hS!SiSsiS-. ....
Park, in the State of Now Jersey, - itt suoh relation to
uae° being "thrown into circuit only when in us^Without any change at to time of
10 It A often desirable that toy sho Id,^ ^ a continuousi ring and
uso, be capablo of giving two distinct signa , ^ operations, or things,
an intermittent ring, indicnl ^ ^ roau lts in one organization is the o jeo
Tho accomplishment of both tneso r«m
this Invention. . . . , ■ shunt circuits is formed f ,.
Tlio force of the contact spring, ° “ ftftt t be sleeve is as far out on t s ^
“ ‘ Fi “ B
[Price 0 d.]
2 A.D. 1880.—N° 4021. teu,
* _____ H ibernation.
Hreiver's Improvements in Magneto-electric Signal Apparatus.
contact point, closing tho shunt circuit, thus practically cutting tho generator out of
circuit.
Upon rotation, tho sloovo turns loosely upon tho shaft until tho outor end of tho
slot roaches the pin, when sleeve nml shaft turn together. Tho slot being triim-mlar
causes tho carrying inward of thu slouve anil disc, pushing tho rod against the 5
contact lever or spring, causing it to leave tho contact point or anvil, breaking
thereby tho shunt or short circuit, compelling tho current from tho generator to
travorso the main circuit.
Upon cessation of uso tho parts return to their normal position, closing tho shunt
or short circuit. jg
By tho arrangement thus described, tho first of tho objects noted is
accomplished.
To accomplish thu second object tho arrangement noted is modified as follows
The contact spring referred to is made with a twist about its centre so ns to ho
capable of motion in either direction. jj
To it is attached directly tho pin which takes against the disc upon tho sleeve.
In thu inner face of tho disc a groove is cut extending partly around tho disc,
and whoso outer edge normally is out of thu path of the pin.
One end of this groove is broadened somewhat by its outer edge being carried
by an easy curve into tho path of the pin. 20
At both ends the descent from the face of the disc to tho bottom of tho groovo is
by an incline, so that the pin may enter or emerge from the groovo without jar.
As beforo stated, the groove extends only partially around the face of the disc;
lenving a “ land ” of thu normal plane of tho disc between tho ends of tho groove.
If the sleeve be turned in the direction of the narrow end of the groovo the pin 25
takes against thu face of the disc outside of the groove, mid is simply pressed in,
breaking the shunt circuit as before explained, causing n continuous wave of current
to bo sent upon thu line, and a continuous signal to bo made, say, a continuous
ringing of a bell.
If, however, the sleeve be turned in tho opposite direction, tho pin is hit by tho 30
outer edge of the broadened end of the groove and carried inward slightly, tho pin
taking in the groove, leaving tho shunt closed so long as tho pin is in tho groove,
the P>“ being loreud inward, and thu shunt conseipienlly broken, only when the pin
passes out of thu groove and rides upon the land.
By this means the current is sent upon the line during a part of cnch revolution 35
only, with tho result that an intermittent signal, or a signal composed of sounds
In the bottom of thu groove referred to could bo made a series of iuclincd or cam
faces following each other in any desired sequence so that a regular dot nnd dash
or any other arbitrary signal could be given. 40
This arrangement permits of two distinct signals boing given without change of
apparatus, or any operation on tho port of tho operator, except tho mere chniigo of
direction of rotation.
A.D. 1880.—N° 4621.
Brewer's Improvements in Magncto-dcdrio Signal Apparatus
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of tho conditions of tho Lotters Patent filed by
tho Bnid Edward Qriliith Browor in the Great Seal Patent Offico on the
10th May 1881.
Edward Griffith Brewer, of 33, Chancery Lane, in tho County of Middlesex.
5 •• Improvements in Magneto-electric Signal Apparatus." (A communication
from abroad by Edward Hibberd Johnson and Thomas Alva Edison, both of Menlo
Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United States of America,)
Mngnoto-olectrie machines as signal apparatuses nro often usod in such relation
to other devices that it is desirable that they Bhould bo cut out of circuit when not
10 in use, being thrown into tho circuit only when in uso. .
It is also often desirable that thoy should, without any change at the time of
use, bo capnblo of giving two distinct signals, ns, for instance, a continuous ring
nnd on intermittent ring, indicating two distinct wants, or operations, or things.
Tho accomplishment of both theso results in ono organization is tho object ot
lo this^Invention. ^ Invention into o(rcct B shunt circuit is formed around the
magneto mnehino or generator, a portion of which cucuit is a contact spring or
I.........fohi. ..I ..
20 main driving shaft, but secured thereto by a pin on tho shaft, taking in a tnangu a
its SrfiiSSir:*. — *»>. •**-
31) slot reaches the pin, when sleovo nnd shaft ^ ; S “ £ in „ the rod against the
causes tho carrying inward of tj 0 ™the conE point or anvih breaking
«"* from th ° eeneratorto
3S “CS SSS SC*. i»«.*• <“> p “““' “ tal ” 8 ' hn “
"KSU. u.„ mm a. M
To accomplish the second object t ^ an-angH about its centre, so as to be
Tho contact Bpring referred to is made wira a
j 0 capablo of motion in cither direction. in9 t ^ dis0 upon the sleeve.
To it is attached extending partly around the disc,
In the inner face of the disc a gro
--«•
45 by an onsy curvo into tho path °f the Pin. bottom of the groove
£r0mth0 gr00V6
JW As before stated, the groovo oxtends only £* tflhf groove. . ’
50 of eBd of the sroove ' th6 pm
4 A.D. 1880.—N° 4021.
Brewer's Improvements in Magneto-electric Signal Apparatus.
takes against tho face of tlio disc outside of tlio groovo, and is simply pressed in
breaking tho shunt circuit, as boforo explained, causing continuous waves of current
to bo sent upon the lino, and a continuous signal to bo mado, soy, a continuous
ringing of a bell.
If, however, tho sleovo bo turned in tlio opposito direction tlio pin is hit by tho 5
outer edge of tho broadened end of tho groove and carried inward slightly, tho pin
taking in tho groove, leaving tho shunt closod so long ns tho pin is in tho groovo,
tho pin being forced inward, and tho shunt consequently broken, only when tho pin
posses out of tho groovo and rides upon tlio " land."
By this means tho current is sentupou tho lino during part of each revolution 10
only, with tho result that nil intermittent signal or a signal composed of sounds
with intervening pauses is givon.
In tho bottom of tho groovo referral to could bo mado a series of inclined or cam
faces following each other in any dosired soquonco, so that a regular dot and dash,
or nny other arbitrary signnl could bo given. 15
This arrangement permits of two distinct signals boing given without change of
apparatus or nny operation on tho pnrt of tlio operator oxcopt tlio inoro clrnngo of
direction of rotation.
Tho accompanying Drawings fully illustrato how tho Invention is carried into
effect. 20
Figure 1 is n plan view, partly in section, of an npparatus embodying tho
Invention.
Figure 2 is a part side viow, and
Figures 3, 4, and 5 nro views of details.
A is a magneto machine with field magnets a, a, bolweon whoso polar extensions 25
rotates tho armature B, and which is provided with commutators I, 1‘, from which
lend tho wires 1, 2, of tho main circuit.
This magneto machine mny bo of nny desired description, the ono hero represented
being used simply ns a typo of that class of mncliincs.
C is the main driving shnft connected to tlio slinft of tlio nrmnturo Bby gearing, 30
although it is evident that the shnft O may bo tho shnft of tho nrmnturo.
Upon the shnft C is tho loose sleeve S, to which is attached tlio hnudlo H, or a
pulley, or other equivalent may be substituted for tho handle.
In the side of the sleeve S is tho recess or slot d, in which takes tlio pin e,
secured in shaft C, uniting tho shaft.and sleeve, but allowing a limited motion of 35
the sleeve upon the shnft determined by the size of tho recess.
Upon the inner end of tho sleeve is the disc D, in whose inner faco is the groovo6
extending partially around the disc, ns more clearly shown in Figures 3 and 4.
As shewn, ono end b' of tho groovo is wider than tho other end c, the widening
being effected by a curving outward of the outer edgo of tho groove. At both ends 40
the bottom of tho groove conies up to tlio “ laud ” L between tho onds of thogroovo
by n gradual incline.
Tho disc D takes ngninst tho pin i, on spring E, n part / of which normally
makes contact with the contact point or anvil F.
Tlio pin t passes through a slab m in the Hide of tho box or framing. 45
1 ho spring E is twisted at a, so that its flnt surface lies in two planes at right
direction* ^' 0t * ler ’ * )u *’ having a common axis, so that it lias a movement in two
A shunt circuit is formed by conductors 3 and 4, 3 from 1 to the anvil F, and 4
from 2 to tho spring E. 50
Normnlly tlio parts are in tlio position shewn in Figures 1, 2, and 3, tho stress
the shunt circuit 1^ p° Ugh f' 11 '* forcin 8 the sleeve outward, nud keoping dosed
Jf.T *i 10 9 ^ cvo bo turned in tho direction of arrow 2, Figure 3, the sleovo at
the onlni °T ly ° n tho a,,nft C ' b,lt tho pin e taking against tho inclined face of 55
breaking thVLnUireuit. l ° ^ imVnrd * f ° rcinS back P in { nnd 8pnn8 *’
Brewer's Improvements in Magneto-electric Signal Apparatus.
Tho shaft and sleevo thou inovo together, and as tho pin i takes upon the plane
of tho disc outsido of tho groovo, tho shunt circuit is kept broken and a continuous
current is sent, which mny bo utilized for a continuous signnl call or otlior purpose.
If however tlio sleevo bo turned in tho direction of arrow 1, Figure 3, tlio pin i
5 is caught by tho enlarged end Id of the groovo, and remains in tho groove during a
part of the rotation.
During such part tho shunt is not broken, and no current goes to lino.
As tho pin rises up out of tho groovo and passes over tho “ hind ” L tlio shunt is
broken during tho tiino of its pnssago ovor such “land," and a current is sent to
10 Kne. . , „ . . . ,
Thus during each revolution of tho disc there is a period of current and a period
of no current, so that tho signal given is intermittent or broken up.
Fi'.ura 5 is a din"ram representation of a groovo straightened out. In tho bottom
of tho groovo inclines or cam surfaces o.o. could be made in such order sequence,
15 or relation to each other, ns might bo desired, so that a dehnito number, letter,
or othor arbitrary signal could be given,
Whilo in this arrangement tho sleeve is shown as mounted upon tlio mam
driving shaft, it is evident that it need not always bo placed thereon, but that it
may bo mounted upon any other shaft or on a special shaft driven from tho mam
20 <lrl r Y a n K. n a b ft n f ‘ w dc3crlbcd tho lmturo 0 f the said Invention, and in what manner tho
""'First 1 Tho combination with* 1 ™mate circuit’and a inagneto-olectric machine of
a ahunt'or short dreuit around thomacliino, and means for au f5 ,lna tically controUing,
26 upon tho operation of tho machine, tho shunt or short circuit, substantially as set
^Second. Tho combination of the diivingshaft of a ‘tngUudhlnl*
mo^c^ * ^ ll0 longitudinal <
30 movement of tho sleeve, substantially as sot . , ;tg midn curren t of a
■ Third. The combination wit’ s \™autLintically breaking such short circuit
shunt or short circuit, and means „ n ,l intermittently breaking it upon
entirely upon movement in one .‘ ", fortll .
movement in the othor direction, subst i > ^ ^ nmrrnoti0 e i cc tric machine, a
35 Fourth. The combination of the (In ° , mve a “determinate longitudinal
sleeve mounted thereon b "^ uto ,,, a tically operated by such sleovo to
movement thereon, and a cncuit . ... • ono direction and intermittently
10 or “ , "' s
different directions, substantia y ns se hereunto sot my
— 1 “Sir 0 ." a. i» - « - °»
45 thousand eight hundred nnd eighty one. ^ 0 BRE \VER, (l.s.)
LETTERS PATENT to Josoph Bond Morgan, of Colomnn Streot, in tlio
City of London, for an Invention of “ Improvements in Telephones.”
A communication from abroad by Thomas Alva Edison, of Monlo Park,
in tho State of New Jersey, in the United States of America.
PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION left by the said Joseph Bond Morgan at tho
Office of tho Commissioners of Patents on the 8th Decemboi 1880.
roapeeb of which Letters latent r 6 ... ] mn( ] re j and seventy seven,
10 SftlofoffSSni" Juno“one thousand eight hundred and seventy eight,
N According to one mode of carrying JlaSd
tho screw. Tho circuit wires aro conneeiea i ■ . 4 am j its not being ablo
S uSS^Sf l «253./ “>• 01
may bo used, or a disc or P 0 val or in any configuration so long os it is a
round, square, half^oin: 'tlSw 1 ^pSlbo, o" y ota^hape, and be filled with
* ££;.-* -»- - * ^‘ 1 *
weight and'dkc upon the diaphragm.
f Price 6tZ.] ___
2 A.D. 1880.—N° 5113.
Mo)ijan'» Improvements in Telephones.
In sumo eases two pieces of carbon or other finely divided conducting matter are
secured to the diaphragm, each carbon being connected to tho circuit. When in n
statu of rest tho two ends are in contact with cacti other.
Tho amount of initial pressure boing regulated by the bowing outwardly the
diaphragm by a spring at tho outsido thereof acted upon hy a screw or two flat
carbons may bo employed screwed to the diaphragm and adjusted so that’the ends
aro m contact, the bowing outwardly and inwardly of the diaphragm from the
normal position tending to incroaso or decrease the initial pressure.
According to another modification an inertia transmitter isconstructed consisting
of a diaphragm having a rubber fixture thereon, n flat or other spring sen-in- to in
hold the weight m position, and an adjusting screw whoso onds rest upon a carbon
disc 1 he operation is the same as in the device constructed according to tho mode
first Ijurcinbclore described ol carrying out this Invention.
A double inertia transmitter may lie constructed having two carbons connected
together, hence the dillereiico of pressure tnkes place at two points. The carbons IS
in the device first described and in the two hitter inertia transmitters may be
fastened to their cups permanently or they may bo loose, tho latter is preferable.
According to another modification an inertia telephone is constructed in the
following mannerA diaphragm, carbon button, ami rubber standanl are
employed with a weight, which is of iron, and is secured to a spring which may bo »0
made adjustable. A permanent magnet is also provided, which may lie made to ‘
ou^the'carbon° CC ^° * r0UI * IC we, sH thus increase or decrease the initial pressure
One of these transmitters may bo secured to a diaphragm, which in iU tun. ...ay
ina\ be pasted to a larger rubber diaphragm. ) 05
°_ r f ,lert f» tmiismiUer consists of a carbon and a qtmntily of"
whol^etag secured"!: uie di™,” ^ ^ ° f ‘ ,,U lho
dhiLraSTt^z^ rSKrs- wU * *? t kA 10 i , hu
to connect U,e rubber pMiUmCSm" “ " ^ ^ 30
'' d . d<dl lui ‘y ,ll! made of a pointed shape, and a spring which
senes to give to the weight an initial pressure and hold it in position-a screw
adjustable."" eCU ' d fr ° m U,U B| ‘ ri, '« t0 * bu point of the weight, alid thereby made
Jt£%T th ° '", ertia transmitting devices upon it may be secured to a 35
woouen case by at rings or elastiCH.
the dianlimU! 1 ^of tills type of transmitter consists of an upright attached to
disc which t l ° U VJ )ei : e 1 ,1 . { °* w *”ch upright is platinized and rests upon n carbon
m, " n 11,1 ad J l,8t «l»le cup. 1 40
carbon "‘"or II nt ,° f ll, “‘ li “I> l ' r »{!> n increases and decreases tho pressure upon tho
“ iven a , d .T ‘ • nS "! ,tU ;^ ,n, T C0,l!iiHt of a diaphragm and a spring lever which
pie°e which cnnnar.! 0I (l Ji '| l 10 n,o y“ me,, l «f tho diaphragm hy means of n hovel
which the snrimr !* i 1U w,t 1 t,lu ‘•'“I'nmgni. Tho cariion button against
rcnul-itc-J 1 v tl CS S S, ' ,blb ty 8U! >pondcd and closes the circuit; tho pressure is 45
A m,i l i movcw ? nt of tl10 diaphragm. ’ ‘
piece serves to'smmrllta - tllu carljon •wing between tho two; tho hovel
button witli them! 1 b ° tb evcrs “•‘““•taiicously, and they carry their carbon
wlfichtbe^prinirrett^^tlmv m " wy reccive 11 lmrd carbon rod 0 8“ i,1!t 50
tending to Inerrase tho mess ia b< T C ‘,’ nny ? ut ' vard movement of tho dinpliragiu
and between double springs, A Carbo " ' vheel ,lln >’ 10 uscd >“ liou of 11,0 rod
carbons connected 1 'trarii!,»!' 0 ^' ( | CI ' t '' U ! 1 ’ un ‘ n(,rt ' a telopliono is constructed with two
unon ,b„° i.?™ to a“ tllcl '- a » d >«*••»« on those carlious is a weight which is kept 55
_ Morgan's Improvements in Telephones.
block to which is secured a carbon, whilst on tho latter rests two springs, tho
forward movement of tho diaphragm increasing tho pressure at both points of
contact. Or a cup may ho employed with a carbon rod in it, whilst upon tho
carbon rests a lover, tho initial pressure of which may be varied by an oloctro-
6 magnet, which may bo tho primary coil of tiro indnotorium or disconnected
thcrofrom, or it may bo a permanent magnot, or ovon a spiral or flat spring may
bo used, or if tho diaphragm is held in tho right position its own weight may bo
used.
Another modification consists of an upright in tho bnso of which is tho carbon; on
10 this rests a weight, a hole boing drilled through it into which passes tho rod around
which tho adjusting spring is coiled, this serves to hold tho weight in position; by
means of a nut tho initial pressure may bo regulated.
Or the carbon connected to tho diaphragm may ho acted upon by a pendulous
spring with enrbon tips upon its extremity resting against the carbon, a woigbt
IS being also employed.
According to n further modification of inertia transmitter, weights are secured to
a lover pivotted from nn arm which connects with a diaphragm; the centre of this
lover rests upon a carbon button in a cup upon tho diaphragm; one of tho weights
is adjustable bo as to adjust the initial pressure.
20 Or four springs may be used secured to an insulnting block upon the diaphragm;
the current outers via the first spring, tiionoo passes through its enrbon .tips to
tho enrbon tips of tho second, third, and fourth springs, and out by tho fourth
P According to another part of this Invention a receiver is constructed upon the
25 electro .Holograph principle in the following mannerIt consists of a diaphragm,
n disc of clmlk or other inert substance saturated with phosphate of soda or other
proper chemical, to produce tho .Holograph action, and a spring connecting the
dinphrngm witli the disc tipped with palladium.
sssse;
«b. r,—“s';!
Tho (Holograph receiver may be arr
a diaphragm, a spring connecting tho t
ino with tho chalk; the chalk in this ca
upon them bv n »wung on these carious is n weight which is kept
increasing or decrcasinc Lt? , in,iulati "g rod, a nut boing provided for
b aecrcasing the tension of the spring. Or tho diaphragm may have a
resistmico^n^battc^^s 1 provided 1 j'a'magne^o^eceivor may bo used or a receiver an
oxact copy of tho transmitter.
»
Scanty
45 without tho intervention of an induction c , ru y° 01 . . n - C ssor is used to press
raising a lever bo made receivers or transn • . receiving; tho lover is
the spring from tho .liaj.hragm clowu; upon to h sp ^„ is farther
provided with a Imndlo and limiting 1 whonit is drawn up or down;
provided, also a rollor, which serves 1 When receiving, the pressure is put
60 both instruments aro similar in consti ^ ^ bufc w | 10Il transmitting tho
A.D. 1880.—N° 5113.
Morgan's Improvement* in Telephones.
is connected lo tlio other part; the vibration of tlio dinpliragm serves to reciprocate
the lever or spring over the surface of tlio block. I provide n push button arranged
to open the receiver circuit when transmitting, nnd, vice versa, open tlio transmitting
circuit when receiving, thus preventing the tertiary or primary coils of tlio
indiictorium from short circuiting each other's currents.
When the lover of the push kuy is up, tlio tertiary coil is connected through the °
primary with the receiver j when down, tho carbon transmitter is connected in
circuit and tlio tertiary circuit broken. Tho two chemical receivers may bo situato
in tho main lino with n condenser, the latter to provont tho circulation of earth
currents through the chalk nnd thus deteriorate them. . „
Tlio tertiary coils nro thus dispensed with.
I may mention that sticks, buttons, or discs of finely divided conducting matter,
may bo nmdo of the following named matcrinls:—Carbon, lamp black, anthracite
coal, bog coal, canucl coal, bituminous coni, retort carbon, carrcs carbon, coko
carbon, carbon from charring organic mntter, amorphous carbon, charred diamond u
chnrconl from organic matter, graphite, plumbago, blacklcad, carburet of iron, nnd
other carburets of the metals, metallized carbon, metallized graphite, metallized •
blneklcad, metallized lamp black, peroxide lead, peroxide manganese, iodido copper,
sulphido tin, sulphide iron, sulphide copper, sulphide antimony, sulphide nickel
sulphide cobalt, chnlcopyrite pyrites, sulphido bismuth, sulphido lead, galena, o 0
plumbic sulphides, sulphide chromium, sulphide mercury, and nil tho conducting
sulphides, also powdered platinum, phodiuin, ruthotun, palladium, iridium, tin,
copper, lend, zinc, iron, chromium, titanium, Aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium,
bismuth, borax, coilium, calcium, caritim, cobalt, coluinbium, didyuiutn, eubiurn,
glucinum, "old, hinthanium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, malybdiniuin] 25
nickel, niobium, norium, pelopium, amorphous phosphorus, selenium, silicon, silver! **
sodium, strntiuin, tcllumm, terbium, thommn, tungsten, uranium, vanadium,
ythriutn, zme, zirconium, magnetic oxide of iron, daryium, gallium.
Any known substance which conducts electricity, and which can bo powdered,
may bo moulded by itself, or mixed with one or more other conducting or 30
nonconducting substance to form tho tension regulator for a telephone.
hor making the ease of the telephone, any known wood, metal, or manufactured
or native substance may he used.
Specification.
A.D. 1880.—N° 5113.
Morgan’s Improvements in Telephones.
SPECIFICATION in pursuance of the conditions of the Lotters Patent filed
by tho Bald Joseph Bond Morgan in the Great Seal Patent Offico on tho
8th Juno 1881.
Joseph Bond Morgan, of Coleman Street, in tho City of London
5 “ Improvements in Telephones.” A communication from abroad by ThomnB
Alva Edison, of Menlo Park, in tho State of Now Jersey, United States of
Amorica.
Thia Invention relates chiefly to improvements upon tbo carbon telephone, in
respect of which Letters Patent were granted to tho said Thomas Alva Edison,
10 dated tho 30th day of July 1877, No. 2909, and 15 day of June 1878, No. 230 g!
In telephones heretofore mado uso of tho olcctrio current has passed through
carbon, or similar material having inforior conducting properties, and the movement
of tlio diaphragm os it responds to the atmospheric vibrations lias applied more or
less pressure of tho motnllio electrodes ngainst such carbon, and the oleetric current
15 on tho lino has thoreby boon varied so that at tlio distant station tho current
acting in an electro-magnet has given corresponding movements to the diaphragm
of tlio rccoiving instrument.
Tlio object of tho present Invention is to allow tlio diaphragm to respond to tho
atmospheric vibrations without being unduly checked, and at tho same time to
20 ensure tho necessary pressure and extent of surface contact between the carbon or
similar material and the electrodes to produce tlio corresponding electric changes or
undulations in the lino, , , ,, .
In tho Drawings tlio present improvements nro shown in some of tho various
forms which hnvo been avniled of for use in transmitting articulate speech. In
25 tlieso Fitnires tlio diaphragm is represented nt a with a suitable case b and mouth
piece c, tho diaphragm a resting upon or being secured at its edges to the said
Libo b. Tho carbon or similnr mnterinl for regulating tho electric condition of tho
In tlio sectional plan, Fig. 1, the carbon* lima cupd of insulating material
30 such ns hard rubber. One metallic clcctrodo e is m the form of a metal rivet that
holds tho cup d to tlio diaphragm, the carbon rests against this. The other
oleLtrodo isTn the form of a platiun disk at the end of tho screw / that passes
through tho spring o that is connected at its ends to tho cup d so that lie proper
tnrougu tno spring j mrbon hv tlio scrow. Thore is a woight h carried
35 Who snTn^mid ono wiro k is connected to tho diaphragm, and tho other wire l
3 Tho vibrations of tho diaphragm produced by speech or other
to tho nprvn 0 g. “. a vary tll0 0 i cc trio condition of tho circuit
sounds act consequence of tho weight /* acting by te
passing to tho d.stent^mstru ^ presguro is tho greatest tho
inertia to v ^y. t J““,P r ^° Iind t ho electric current will flow most freely; mad
40 resistance will ho the task' * f contact witll t i, e carbon will ho less, and the
when tbo praasuro is ess tlm M f jn 0 rtion. This modo of operation holds
olcctrio c “ I T£ nt . TLVmo LMteumonts heroin described whore the carbon is between
by its inertia to vary the pressure
45 on the carbon. f h oi h t,and its not being able to follow any rapid
Owing to thoi inertia ot tno g » a . difforenco of pressuro between the
movomonts o'the diaphragm, tho o ^ o]ectroae3 may a ] B0 bo tipped with
oloctrodcs and tho awjpn. iho carbon may be used, or a disk or picco of any
Specification.
Morgan'* Improvement* in Telephones.
or in any configuration so long as it is a woiglit. It may bo a hollow sphere, tube
or other shape, and bo filled with mercury or any othor heavy substance. ’ ’
The spring g may bo broad or narrow, and may bo bout in any shape between
tho weight and disk upon tho diaphragm.
Tho circuit wires may bo connected to tho primary coil of an inductorium with 5
battery in circuit.
Fig. 2 is tho saino ns Fig. 1, only tho spring g is nearly straight instead of boing
elliptical. In Fig. 0 tho adjusting screw / is mndo to act upon a magnet that
varies the initial pressure upon tho carbon by its proximity to tho weight h, which
is to bo of iron. Tho closer the polo of tho magnet is to tho iron weight tli’o more 10
the attraction will.be to draw tho weight from the carbon, and lessen the pressure
oxorted by the spring g that carries tho weight, and tho vice versa.
In Fig. 4 two weights h with sepnrato springs;/ are shown acting u|>on separalo
pieces of carbon. The current passes from k through ono spring and weight
through the first carbon and tho elcctrodo connected to tho diaphrngm, nnd back 13
through tho other olectrodo c, nnd carlxm weight nnd spring to tho other wire l of
tho circuit; the operation is as before set forth. Tho pressure of tho springs and
weights on tho carbons will bo varied by the screws that attach the springs to the
cups or arms </.
In Fig. 5 tho weight h is sustained by tho spring g that is supported upon arms 20
that interveno between tbo ciuls of tlio spring and tho cup <Z; otherwise it is
similar to the devico shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 0 represents the inertia transmitter as upon a small diaphragm a, nnd Uiu
is secured by adhesive material to a larger diaphragm which may bo of stretched
India rubber or other suitable material. Tho inertia of tho weight causes the 25
variations in pressure upon the carbon ns tho parts nro vibrated by tho sound
waves noting on tho diaphragm a 1 .
When a diaphragm is fastened at its edges nnd vibrated by tho notion of tho
sound waves in the atmosphere it becomes alternately con vox nnd concavo to a very
slight extent J his is availed of to produce more or lass pressure between two 30
pieces of carbon i, Figs. 7 & S, that are fastened upon the diaphragm, and their
faces touch each other. The circuit wires /.-, /, are connected to the clamping
devices of the respective pieces of carbon. Tho spring h' and set screw 6* serve to
apply more or less yielding pressure to tho diaphragm, nnd Ikjw tho same, nnd
regulate the initial pressure of one carbon against tho other. 35
J5y placing the carbon i. Fig. 9, against an arm n that is platinised at Urn point
ol contact the vibrations of the diaphragm and its change of slinpo vnry tho
Koreadd arm UP0I ‘ Ul ° Carb °"’ " mI I)roduce rifi0 nnd f,dl of olectric tumlion
Tho snino effect is produced when tho carbon i, Fig. 10, is betwoon two spring 40
arms n, n , and there is a double wedge shaped projection o on tho diaphragm that
acta to spread the springs or allow them to approach closer as the diaphragm a
nnd wedge o vibrate, and thereby tho pressure on tho carbon is vnriod.
t Mclino Fig. ]l ( may |>e employed with a spring n to net ns aforesaid,
tins caso tho stock p that carries the spring nnd carbon is to bo adjusted by tho 45
° w •’ to v '! r y ll "r position of tho parts to tho incline, nnd tho consequent initial
pressure of the spring upon tho carlxm. 1
• i 1 ;' ' lg ' , t' 10 carbon is in u cup that is adjusted by tho screw /, nnd tho
In Fb^iV 11 ’ 01 , 1 nrm 11 that bears against the lirbon.
stud upon U an .y '[ tl,e carl ;°" V" ■» U>° form of n hmall rod passed through a 50
of nlni in., ■ ; b ‘ V . "I 10 " 0,11,011 i lll “ ends ot llicso nrnis SIIOUIU uu
bo tho rese L T‘ l ut " ot in j ur «l by the electric action; this is also to
In FiTii n" U,e . elcctrodl,s 111111 on tho carbon,
conmnrativelv 'smi'i? n, *i nr,nS <J - dircct b' 0,1 11,0 carbon, and the weights h nro 5i
comparatively small; tho action in both Figs, 13 & 14 is tho same as before
- A.D. 1880—N° 6113. 7
_ Morgan’s Improvements m Telephones.
described, except that tho motion of tho diaphragm and carbon against tho spring
arms varios tho olectric tousion of tho line.
In Figs. 15 and 10 the carbon is in tho form of a roller i, bearing against tho
inclined onds of tho springs. In Fig, 15 only ono spring n is shown, in Fig. 10
5 there are two springs n, n\
In Fig. 17 tbo woiglit It, carbon i, nnd cup il aro similar to those in Fig. 1, but
tho spring g is helical, nnd its back end supported by an arm.
In Fig. 18 thoro are two carbons i, against which the weight h and spring g act,
and tho circuit is through tho carbons, the wires boing connected to a piece of
10 platina in onch recess that holds ono of the carbons. In thoso Figs. 17 & 18
there is a hole in each woiglit for the rod c J to pass through, which rod holds tho
weight in position.
Instead of the diaphragm resting at its edges upon tho coso it may bo suspended -
by cords or wires 1, 2, 3, 4, shown in Fig. 19. It is prefernblo to uso cords '•
15 of indin rubber to prevent the diaphragm continuing to vibrato, and transmit !
incorrect electric pulsations after tho atmospheric Bound waves liavo ceased.
The snmo effect is produced by spring fingers tipped with rubber bearing against
tho diaphragm, as shown at It 1 , Fig. 20. In this instanco tho circuit regulator and
inertia transmitter are shown upon a strip, it not being necessary to employ a
20 round diaphragm.
In Fig. 21 u mngnet 6 5 is represented for applying tho initial pressure to the
carbon ; this magnet nets through a lover upon the carbon i. Tho circuit of this
electro magnet mny pass through the primary of the inductorium, or tho lover may
bo provided with weights h, ns in Fig. 22, one of which weights may bo adjustable,
25 so as to apply the proper pressure to the diaphragm.
When the carbon is placed at one cud of a tube o', as in Fig. 23, and mercury
placed in the other part of tho tube, the operation will he tho same as before
described, the mercury forming a resistance, and by its inertia varying tho pressure
of the electrodes on the carbon i. . „„„„
•!« In some cases threo or four springs P are secured m an insulating block upon
' the diaphramn, as in Fig. 24, each spring having a block of hard carbon s at its
end The circuit wires are connected'to the first and last spring and tho varying
pressure of the carbons against each other as the diaphragm * 'y
rise and full of tension iu tho circuit corresponding to the mi waves acting
35 diaphragm. . ono fastened to the diaphragm, the other
«■ti'irrasi: 7 *
ss-st J- -
substantially as set forth, »i.„ and carbon or similar material iu
tho parts aro moved by tho diaphragm, as set toith.
A.D. 1880.—N° 6113.
Morgan’s Improvements in Telephones.
Fifth. Tho combination with tho weight and carbon of a diaphragm that is loose
at its edges, and hold by yielding supports, as sot forth.
Sixth. Tho combination with tho diaphragm of two piccos of carbon in contact
with each other circuit connections and means for keeping tho surfacos of tho
carbons in contact, as specified. 5
In witness whereof, I, tho said Joseph Bond Morgan, liavo to this my
Specification set my hand and seal, this Sovcnth day of Juno, Ono thousand
eight hundred and eighty one.
JOSEPH BOND MORGAN, (us.)
LONDON: l'nninl U
Printer
' *»««<*•* lti.MAuu fcv un »uid William Siuttish
to thn Qurrn'* moil Exerllrnt Majrrty.
jr Ilcr Mnjntj'i Stationery Offlcr.
1881.
BATCHELOR COLLECTION, UNBOUND DOCUMENTS, 1871-1911
The correspondence, technical notes, and other unbound documents in the
Batchelor Collection relate primarily to Batchelor's work with Edison during the
period 1878-1898. Included among the correspondence from 1878 are a substantial
number of letters about the phonograph, which are similar to those found in the
"Edison, T.A. - Advice" folder in the Document File Series. Many of the documents
from the 1880s pertain to Batchelor's activities as manager of the Edison electric
light interests in France (1881-1884) and as manager of the Edison Machine Works
(1884-1888). The correspondence from the 1890s is mainly concerned with
Batchelor's stock holdings. Important correspondents include Edison, Francis R.
Upton, Jay Gould, Henry Villard, and Cyrus W. Field.
There is also a substantial amount of technical material, much of it in
Edison's hand. Included are notes and drawings relating to electroplating and
thermoelectricity experiments (1879), designs for a portable photometer (1883),
and ore milling experiments (1898). There are also some drawings of the Gamier
engine; notes and charts on lamps, mostly from the lamp factory in Paris;
generator tests; and an undated chart on dynamos, listing specifications of the
various models.
Included also are agreements and other documents relating to the Edison
Phonograph Works; a bond and mortgage for property owned by Batchelor in
Newark, New Jersey; a memoir by Batchelor, written about 1905, concerning
Edison's early work on incandescent lighting during the fall of 1878; and
agreements by Edison for rights to his electric pen, phonograph, and telephone,
along with additional agreements concerning royalties owed to Batchelor for his
assistance in developing these inventions. There are some financial documents,
mostly relating to Batchelor's personal finances. These include statements of his
accounts (1881-1889) and a promissory note (1884). Other financial material
concerns the finances of the Edison Phonograph Works (1889 and 1897) and
inventories from the lamp factory in Paris (1882-1884).
The following categories of documents have not been filmed: routine lamp
tests (1883-1885); Batchelor's stock certificates (1884-1900); personal and business
correspondence after 1900 unrelated to Edison; correspondence among members of
Batchelor's family and other family-related documents; correspondence and other
documents relating to Batchelor's role as executor of the estate of John Kruesi;
routine documents such as forms, circulars, formal invitations, and undated
newspaper clippings.
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1871-1876
M0R1*QAQE-Flre and Tax Clausa.
mih Mmim, ~- *«>° f
(Sic (rfl h/l in the year of our Lord, One Thousand Eight Hundred and
Seventy o?tC gj thmtt
Xfmj/J &ci/the/or
of the sort/ of JlttOCltK i n the County ofJzIf e/t
and State of JfeiO f/Zjeif of the first part: gitlfl
_ ^Pster Jo am/ib c/L^ ._
of the yiy i(lf of den/Cl Z f in the County of JtJjeX
and State of u hto' f&ldilf .... —
of the second part:
SHUttWjWfllJ: That the said party of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of
cj'/x cJfctncl rcctl cmd ^ P/ffc/ o//a 7J
lawfid Money of the United States of America, to fu/n in hand well and tndy paid by
the said party of the second part, at or before the sealing and delivery of these presents, the
receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, and the said party of the first part therewith fully
satisfied contented and paid, hail: given, granted, bargained, sold, aliened, enfoepfed, conveyed
and confirmed, and by these presents do give, grant, bargain, sell, alien, enfoeff, convey and
confirm to the said parly of the second part, and to su a heirs and assigns forever: gUJ
/7lC*t Cettain
tract or parcel of land and premises, hereinafter
particularly described, situate, lying and being in the Si h/ of / ICtUOlff
in the County of Jt3i£JC and State of Jl'CtO feZJCtf
T>mutmna _ a/-_ /tie / Soti((< / ict.’f- ear net sf jj
J'CittdJulfi Jit if cl- ettid Jeeonci CtUenuc- * ffieutc?
hunting Joattiezti/ a ic tig /fie Jca/eifc/
Jnie of JToztf, Jtxfti one Jun tdxecl fee/-
Sfentc Jett/iUc/ at- light- anc/Ctd /o d 01 /ft
Jx/h Sheet and. /eazcitfet rae/ti Jeconci
tfetenue ^fO-enti/ foi/e ^feet- Jfiemu. SivuticxCt/
/oeuaCtdl -cc fl/t ~hith s/itrft Jfjeet oue^' Ann-
d lccI/ ket.fo sfccottcL Cloenue and (tiencc /
Jlfedeift/ Citonc/ Jftc Jon(fteifi/ /nit of
Jeeonci floe n lua JeOentc/ J-Se fee/- to
Mtc /ifuu ef fhgfn n fnej
Sting /fit Of on ctnd Ctee/fi ta/ccU £U
Jot inunAeio , 39. and f/o on /ifoe/f Jr" j!
on a Utci/o en httecl " Site /ero/iex/i/ defeug-
/tig Jo Se/er Jamf/ftffJ/og a fa cite Jn /he Jtft/
of SeiOcu/t d-f- ad/eiiuhg /he foie/joetd fiatffcf
/fie Joihf edict
f\>£mg /fie ccune fiituuvM eonJCL/cd fo
/(a ca/cl /iftcufec fiale/ttfox. Ay c/ced ■jiou't fda s&amfcfakj
Cinct Jcua/i f -ftto idtfe tScaxuig £i/en da/e J’leinDiffo
■"Ifiio Ulov/CfCtege fau'ig cjuUn fo ,ieenu a /?cu(- eJ~ttutS'\
Oeuticlti cihbit uuonty -tAcujfai — |
J with all and singular the profits, privileges and advantages, with the appurtenances j
to the same belonging or in any wise appertaining; m**, all the estate, right, title, interest, i
I property, claim and demand whatsoever, of the said party of the first part, of, in and to the
same, and of, in and to every part and parcel thereof: ®0 lUUl itO gpllltl, all and
singular$te above described land and premises, with the appurtenances, unto the said party of jj
the second part, JlJ ' heirs and assigns, to the only proper use, benefit, and behoof of !j
the said party of the second part, dt( J heirs and assigns, forever.
jijtowtlttl alMmjJSI, and it is agreed by and between the parties to these presents, that if the said
/&fiat fee fia/c/iefoc /u'a
heirs, executors, or administrators,
do and shall well and truly pay, or cause to be paid, to the said parly of the second part, or to
Si;* certain attorney or attorneys, heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns, the sum of j
y/ix /unuizect ciucl <jff^h/ c/o/Aaic fauj^uf moirei/
ajoieoatc/ t)i gjio'e • c/earc Jiom ///<* cfa/e /teucf
with lawful interest for the same, at the rate of seven per centum per annum, payable
rffrt/(an tit taffy
according to the condition of a certain (Bond bearing even date herewith, in the penal sum of
mf/((lff£(t y/itet (of tftrf fPoffctto
together with all National, State, County and (31 Ac/ Taxes which may be
asssseed upon the money now loaned and hereby secured to be paid; which Taxes, if they shall
be paid by the said party of the second part, shall, with interest thereon, be a lien upon the
premises hereby conveyed, and recoverable at the same time, and in the same manner as the
principal and interest secured to be paid by this mortgage |
without any deduction or defalcation
for taxes, assessments, or any other imposition whatsoever: then, and from thenceforth, these
presents and said obligation, and everything herein and therein contained, shall cease and be
void; anything herein and therein contained to the contrary in any wise notwithstanding; and
the said /S/lCllftf /&afC//ef£>l ^£H /(((‘itUf/ScCi
heirs, executors and administrators, doAcovenant and grant to and with the said party of the
second part ‘pK J heirs and assigns, that the said parly of the second part -fife J
heirs and assigns, shall and may from time to time, and at all times after default shall be
made in the performance of the proviso or condition herein contained, peaceably and quietly
enter into, have, hold, use, occupy, possess, and enjoy all and singular the above granted and
bargained premises zvith the appurtenances, without the let, suit, trouble, hindrance or denial
/6/iarffd rfafcAe/oo ‘/ccj
heirs or assigns, or of any other parson or persons whatsoever.
Um&fl u is also agreed by and between the parties to these presents, that the said party of the
first part shall and will keep the buildings erected and to be erected upon the lands above
conveyed, insured against loss or damage by fire, in some safe and responsible Insurance
Company or Companies, to an amount not less than
dollars, and assign the policy and certificate thereof to the said party of the second part as
collateral security for the payment of the principal and interest aforesaid; and in default
thereof, it shall be lawful for the said parly of the second part to effect such insurance, and the
premium and premiums paid for effecting the same shall be a lien on the said mortgaged
premises, added to the amount of the said (Bond or obligation, and secured by these presents,
and payable on demand with legal interest.
the said party of the first part ha7/‘ hereunto settle
hand and seal the day and year first above written.
litniii alt Wtm B|| tfie-se fWeafe, &
q-/'. J°har/fj MBatc/ulor
of the. y6Ml/
— of .<MfieC(/ClZ/6 ■ - in the County of
and State of M/dtO ^eid/l/ CTW held and firmly
MPltcr /oamfiOc/L-^
‘” a ‘ W df/uifar, Jfundml
lawful money of the United States of America to he paid to the said
fe/et
or to -ft i 3 certain Attorney, Executors, Administrators or Assigns: To which payment well
and truly to he made, J bind tnC/ddCfi lillf
Heirs, Executors and Administrators,
firmly by these presents. Sealed with nil/ Seal and dated the -M/IJ/-
day of l n die year of Our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred
and Seventy one
Site (Condition of the above ©litigation ijs smelt, That if the above bounden
J>/icnfcj /da/e/ie/oe fnj
Heirs, Executors and Administrators, shall well and truly pay or cause to be paid unto the
Pdtt nifi> 6 >cd Mu
Bxeoutors, Administrators or Assigns, the just and full sum of
?dix Jfiiudxeci mid ~J(/U/
lawful money aforesaid <!I flOi t((cUJ /flO/a M/d det/e Jldiec'/f n't Me
/cuofuC (nUienf- Haute cM- -Mie z<x/i ofi atueu ftezccu/-
/hi Ctimuiu fiaifcMfe icuuciutu/affy /e/tMiec a'Mft ciMMa//o//a ’
'jfci/e fottulif cutcC fiMy Jaxej eO/neli t/tai/ eiuei/td it/u+tt~tfa <
indue/ AidedMcat/cd auci /<eiefy ,eeettieM h 6c fiend ae ufiea
.66ft p rtfi yah pa oi e6<e Jncieu/tiic' dfi M(oMyc<yc c/t/eu fo dcu tu Mu }
ficu/uttut- cf Mte daiue cu<c( /Hcuit/y di'Ctt cfci/e Aetfuu/eLi
without any fraud or other (May, then the above Obligation to be Void, otherwise to remain m
full force and virtue.
||UUl it i]5 ItMlIlt) <XJ)WSSljJ §jfQWfd, 'Mat should any default be made in the payment
of the said interest, or any part thereof, on any day whereon the same is made payable , as
herein before expressed:) And%hould the same remain unpaid and in arrear for the space of
.jrof.ttf days, then awl from thenceforth, that is to say, after the lapse of the said
V tk.f days, the aforesaid principal sum of money, with all arrearage of
^interest thereon, shall at the option of the said ..
Executory, Administrators or Assigns, become and be due and payable immediately thereafter,
'■ flthoygh the Ifope above limited for the payment thereof may not then have expired, anything
herein before contained to the contrary thereof in anywise notwithstanding.
Signed, Sealed and Delivered ]
in the presence of j V
y
^Z-Z-'irf'-
j/Si?C- ■S’-' I '
^/j i(_st > /, f>T .(e e, —
, ^ oi<. -Afe * I*©' (sZ
$ifir$UQ. Qm-Cl^. OWsnrJCfc ,v~E ta^fUatfcu &wJL ftiZv‘
/ /tffl b&vc- /fhf'/Zt' .
/£ - c. <r./s~^£ > / /J'yf~ JduPtfnf, Air -'&->■ -ru. ^C..
/$&.ooZ<) /toeiody 2ido 'fhr&eZe*
7^y
t*»*c of fcto |crsc B . )
^ountji of ^sscs, | cj 2# a ^ouit f Common &/ea<r\ /to/den at
ififietml/, in a.ni/ft f/e bounty of ^Sidex, oft/e Welni f-^ytSX-
m t/e -//eat of (fiat .fifioii/(fine‘/fi/oiMane/fficp/t f/fian/kc/anfiS/evmty.~- ~J{fix.*~o
||'e it Hcincmbcral, That theday of &SQfVf
ill the year of Our Lord One Thousaiiie Efght Hundred and Seventy —
f
an Alien personally appeared in open Court, and prayed to he admitted to become a Citizen
of the United States, pursuant to the direction of the several Acts of Congress of the United
States of America, and the Supplements thereto, in such case made and provided: and the
said. Applicant having thereupon produced to the Court such evidence, made such declaration
and renunciation, and taken such oaths as are by said Acts required,:
j(i is ^lumiport |jrdtrtit bit the ^onrt, That the said Applicant be admitted to all the rights,
privileges and immunities of
JL jjW Citiscit °fl A |e fjjltiHctl ||>fafi}s af\
SX OOWVot ; 'i{Se^ :T ’ j w- & Jl * RANKS Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas,
in and for the County of Essex, do hereby certify that the foregoing is a true transcript from
the Records of Naturalization of said Court, as the same remain in my office.
Clerk
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1878
i I :
T H I a AGRCCM ENT entered into this seventh
DAY OF JANUARY EIOHTEEN HUNDRED AND SEVENTY EIGHT DY AND BETWEEN
THOB. A. EDISON OF MENLO PARK* MIDDLESEX COUNTY* 3TATE OF NEW JER¬
SEY AND DANIEL M. SOMERS OF THE CITY, COUNTY AND STATE OF NEW
YORK ANO HENRY J. DAVIES OF BROOKLYN, COUNTY OF KINC3 AND STATE
OF NEW YORK, WITNE33ETH :
W H E R E A S THE 3AID EDISON IS.THE INVENTOR OF A NEW
METHOD FOR RECORDING AND REPRODUCING THEREFROM THE HUMAN VOICE AMD
OTHER S0UND3 DY CAUSING SUCH 80UND3 TO VIORATE A MOBILE UODY THE
MOVEMENTS OF WHICH ARE RECORDED BY UNDULATION, DISPLACEMENT, SUB-
3TRACTION FROM, OR DEPOSIT UPON ANY MATERIAL AND THE REPRODUCTION
OF THE MOVEMENTS OF SUCH MOOILE QODY DY CAUSING ITU HECOHO OR A
COPY THEREOF TO GIVE MOTION TO ANOTHER OR THE SAME MOD ILE BODY FOR
WHICH HE DID APPLY FOR A PATENT IN THE UNITED STATE3 PATENT OFFICE
OECEMDER I5TH, 1877.
AND WHEREA3 THE SAID SOMERS AND DAVIES ACTING
TOGETHER AND NOT SEPARATELY ARE DESIROUS OF APPLYING THE PHONONETIC
APPARATUS OF THE SAID EDISON TO CLOCKS AND WATCHES, TO CAUSE SUCH
CLOCKS OR WATCHES TO CALL OUT THE TIME AT CERTAIN INTERVALS AND TO
REPRODUCE SOUNDS SINGING OR OHORT SENTENCES MOT EXCEEDING
WORDS. SUCH APPARATUS DEING ACTUATED CITHER DY THE CLOCK OR WATCH
MOVEMENT IT3ELF OR FROM A SUBSIDIARY MOVEMENT PLACED WITHIN SUCH
CLOCK OR WATCH, 3UCH WORDS ANO SOUNDS DEING SOLELY INTENDED AND
ADAPTED TO REPLACE |OR TO DC IN ADDITION TOJ THE STRIKING AND ALARM
MOVEMENT IN CLOCKS ANU WATCHES..
THEREFORE BE IT AGREED THAT FOR AND IN OONSIUER-
DOLLAR IN HAND PAID TO THE BAI0 EOISON
PAY TO THE 3A10 EDISON TEN PER CENT. ON THEIR ACTUAL BELLING WICE
Y/HICH PERCENTAGE OHALL AMOUNT TO NOT LEB9 THAN ONE AND A HALF
CENTS FOR EACH CLOCK AND ONE AND A HALF CENTO FOR EACH WATCH.
IT 13 EXHHeUOLY AGREED AND UNDERSTOOD DY THE 3AID OOMERB AND DAVIES
THAT NOTHING IN THIB CONTRACT SHALL BE CON3TPUED TO GIVC THEM THE
IICHT WHATSOEVER TO MANUFACTURE OR
: TO BE MANUFACTURED OS 6
ihant to otherb any right i
BELL OR MANUFACTURE ANY APPARATU3 EMBODYING THE INVENTION OF 3AI0
EOI BON EXCEPT WHEN SUCH APPARATUS IS APPLIED TO CLOCKS OR WATCHES
AFORESAIO, ANU ONLY FOB THE PURP6SE3 3PECIFIE0.
IT 10 FUBTHEB ACBEED THAT IF THE 3 AID
00MEB3 AND OAV I ES FAIL TO BENDEB BUCH TBUE AND COBBECT MONTHLY
| {STATEMENT OF ALL OALEO, OB APPARATUS MANUFACTURED OB CAU3ED TO tlE
MANUFACTURED FOB EACH AND EVERY MONTH DURING THE CONTINUANCE OF
THIS CONTRACT A3 HEREIN PBOVIOED OB FAIL TO PAY THE DUM3 DUE TO
THE 3AID EDISON FOB ROYALTY AT THE PERIODS HEREIN MENTIONED OB IF
THE TOTAL SUM PAID TO 9AID EDISON ON ACCOUNT OF ROYALTIES SHALL
SE LESS THAN THREE THOUSAND DOLLARS IN CACH AND EVERY YEAR COMMEN¬
CING BIX MONTHS FROM THE UATE HEREOF, THEN THE SAID EDISON SHALL
HAVE THE RICHT TO TERMINATE THIS AGREEMENT ANU ALL RIGHTS UNUER IT
UPON GIVING THREE MONTHS PREVIOUS NOTICE IN WRITING OR THE SAID
CO I SON MAY in THAT EVENT GRANT TO ANY OTHER PARTY OR PARTIES A
LICEN3E OR LICENSES TO MANUFACTURE SUCH APPARATUS. IT IS FURTHER
PROVIDEO THAT AFTER THE EXPIRATION OF THIS CONTRACT IT MAY AT THE
OPTION OF THE SAID SOMERS AND DAVIES OE EXTENDED FROM YEAR TO YEAR
DURING THE EXISTENCE OF THE PATENT FOR THE SAID INVENTION PROVIDING
ALL THE PR0VI3I0N3 OF THIS CONTRACT HAVE OEEN CARRIED OUT IN GOOO
FAITH and THE ROYALTY PAID SAID EDISON HAS NOT BEEN LESS THAN
THREE THOUUAND DOLLARS IN THE YEAR PREVIOUS TO THE DATE OF ITS
TERMINATION.
IT 13 FURTHER AGREED ON THE PART OF THE
3AI0 30MER3 AND DAVIEO THAT THEY WILL NOT TRANSFER THIS CONTRACT
TO ANY OTHER PERSON OR PERSONS WITHOUT THE CONSENT IN WRITING OF
THE 3AI0 EDISON AND THAT THEY CAN NOT ORANT ANY LICENSE OR RIGHT
TO MANUFACTURE TO ANY OTHER PARTY, BUT IN CA3E OF DEATH OF EITHER
30MER3 OR DAVIES, OB BOTH OF THEM, THEjRIOHTS CIVCN BY THIS AGREE¬
MENT SHALL EXTEND
THE DECEASED UPON
:IN 3ET FORTH,
IT 13 FURTHER A C R E E Q THAT THE SAID
EDISON WILL GRANT AND 00E8 HEREBY GRANT TO THE SAID SOMERS AND
OAVIE3 THE RIGHT TO MAKE THREE SPEAKING PH0N0GRAPH3 TO BE USED
SOLELY TO PROOUCE ORIGINAL MATRICES TO ENABLE DIES, ELECTROTYPES,
OR CAOTS TO BE MAOE FROM THE RECORDS i’ROOUCEO QY SUCH MACHINES FOR
THE RAPID MULTIPLICATION OF SUCH RECORD TO OE USED IN THE CLOCKS
AND WATCHES AF0RE3AI0 AND THESE MACHINES ARE TO BE USED FOR NO
OTHER PURPOSE.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF WE HAVE HEREUNTO SET OUR
HANDS AND SEALS THE DAY AND YEAR FIRST AOOVE WRITTEN.
o£oue GowA/-vcx&f of-feOc.o-p cf uJiu Vw.e^i(£_
1v1*€ "t'fcCj cX @~tX u>eca. p CivtZZa ~J P_
'• 'W^UJ tw |p_*-
+5"tr—10 cjz^zzinz -tzj: p^r r
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^Excf* fr. «. - . Co * p ' Cc' ’ L/
!■ ' Vw! -' “Cfci C,^^fcrz32 ? v--< ^ -tr P><^ V Lr' ^
c?«T $ 'ter (^ilT) ^
; "Cc O’E ^ rnr g •* t .
< 3 ^L cu^L
i - 1 ;-*
3 ACREEMEKT ENTERED INTO THIS j ' DAY OF JANUARY
EIGHTEEN HUNDRED AMD SEVENTY EIGHT BY AMD BETWEEN THOMAS A, EDISON
OF MENLO PARK, MIDDLESEX CO. STATE OF NEW UCRSCY AND OLIVCR.D,
RUSSELL OF THE CITY, COUNTY AND STATE .OF NEW YORK, WITNESSETH! —
WHEREAS THE SAID EDISON IS THE INVENTOR OF A
NEW METHOD FOR RECORDING AND REPRODUCING THEREFROM THE HUMAN VOICE
AND OTHER SOUNDS, BY CAUSING SUCH S0UND3 TO VIBRATE A MOBILE
BODY THE MOVEMENTS OF WHICH ARE RCCORDED BY INDENTATION, DISPLACE¬
MENT, SUBSTRACTI ON FROM OR DEPOSIT UPON ANY MATERIAL, AND THE RE¬
PRODUCTION OF THE MOVEMENTS OF SUCH MOBILE BODY BY CAUSING ITS
RECORD OR A COPY THEREOF TO GIVE MOTION TO ANOTHER OR THE SAME
MOBILE BODY; FOR WHICH HE DID APPLY FOR A PATENT IN THE UNITED
STATES PATENT OFFICE, DECEMBER I&TH 1877. AND WHEREAS THE SAID
RUSSELL IS DESIr/oUS OF ENGACING IN THE BUSINESS OF MANUFACTURING
OR HAVING MANUFACTURED AND SELLINC TO THE TOY TRADE APPARATUS
ADAPTED 4&.NLY TO THE FOLLOWING TOYS.
FIRST:-- TO DOLLS TO SPEAK SIXTY WORDS OR LEGS OR MAKE
VARIOUS SOUNDS.
SECOND:-- TO A TOY MUSICAL BOX WHICH SHALL PRODUCE BUT
ONE TUNE, EITHER VOCAL OR INSTRUMENTAL AND SUITABLE ONLY FOR CHIL¬
DREN.
THIRD ;-- TO A TOY SPEAKING BOX WHICH SHALL REPRODUCE
j SEVERAL SENTENCES, CONTAINING NOT MORE THAN SIXTY W0RD3 IN ALL.
fourth;-- to toy animals, birds and reptiles to make
I VARIOUS SOUNDS AMD TO MALE AND FEMALE HUMAN FIGURES TO UTTER SIXTY
j WORD3 OR LESS.
<1
and sell such apparatus for that application and it shall come un-
|j OER the provisions of this contract, provided however that the
jf T0Y T0 which the application is oesired to oe made is strictly a
II T0Y F0R THE USE AND amusement of children and which shall not be
I USEF0L IN BUSINESS transactions or in the arts, sciences, or for
I ANY USEFUL PURP00E other than for the instruction and amusement
Jli 0F ohildren. it oeing expressly acreeo and understood by the
I 3AID RUSSELL THAT NOTHING IN THIS CONTRACT SHALL BE C0W3TRUED TO
j; CIVE HIM THE SAID RUSSELL ANY RIGHT WHATSOEVER TO MANUFACTURE, OR
| CAUSE TO BE MANUFACTURED OR SELL OR CRANT TO 0THER3 ANY RIGHTS TO
MANUFACTURE OR SELL ANY APPARATUS EMBODYING THE INVENTION OF SAID
| EDISON HEREIN SET FORTH EXCEPT WHEN SUCH APPARATUS IS APPLIED TO
: THE TOY ARTICLES HERETOOEFORE MENTIONED OR WHICH MAY BE ADDED
j THERETO AS HEREIN PROVIDED.
IT IS FURTHER AGREED THAT THE SAID EDISON WILL GRANT AND
DOES HEREBY GRANT TO THE SAID RUSSELL THE RIGHT TO MAKE THREE
; SPEAKING PHONOGRAPHS TO OE USED SOLELY TO PRODUCE ORIGINAL MATRt*^
!; T0 EfUU1 - E D,ES > 0R ELECTROTYPES OR CASTS TO be MADE FROM THE
}■ REC0RDS PRODUCED BY SUCH MACHINES, FOR THE RAPID MULTIPLICATION OF
| SUCH REC0RDS T0 BE USED IN THC TOYS AFORESAID, AND THESE MACHINES
If ARE T0 aE USED FOR NO OTHER PURPOSE.
IT IS FURTHER AGREED THAT IF THE SAID RUSSELL FAILS TO
j; RENDER A TRUE AN0 CORRECT MONTHLY STATEMENT OF ALL SALES FOR EACH
I A,,iD EVERV M0NTH D6JR,NC THE CONTINUANCE OF THIS CONTRACT AS HEREIN
I provided or fails to pa y the sums due the said Edison at the periods
ji HERE ' N MENTIONED OR 0^ THE TOTAL SUM PAID THE SAID EDISON ON AC-
r OF ROYALTY, SHALL &Y/ LESS THAN SIX THOUSAND DOLLARS ,N EACH
:/ERY YEAR COMMENCING SIX MONTHS FROM THE DATE jj\\ ERE O^F THEN
.AID EDISON SHALL HAVE THE RIGHT TO TERMINATE THIS AGREEMENT
THAT
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CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
LETTERS TO THOMAS A. EDISON
The following documents, dated April 5, 187S through June 10, 1878
found together in one folder.
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CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1882
EDISON
ietd anonymo, Capital: BN MILLION da franca
STATUTS
ar M" Baudrier et Megret, Notaires A Pi
LE 2 FivniER 1882
. PARIS
IPRIMERIE V* £THI0U-F£R0U
Sooioti anonyms, Capital: UN MILLION do Iran
M£guet, Notai:
PARIS
jSTHIOTT-FfiROU
COMPAGNIE CONTINENT ALE
EDISON
Mid anonymc, Capital: UN MILLION de francs
STATUTS
Dhess6s pab actb bequ pab M“ Baudiiieb et MGohet
Notaibes a Pabis, IE 2 FHyhieb 1882
TITRE I
Formation ot objet do la Sooiote. — Denomination.
It esl formd pap ces prdscntes, ontre les propridtaircs des
notions qui vont dire ci-aprbs crddcs, uno Socidtd nnonymo nux
conditions imposdcs par la loi du 2i juillet 1807.
Aht. 2.
Ln Socidtd a pour objet:
1" D'assuror la mise on valeur des brovols ris ou :i prondro
dans lcs dilfdronts pays de l’Europe ci-apres ddsignds, pour los
inventions de M. Edison, pour mesuror, distribuer ot appliquor
lcs courants dlectriqucs pour la production do la lumibro dlcc-
triquo et la transmission do la force motrice, et gdndralement l’ox-
ploitation commorcialo ot industriollo, mdmo par l’dtablissemont
d'agonces et do succursnlcs dans lcs difTdronts pays d’Europc
ci-apris indiquds, do tous brovots ot cortificats d’addition ou do
porroctionnomont pris ou A prendre, commo il ost dit article C
concornant la distribution dos couranls dlcolriques, la production
ol la transmission do la lumi&rc dloclriquo ct do la forco motrico;
3° La vonto dosdits brovots ol la cession do licences; onun
mot, lamiso on valeur, sous quolquo formo quo cc soil, dosdits
brovots, mais sous Ios conditions qui soront slipuldes mix
>n do: Compagnie con-
La durdo ost llxde 4 cinquantoans, du jour do sa constitution.
Colto durdo pourra Ctro prorogdo, par ddcision de l’Assombldo
gdndralo, dans les formes qui seronl ddtormindes ci-aprbs.
Anr. !>.
Son sibgo est dlabli A Paris, 27, ruo do la Chaussdo-d’Antin.
II pourra dtro transfdrd dans tout autre endroil dans Paris, par •
simple ddcision du Conscil d’administralion. ■
<5)« i^L Lm-J i'edwiMti
TITRE II
§ i".
MM. Batch ELon, Bailee et Puskas, au nom do M. Edison el
do la Light Company, conjoinlcmcnt ot solidairomont,
Apportont 4 laprdsonto Sooidtd ot sans autre garantio quo cello
do lour existence tousles brovots ddji pris pour les inventions do
M. Edison, ainsi quo pour tous objots ou apparoils dovant dtro
utilisds pour la lumidro dloctriquo, ainsi quo tous brovots depor-
foctionnomont, cortiflcats d’addition, ot oofln tous brovots pour
lcs nouvellcs invontions 4 prondro pendant cinq uns, 4 compter
du jour do la constitution do la prdsonto Socidtd, mois soulomont
dans lcs pays suivants :
; -P La Franco ot les colonics fransaisos ;
2“ La Belgique;
3" Lo Danomark;
4” L’Empiro d’Allomagno;
5° L’Autricho ct la Ilongric;
6” La Russio;
. 7° L’ltalio;
8° L’Espagno (los colonies espagnolcs oxcoptdos).
Lcs mandataircs do M. Edison et do la Light Company, faisanl
rdsorvo oxprosse, au profit do lours mandanls, dos brovots pris ou
4 prondro, brovots do porfcctionnomont ou cortificats d’addition
dans lo royaumo uni do Grando-Brotagno otd’Irlande, lo Por¬
tugal, la Suddo ot la Norvdgo, pour les invontions dont ost ci-
dessus question.
Do plus, les mandataircs do M. Edison ot do la Light Company
ongagont coux-ci pendant cinq ans, 4 partir du jour do la consti¬
tution do la prdsonto Socidtd, 4 donnor 4 cotto Socidtd toutes
descriptions ot tous dossins ou modifies qui pourront dtro ndees-
saircs pour la priso do brovots pour toutes inventions ou tous
pcrfectionnomonts dans tous lcs pays d’Europo non rdsorvds
ci-dossus; ontant.bion ontondu, quo ces invontions oteosporfee-
tionnemonts so rapporteront 4 la distribution dos courants dlectri-
ques ot 4 la production ct la transmission de lalumibro dlcctrique
ot do la force motrico, commo il est dit article 2.
Do plus.oncoro, 4 l’oxpiration dosdits cinq ans, MM. Ios man¬
dataircs do M. Edison ongagont cclui-ci pour douzo anndes do
plus cl suns utilro gnranlio quo colic do lour oxislcnco it fournir it
la Sooidtd tout co qui pourra Ctro ndccssaire pour la priso do
brovets pour lcs inventions rail03 par lui pendant cotta pdriodo.
M. Edison dovrn olTrir a la prdsonlo Socidtd do lui fniro apport
dosdils brovets, nux mimes fins ot dans la mCme mesnro quo pour
los brevets nctuollemont cxistants; ol, dans lo cas oil M. Edison ol
In Socidtd no pourraiont s’ontondro sur los avanlnges A fuiro a
M. Edison, los parties s'ongagcnt d’bonnour a los fairo ddtermincr
par arbitres.
Tous cos nouveaux brevets, brevets do perfccllonncincnls ou
icrliilcats d’addition, serontpris au nom doM. Edison; mais, on
•aison du prdsont apport, los droits do propridtd de la Socidtd
Ians lesdits brovols, brevets do perfectionncment ou certiflcnts
1'addition, soront lcs mdmes quo ceux que la Socidte possddcra
iur lcs brevets nclucls.
Tous les frais qui seronl fails poor fournir des descriptions,
les dessins ou modules scront supporlds par la prdsento Socidtd,
insi quo tous droits el frais fails et payds pour la priso do brevets
louveaux, it partir du jour do la constitution de la Socidtd.
. Tous les brevets ddja pris et faisant partie du prdsont apport
c'ront remis a la Socidtd Io jour do sa constitution ddflnitivc.
Ces brevets rostoront entro les mains do la Socidtd et seront
mus a la disposition do M. Edison cl do la Light Company, qui
uronl le droit, soil d’en prendre communication sur place, soil
'on prendre communication sur rdcdpissd et sans frais, a toutc
poque.
Les mnndnlaircs de M. Edison otdola Light Company onga-
ent ocux-ci, quandils en seront requis, it donner lour concours
our 1 accomplissemont des formalitds ldgalcs ndccssaircs pour
ssurer a la Socidtd lo droit it la propridtd desdits brovots, brevets
e perrectionnoment et certificate d’addilion pris ou it prendro ct
ui font partie du prdsent apport.
De leur cdtd, les mandalaircs de la Light Company interdisent
la Light Company d’oxploilor directement ou indirectemcnt les
iventions de M. Edison, en tarit qu’elles ont rapport it la lumiero
eclnquo et it la force motrico, dans tous lcs paysd'Europo oil la
11 est bten entendu quo lesdits brevets,-on ce qutconcerne
lous autres objets quo coux oi-dessus dnoneds, restent la propridtd
Bxclusivo do M. Edison et de la Light Company, et quo la prdsento
Socidtd n’aura la propridtd exclusive desdits brevets et inventions
qu’on ce qui concerns les objots ci-dessus dnoneds et apportds.
Dans le cas oil les lois du pays autre quo la Franco no por-
motlraioht pas la division do propridtd dons les brovols do la
manifere susdite, M. Edison et la Light Company devront trnns-
fdror a la Socidtd lo droit oxolusif it l’usage do tous ces brevets
pour les objots ddnommdsau prdsont apport.
Dans toutos ventes ou alidnations do brevets ou de droits s’j
rattachant, lcs droits rdscrvds par M. Edison etla Light Compani
sont oxprossdment conservds.
V^a vento totalo d’un ou do plusieurs brevets dansun des 1 hj/i
d’EurSpeou la concession de licenco pour la totalitd d’un de :ei
Elats no seJvyalable qu’aveclo consentementexpressdmealdonni
propow
r, ropousseraicnt ui
is do trouver propei
irdsonto Sooidtd nuront
isultant do tous traitds qui
laLight Company. Dans
Light Cotnpmy n'arrivoraient
los trois nlsls do la date do lour ri
avnntageuses qba^ellcs proposes pa
co pronour 4 PaccopMqndo cotto ifc
Dans co cas, los actiShui
toujours droit 1 20 des bdnSfk
poiirraiont 6lro conclus par M/i
lo cas contrairo ob M. lidjso
pas dans ledit ddlniikHrois moii 4 trouvor proiteqr it dcs C(
ditionsjplus avaijlrfgouses, les actiJnnaires do la prdsohto Sooidtd
auront droit^pour tous traitds ultdfiouromont conclus para
Htfquo lors du premier oontrat par olio proposd,
desjjdndllcos on plus a litre d’ilidomnitd ii forfait 4 payer p4i\
Edison ot la Light Company, on doliors des 20 susditsX
La Socidtd, lorsqu’ello fora des cessions dcsdils brevets ou
do quclqucs-uns d’entre cux4 d’aulrcs Socidtds,. devrn slipuler,
a moins quo les lois du pays oil lesdites Socidtds soronl conslitudcs
ne s’y opposont, qu’un tiers an moins dos membres du Conseil
d’administration, dans lesdites Socidtds cossionnairos, sera
ddsignd parlnprdscnto Socidtd, qui s’engago vis-4-vis doM. Edison
ot la Light Company a lour rdservor la faculld do ddsigiier, au
moins un Adminislratcur pour fairo partic du tiers dont la prdssplo
Socidtd aura la ddsignation.
En outro, la prdsenlo Socidtd dovrn so rdservor lo droit do
contrOlor les ncqudrcurs do brevets ou do licences do brovots, atln
qu ils n on usent quo dans la mesure do la concession qui lour a
did accorddo.
S4.
M. Edison ot la Light Company so rdsorvenl lo droit d’inlor-
vomr avec la Socidtd ou ses nyants droit dans tous proc&s. on con-
trofaqon dcsdils brevets ou dans toutes nutres instances relatives
aux mCmos brevets quo la Socidtd jugora ndeessaires d’intentor
ou qui seraienl intontds contro olio. :
, ]tuV'JrJZilMu, finite'*
“■ I"-** 1 £<&<») t» athJtan tviJfLn.J'
I. Batcholor, Bailey ot Puskas, au nom do M. Edison et dj/
ht Company, stipulent au pl'ollt do lours mandants, !i m
de leurs qualitds d’invonteurs
npportds on Socidtd, lo droit
s’opposcr 4 iquto fusion avec
cession do touN^actif social
oncoro a dos confrqts do participJ
Toutofois,
du jour ob M. Edison
d’dtro nominativemont pbqpridti|ii
des 80 % 8ur los bdndtlcos i
do propridtoires des Y\
4 fait personnel ot inudssible do
Ires Socidtds, 4 toils npporls ou
partio sculcmopt dudit actif, ou
tos Socidtds.
pouvoipditro recouvrd, 4 parlir
Company cossoront eux-mdmes
un cinquidme
fur sont ottribuds par l’articlo 43
a partir/lu jou bb M. Edison ot la Light Com-
l’dtrp^nominnti cmoU propridtaires d’au moins
iodit cinqui&mo dco'BO %surles bdndtirasattribuds par Particle 43
ci-apres, ils eedseront en mfin o temps B^voir droit aux con¬
ventions rajqfortdes sous lo para ;rapho 3 du pxdsent article.
o nommdo par M. Edison ot lasQght Company
dolour reprdsentant pou ra toujours assisleKi toutes les
. rtfioAs du Conseil d’administ ation de la prdsente Soitiqtd, mais
do voix consultative soulemon(t. \
MM. Batchelor, Builoy ot Puskas ont 4 l’instont reprdsentd
aux notairos soussignds l’dtat des brovots franqais et dtrangers
apportds on Socidtd par M. Edison et la Light Company, lcquel
dint, dressd sur uno feuillo do limbro do 1 franc 80. cen¬
times, non oncoro enregislrd, mais qui lo sora en mdrno temps
quo los prdsentes, cst demeurd ci-annoxd, a pres avoir did ccrtilld
vdritablo par MM. Batchelor, Bailey et Puskas ot aprds quo
mention de son annexe a did fnito dcssus par les notaires 4 Paris
soussignds.
En co qui concorno les brovots franqais, transcription du
prdsent apport sera faite 4 la Prdfccturo do la Seino aussitdt nprds
ccltc constitution, lo tout aux frnis do la prdsonto Socidtd.
Ibra son uirnirc personnels, nussilot nprbs su constitution, do loulos
les rormulilds Idgalos miccssnires ii romplir pour assuror l’oxdcution
do 1’iipporl foil ii lu prdsonto Socidtd par M. Edison cl la tight
Company.
En rcprdsonlalion do Pnpporl qui prdcbdo, il csl altribud ii
M. Edison ot ii la tight Company uno pari do bdndllces, comme t
sora dil il 1’iirliolo 43 ci-nprbs, uJlwiua. cL-Vw/L Cu\* C.U h*
■' ..
aJ.hk e..»jpv~ • .|.| T ni? 111
Lsieljiefc JfL >fJ S-Aiif itJfM.
tm jX UU£h£L~J'UUJ. L-
.. J(& ju Lu^.
ifrtrt) fttU *** 4 4 *i tf*o atfcJl'
dJ*u^Js.i.uJa. ; ■ . . „ ,
faiusKlitL [tdiluu ■
L tWn „X, Xd i~JT ; d . , . .. V i Holul Hu | . (f ' ~ L
par decision do l’Assombldo gdndralo dos aotionnaircs, sur la pro¬
position du Gonsoil d'administration.
Lo Consoil Ilxora los conditions dos (missions nouvollos.
La prdfdronco pour la sousoription aux nouvollos actions osl
rdsorvdo, savoir :
Un quart aux souscriptours des' actions qui vont constituor Io
capital primitif do la Socidtd, on proportion do loin's souscriptions
ou il lours ayanls droit;
Dn quart au Gonsoil d’administration on oxoroico lors do
i’augmontation du capital social, afln dolui pcrmottro do paror aux
bosoins du sorvico;
Lo Gonsoil d'administration ddtorminera, du rcslc, lo modo do
placement do ce quart,
Et moitid aux propridtairos des actions constituent le capita
social b l’dpoquo do cliaquo augmentation, dans la proportion du
nombro d’actions possdddes par cbacun d’oux.
Coux qui n’auraiont pas droit a uno action ontibro pourront so
j rdiinir pouroxorccr lour droit dans Ids conditions qui soront ddter-
inindcs par lo Consoil d’administration.
Los notions sont ddlachdcs d’tin rogistro i souche, rpvdluos
il’un numdro d’ordre ct signdos par doux Administratciirs oii pur
nn Administralour ot. uq ddldguc du Consoil d’administration.
En attendant la ddfWriinco dos litres, dos rdcdpissds provisoircs
sont ddlivrds.uux souscriptours des actions.
Los actions sont nominatives ou au portour, au choix dol’ayanl
La propridtd dos litres nominatil's cst dlablio par unc inscription
sur los registres do la Socidtd.
Lour cession s’opdro, conformdmcnt a l'miti$|p/36 du Code do
commerce, par uno ddclaration do transfert inscrite sur Ids rogis-
tres do la Socidtd ot signdo par lo cedant ot lo cossionnairo ou icurs
fondds do pouvoirs, et l’undes Administratours.
La cession dos litres au porieur s’opbro par la simplo tradi¬
tion du titro.
- 13
— 12 —
Tous les frais resultant du transferl sont 1 la charge do Tac-
qufirour.
La Socidld pout oxiger quo la signature ct la capacilfi dos
parties soionl ccrliflfies parun ofllcicr minisldriol.
Les litres sur losquols les versomonts fichus out fitfi cITeclufis
sont souls odmis au transferl.
Aht. to.
Chaquo action donno droit dans la proprifitfi do l’aclir social 4
line part proporlionnellc nu nombro dos actions fimisos, et dlo par-
licipc aux hfinfiflees sociaux dans les proportions qui scront indi-
qtifics ci-aprfis.
Les aclionnaircs no soront engagfis quo jusqu’4 concurrence du
montunt do chnquo action, au dola duquel tout nppcl do fonds
osl inlerdit.
Toule action cst indivisible.
La Socifitfi no rcconnait qu’un proprifilairo pour uno action.
Tous propnfilaires mdivis d’actions sont tonus do so fairo reprfi-
sonter par un soul d’entro cux.
Les l eprfiaontnnts ou cifiancicrs d’un aelionnaire no pouvont,
sous aucun prfitoxto, provoquer l’apposition dos scellfis sur los
hiens ot valours do la Socifitfi, ni on demandor lo partage ou la
licitation. Ils sont tonus do s'en rapportcr aux invontaires sociaux
et aux dfilibfiralions do l’Assomblfio gfinfiralc.
Am. 13.
Los dividondes do toute action, soit nominative, soit au por-
tour, sont valablomont payfis au portour dos litres ou du coupon.
'• Am. 14. '
Tout actionnniro qui a pordu son cortiflcat d’inscription d’ac-
lion nominative, parquelquofiVfinement quo cosoit, pout, onjus-
tiflant,do sa proprifitfi et do la porte do son cortiflcat, so fairo
romotlro par la Socifitfi un duplicata du titro pordu.
Co duplicata no sera dfilivrfi quo six mois uprfis notification,
par acto extrajudiciairo, 4 la Socifitfi ot.insertion dans un journal
d’annonces lfigales du dfiparlement do la Seine do la perte du
litre.
Lo duplicata sera inulifinable pobdant cinq ans, 4 dater de
Tinsertion ci-dessus mentionnfie, ot los intfirfits et dividendes ne
serontpayfis quo trois annfies aprfis ladito insertion.
L’inalifinabilitfi do l’action scrainscrite sur le duplicata.
Toutofois, l’aclionnairo qui voudra vondro ses actions avanl
l’expiration du tormo do cinq annfies ei-dossus flxfi sera tenu de
fournir a la Socifitfi uno caution figalo ii la valour des actions et aux
dividondes ot intfirfits calculfis pour los annfies reslant 4 courir,
d’apifes los intfirfits ot dividondes distribufis pendant les trois
annfies qui ontprficfidfi la perte du litre.
A l’figard des titros au porteur, il sera pl'Otfidfi cBhlbfffifimfinl
4 la loi du IS juin 1872.
TITRE IV
. Administration de la Sooietd, — Codseil d'administration.
Am. 15. '
La Socifitfi est admi nistrfio par un CortSoil compBSffi dfi' ti'ois
^Tnombres au moins ctdejhrmcmbi'es au plus.
Les memhros du ConSeil d’administration sont lidtntnfis par
l’Assemblfio gfinfiralc, sauf Co qui sera dit 4 l’article 10 cuapres
pour les trois premifiros annfies.
Lo Consoil, m6mo le premier, peut toujours so completer pro-
visoiromont, sauf ratification par la proohaine Assemble g<5n6-
■ Pnr (1 o w ng 't li i i i i fc-Tortiel* qu i pnfloMn , lo promier Consoil
d’adminislration oowHionipoefr do t°
IO-OOO.OIM3 tdlltluM"-’ i*-\
1 MM. Bailey,
tur
fioorges LedeS,
Elio Leon,
Maqmk,
Charles Porges,
Rau.
$■
Lesfonctions do ces Administralours slalutuiros dureronttrois
anndos.
11s pouvcnt fitro rddlus.
AnT. 17.
A l’oxpiration do la durde des fonctions des Administraleurs
slatutaircs, los Adminislratours seront nommcs pour cinq anndos,
sauf relfot des renouvollemonts dont il va fltre parld.
Lo renouvollomont a lieu a raison do deux membres ebaquo
annlio, otpar voie do tiragoausorl pendant les quatre anndos qui
suivronl los trois promitres.
La liuitifemo annde, s’il y u lieu, lous los mombros non
ddsignds antdrieuromcnl par lo sort seront soumis do .droit .4 la
Election.
Lo rcnouvellcmcnl aura lieu ensuito par ancionneld.
Tout mombro sortant peut Ctre rddlu.
Tout Administralcur noinmd en rcmplacement d’un autro.no
roste on fonctions quo jusqu'4 l'dpoquo oil dovaient expirer le
fonctions do colui qu’il romplaco.
Anr. H
Cbaque Administraleur doit dtro propridtaire de immt actions.
Dans la buitaino de sa nomination, il doit ddposer dans la caisse
sociale ces actions, qui sont inalidnables pendant la duree de ses
fonctions et affeetdes, conformdment A l’articlo 26 de la loi du
24 juillot 1867, A la garantie des actes de sa gestion.
Lcs litres do cos actions sont nominatifs el frappds d'un timbre
indiquant l’inalidnabilitd.
Chaquo anndo, lo Consoil nomme parmi ses membres un
Prdsident, un Vice-Prdsidont ct un Secrdtairo. Co dernier peut
litre pris cn debors du Conscil.
En cas d’absence ou d’empdohoment du Prdsident ou du Vice-
Prdsidont, le Conseil ddsigne cclui de ses membres qui doit
remplirles fonctions de Prdsidont.
Lo Prdsident et le Vice-Prdsidont peuvent toujours dire
rddlus.
AnT. 20.
Lo Conseil se rdunit au siege social aussi souvent que les
intdrdts do la Socidtd 1’oxigent et au moins deux fois chaque
La prdscnco de trois membres au moins csl ndeessairo pour la
validitd dcs ddlibdrations; mnis, dans co cas, les mombres prdsonts
dovront Otro munis des pouvoirs deleurs colldgucs, de fa$on que
es votes oxprimds roprdsentent au moins les deux tiers du Conseil,
cello proportion des deux tiers dtunt ndeessairo pour rendre
vnlablo loute ddcision prise par le Consoil.
Lcs ddlibdrations sont prises A la majoritd des voix dcs
membres prdsonts ou rcprdscntds; en cas de partage, la voix du
Prdsidont est prdponddranlo. Tout .Admjniatrnloup peut donner
oespouvoirsd un do ses colldgues'; copehdunt, unmombrodu
Consod no pout avoir plus do deux voix, y comprio la sienne.
Am. 21.
ies ddlibdrnlions du Consoil d'administrntion sent constatdos
parjes procds-yerbaux signds par lo President ot un autre
So n„ i. C0PleS ° U eXlrail3d0CC6 ‘•(SUbdration., 4 produiro on
jusUce ou ailleurs, sont signds par lo President du, 1 son ddfaut
par un Administrator ddldgud 4 cot effet. ’
ii "I 1 . "r" “ * '* I
, . Bon. ™' .1 lewsgraliHaiions, .'ll
sJL”" m “““ *' ”»“»» tam .nm t„ I.
— 17 —
Socidtd; il pout acceptor loutes garantics hypothecates ot, uu
besoin, autoriser toutes acquisitions do valours mobilises ot
d’immcublos on extinction partiollo ou totalodcs crdanccs.
11 peut contractor tous omprunts par voio d’ouverturo do
credits ou autroment, ot confdror toulcs gnranties, mdmeliypothd-
caircs.
II passo tous trailds et marchds do toutc nature.
11 ddcido, s’il y a lieu, pour la Socidtd, d’intontor toutes actions
on justice ot d’y ddfendro; il pout transiger, compromottro sur
tous les intdrdts do la Socidtd; il touclio toutes les sommes duos
4 la Socidtd.
Il consent tous ddsislcmonls do privileges, hypothdques,
actions rdsolutoires et autros droits do louto naturo; donno main-
lovdo do toutes inscriptions, saisios, oppositions et autres empd-
chements, lo tout avec ou sans paiement.
11 arrdte les comptes qui doivent litre soumis a l’Assomblde
gdndralo et propose la repartition du dividendo.
Il convoquo les Assembles gdndrnlcs; il soumet 41’Asscmblde
gdndralo les propositions do modifications ou additions nux prd-
sonts Statuts, d’augmonlnlion ou rdduction du fonds social,', ainsi
quo los questions do prorogation, fusion ou dissolution anticipdo
do la Socidtd, ainsi quo les questions relatives 4 tout contrat do
participation.
11 slatuo sur tous les intdrdts qui rcnlrcnt dans l’adrninis-
Irnlion do la Socidtd.
Lo Consoil d’ndministration pout ddldgucr tout ou purtie do
ses pouvoirs 4 un ou plusiours do ses membres, ou a l’un ou
l’autro dos Diroctours, ou 4 uno porsonno dtrangdro, par un
mandat spdeial, pour dcs objets detorminds ot pourjm^temps^^^ ^
U^ZL^
x consultative, toutes les fois qu’il y cst appeld
itrationW*
— <8 —
— 10 —
Am. 28.
Conformdmont 4 l’artido 32 tin Code do commerce, los mombros
da Consoil d’ndministration no conlractcnt, 4 raison do lour
(,'ostion, aucune obligation personncllo ni solidairo; ils no impen¬
dent quo do l’oxdcution do lour mandat.
TITRE V
Dos Commissairos.
Am. 28.
II est tonu cbaquo amnio, dans lo premier semostro, uno
Assombldo gdndralo au si6go social ou dans lo local,ddsignd par
le Consoil d’administration.
En oulro, l’Assombldo pout etre convoqude extraordinairoment
par lo Consoil d’adminislration ct, en cas d’urgenco, par le ou los
Commissairos.
Los convocations aux Assembles gdndralcs ordinaires ot aux
Assemblies gdndrales oxtraordinaircs sont faites par un avis
insdrd, vingt jours au moinsavanl lo jour do la rdunion, dans un
dcs journ,mix d’annoncos ldgalos du ddparlcmcnt do la Soino.
II ost nommd cbaquo anndo, on Assombldo gdndralo, un ou
plusiours Commissairos, aclionnuairos ou non, conformdmont a
I’article 32 do la loi du 24 juillot 4867.
Co ou ces Commissaires oxorcont la mission do vdrillcntion ou
do surveillance et tous los pouvoirs ddilnis en la dito loi.
II lour est alloud uno rdmundration dont l’importanco ost (lxdo
par l’Assembldo gdndralo.
Los Assemblies goner,ales ordinaires ct les Assemblies gdnd-
rales exlraordinaircs se composcnt do tous les actionnaires possd-
danl, depuis quinze jours au moins avant la date flxdc pour la
rdunion do 1’Assembldo, vtawi--actions libdrdes de tous les
versomonts debus ou appolds. (/tnjA/
Tout proprietairo d’au moins *»4tctions peut so ihire reprd-
senter par un mandalaire actionmufe membre do l’Assembldo.
TITRE VI
Assemblies genorolos.
Anri 27.
L’Assemblde gdndralo, rdgulidromont constitudo, reprdsonto
1 universalitd des actionnaires.
Les ddlibdrations de l’Assorabldo gdndralo, prises conformdmont
aux Statuts, obligcnt tous les actionnaires, mdmo absents ou dis-
Los propridlaircs d’aclions au portour, pour avoir le droit d’as-
sislcr ou do voter aux Assembldes gdndrales, doivenl ddposor lours
litres au sidgo do la Socidtd quinzo jnurs avant lour rdunion.
II lour est ddlivrd, on debange, une carte d’admission a l’As-
sombldc gdndralo, laquelle carlo sera nominative et pcrsonnelle.
AnT. 31.
L’Assembldo gdndralo est rdgulidromont constitudo lorsqu’ellc
ost composie d’un nombro d’actionnaires rcprdscntanl lo qunrt
au moins du capital social.
Art. 32.
Dans lo cas oil, sup uno premitro convocation, l’Assembldc
ggndralo ordinaire ou extraordinaire, sauf cello prdvue par l’nr-
H5cio 37) no rdunirait pas lo quart des actionnairos, .il serait pre¬
cede 4 uno socondo convocation 4 liuit jours d'intorvallo, et le
ddlai enlro la convocation ot la reunion serait, pour co cas, reduil
4 dix jours.
Los decisions prises par cotte socondo reunion soront valablos,
quel quo soit lo nombre dos nctionnaires ot des actions rcprd-
sentes, mais olios no pouvont porter que sur les objets 4 l’ordro
du jour de la premiere Assemble.
L’ordro du jour est arrfito par lo Conseil d’administration.
11 n’y est ports quo les propositions dmanant du Conseil ou qui
ont 616 communiquSes au Conseil dix jours nu moins avant la
rdunion, avec les signatures d’aclionnaires poss6dant ensemble un
quart du capital social.
L’Assembldo g6n6rnlo est pr6sid6o par lo President du Conseil
d'administration el, en cas d’empGchement ou d’absence, par nn
Adminislrateur d6sign6 par lo Conseil.
Les deux plus forts nctionnaires presents sont appolSs 4 rem-
plir les fonctions do Scrutatenrs-
Le Bureau dSsignc le Secretaire.
Art. 35.
Les deliberations sont prises 4 la majorite des voix des r
bros presents.
Clmcun d’eux a autant de voix qu’il repr6sento de fois
actions, soit par lui-m6mo, soit commo mnndalniro, ra'ais sans
pouvoir, on nucun cas, rdunir plus do vingt voix'.
Les votes ont liou au scrutin,lorsqu’il ost ! domand6 par dix
mcmbrcs au moins. >'■
Art. 36.
L’Assombieo g6n6ralo annuollo ontend lo rapport des Commis-
sairos sur la situation do la Soci6t6, sur lo bilan ot sur les comptes
prdsonlds par les Administratcurs.
Elio discuto ot, s’il y a liou, approuvo les comptos.
Elio (Ixo lo dividendo 4 rdpartir.
Elio nommo los Administratcurs et les Commissaires.
Elio deiibbro ot statuo souvcrainemcnt sur tous los int6r6ls do
la Societe et conftroau Conseil d’administration tous los pouvoirs
suppieincntaircs qui seraicnt rcconnus utiles.
AnT. 37.
L’Assombleo g6n6ralo oxtraordinairo pout, sur l'iniliativo du
Conseil d’administration, apportor anx presents Slatuts les addi¬
tions ot modifications dont l'utilite sera rcconnuo.
Elio decide notamment:
1° L’augmonlntion ou la reduction du fonds social.
Toutofois, aucuno diminution du capital octuol no pourra avoir
lieu, si co n’est par lofait do l’amortisscmcnt sur les b6n6flccs.
2° La prolongation ou la dissolution anlicip6e do la Societe.
Cepondant, la dissolution no pourra. jamais 6tro prononedo
quo pour enuso do porto dos trois quarts du capital social.
3° La fusion avec d’autros Sooi6t6s constitudes ou 4 consti-
i° L’apport ou la cession do tout l’actif social ou do partio
sculement duditactif, ainsi quo les controls do participation avec
d’autres Socidtds.
Toutofois, pour co qui concerns les decisions 4 prendro au
styot des fails prdvus sous les numdros 3 ot 4 oi-dessus, l’Asse.m-
J:Uurn JJlLLUk. bld0 f n6raI ° no P Qurra slatusr quo sous les conditions stipuldes w
:- _.1 sousjejiaragrapho cinqui&me dp l’artiolo 6 qui prdc&de. ~~-
Dsns les divors cas stipules sous le present articlo, I’Assemblde.
gdndralo no sorardguli6rement constitudo quo si olio cst composde
d'un nombre d’aotionnaires rcprdsontant la moitid au moins du
capital sooial.
Les ddlibdrations do I’Assembldo gdndralo sont constatdes par
des proces-verbaux inscrits sur un registro spdeial ot signds des
mombres du Bureau ou do la majoritd d’entro eux.
Dno feuillo do prdsence, contonant los noras ot domiciles des
actionnaircs membres do l’Asscmbldo et le nombro d'actions
dont chacun est portour, est cortiflde par lo Bureau et nnnexde au
procds-verbal.
Les copies ou exlraits 4 produiro, on justico ou ailleurs, des
ddlibdrations de l’Assembldo, sont signds par lo Prdsidont du
Consoil ou, 4 son ddfaut, par un Administrates ddldgud 4 cet
diet. b
fitat do situation. — Inventalro.
L’aimdo sopialo commenco lo t« jarivior 'oUinit lo 3 1 ddeembro.
Par oxcoption, lo premier oxorcico compronilralo tcmps dcould
dopuis la constitution do la Socidtd jusqu’au 31 ddeembro '1882.
Le Gonseil d’adminislration dresso, ebaquo semestro, un'dlat
sommairc de la situation active el passive do la Socidtd.
Cet dtnt cst mis 4 la disposition des Commissaires dans les
ddlais ldgaux.
II est en outre dtabli, cheque annde, conformdmont 4 l'article 9
du Codo do commerco, un invontairo contonant l’indication des
valours mobilities et immobiliisres et de toutes les dettes actives
et passives de la Socidtd.
Cet invontairo est prdsontd 4 l’Assembldo gdndralo et tout
actionnaire pout en prendro, 4 l’avanco, communication nu siego
social, ainsi quo do la lislo des actionnaircs.
Los produits do la Socidtd sorvent d’abord 4 acquitter 1(
ddponses ot charges gdndraiomont quolconquos de la Socidtd.
:J " /'Les produits nets, deduction faile des charges, constituent les
,J,Pj bdndflccs.
^ I Sur ces bdndllces, il est prdlovd :
V 5 % pour la constitution du fonds dp rdsorvo ldgalo,
. Et 11 % pour lo Consoil d’administration, qui en disposera .
/ com mo bon lui somblera.
am.£»J
l'"' ('1.
tw <.dtau.Li-Al. • d'T.vv. Mtu le UWILA A/,
Oui (jivols C‘1'
eMrtlvi <LW .
; tu (wiiiuw Cmuju-iuit'i
Ce'l.OWoeJiSlH.ovr*’
parJ'pcoportionnollo dans los S0°/o ci-aprfts attribuds atwactlon-
nairos ctsk 8% attribuds dventuollomcntparl’articloG.
Aprds lo^Wnjjoursomont dudit capital - acJjortsVles bdnddcos
nots, toujours ddduftiajUaito dos prdl&Ypmonts cl-dossus prdvus,
scront rdpartis comma su
20% nux actionnnires, i„titr5sledividcndo;
Et 80 % ft la Light 'Company cNlM. Edison, c
sontation do lcur^appoi't, sauf rftglomont of
r.na flmila.Mtrnnt inwmnlilno n.,nll 03 q U0 soIbqUcS augmcn-
Les droits attribuds ft la Light Company ct ft M. Edison
par l'articlo prdcddont sont constatds par des titres qualidds dc
ccrtiflcats do parts do fondateurs et dont la Light Company et
M. Edison disposoront commo ils l’entendronl. ~
Dno ddoision du Consoil d’ndministralion, prise d’accord avcc
los fondateurs, ddtorminoraultdrieurcmontlonombro do ces titres,
qui ne donnoront pas ft lours propridtairos lo droit d’assister aux
Assombldos gdndrnlos. La forme do ces titres sora rdgldo par lo
Conseil d’administration seul.
Mais ces titres soront nominatifs ou au porteur au choix do
lours propridtairos.
Ils no confdroront aucuns autres droits quo coux dont il a did
parld plus hnut ot n’engondreront aucune obligation.
Ils so transmettront par la simplo tradition s’ils sont .au por¬
teur, ot par transfort s’ils sont nominatifs.
Lcs bdnddcos y affdronts so paioront au porteur du titro.
Ils so prescriront pnr cinq ans, du jour do leur cxigibilitd.
Lo paiomont des dividondos a lieu dans l'anndo qui suit la
cldturo do l’exorcico auquel ils sont attribuds ot aux dpoquos
flxdos pnr lo Consoil d’administration.
Toutofois, pour lo premier semestro do chaquo anndc, lo
>JIU , ItZtylaUuu cL- ij
y
Consoil d'adminiBlration cst autorisd ft distribuor un acompto sur
los bdnddces rdalisds.
Art. 16.
Tous dividendes qui n’ont pas dtd touchds cinq ans nprds
l’dpoquo (lxdo pour leur paiomont sont presents ot acquis 4 la
Socidtd.
TITRE VIII
Dissolution. — Liquidation.
Am. 47.
L’Assombldo pout toujours ddcidorla dissolution anlicipdo, sur
la proposition du Consoil d’administration ot par trois quarts do
majoritd, au cas ci-dessus prevu arlielo 37.
En cas do perto des trois quarts du capital social, les Admi-
nistratours sont tenus do provoquer la rdunion do l’Assemblde
gdndralo dc tous les actionnaires, ft l’olfet do statuer sur la ques¬
tion dc savoir s’il y a lieu de prononcer la dissolution do lu
Socidtd.
La rdsolution de l’Assombliio est, dans tous les cas, renduc
publiquo.
Am. 48.
A 1’expiration do la Socidtd ouon cas do dissolution anticipde,
l’Assembldo gdndralo rfcglo lo modo. do liquidation et nommo un
ou plusicurs liquidators.
Elio pout leur confdror tous les pouvoirs qu’ollo jugo convona-
blos, mdmo cclui do fairo l’apport ou la cession ft uno autre Socidtd
ou ft un particulier do tous les bions ot droits do la Socidtd
dissoutc.
"■
— 2G —
- 27 -
Les pouvoirs do TAssombldo gdndralo so continueut pendant
oxcoption, dire convoqudes par un avis insdrd dans un journal
la liquidation comino pondant l’oxistenco do la Sooidtd.
d’annonccsldgalosduddpartementdola Soino, savoir:
Dans tous los cas do dissolution do la Socidtd, la liquidation
La premidro, trois jours 1 l’avanco,
s’opdreraparlcs soins du Consoil d’administrntion alors on oxer-
Et la douxidmo huit jours A l'avanco.
cico, a moins do decision contrairo do l’Assombldo gdndralo, qui
Dans lo cas ob elles no rduniraiont pas un nombro d’action-
K i /L prononcera souvoraincment sup los operations do la liquidation.
naircs reprdsontant la moitid du capital social, elles no sentient
j. -ft- Lo Prodiut do la liouidation. anrds l’acouit du Dassif at In ram-
xBonrsement du capitaTyonSfMM^/rdparti dans los proportions
sutvnjiics: '
tfO "/. aux actionnairos ou tttylaioos, |i.d«a< .
EI^O °/„ aux porteurs dos parts do fondatours. “
quo provisoires, ct il scrait proeddd comma il est indiqufi au dor-
nior olinda do Particle 30 do la loi du 24 juillot 1 867.
Par exception dgnlement, la premidro Assomblde gdndrale ordi-
nairoou extraordinaire do la prdsonto Socidtd, qui suivraimmddia-
tomont l’Assembldo constitutive, pourra dtre aussi convoqudo huit
Abt. 49.
jours A l’avanco, par un avis insdrd dans un journal d’annonces
ldgales du ddpartement do la Seine; cetteconvocation pourra dtre
iaite mdme nvant la constitution de la Socidtd.
Toules los contestations qui pourronl s’clovcr pcndantlo corns
do la Socidtd ou lors do la liquidation, soil entro les actionnairos,
Publications. |
la Socidtd, les Administrateurs ou les Commissaires, soitontroles
actionnaires oux-mdmcs, rolativemont aux affaires socioles, soront
Art. iii.
jugdes conformdment it la loi ot soumiscs aux tribunaux compd-
] tunts du ddpartoment dola Soino. A cot offet, tout actionnairo non
Pour faire publier los prdsonts Statuts, l’acte de declaration de
| rdsidant a Paris devra y Tairo election do domicile; it ddfaiit.de
souscription et de versement et les deliberations constatant la
quoi, lo domicile sora dlu do plein droit au parquet do M. lo Pro- •
constitution do la Socidtd, tous pouvoirs sont donnds aux porteurs
| cureur dola Rdpublique prfcs lo Tribunal civil do premidre ins-
d’une expedition ou d’un extrait.
:! lance do la Soino.
Aucunc action no pourra dtre intentde par un actionnairo, si
die n’a dtd soumiso it la dernidro Assomblde gdndrale.
T1TRE IX
Dispositions transitoires.
Les deux Assombldcs gdndrales constitutivcs puurront, par
jL
Edison Machine Works,
104 Goerck Street,
New York,. 'ih%«c£A« .
yC * /f3 ,
cti sC«
0* €XSi*4^>. . * ' .
^ ^rvi/ 'Ctst**, Cs. rf— O-^ — £.4**+^{* o
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Cj/Cv**** a£a4-t^^i -u-»-v#“ *UQ <T-C^«. «^C*_ a^viV -vcAt
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/ 3-4^4£c*^x^^ , <^£r^tyfx/ <K+*~cX £Osl-r~f' p-v^ n-^-s of -v« Aj-tsx^ J- ♦ ^y^t.iuvvwO
ct+A-1. cL<sff^tSX/ aAn -4 <x£C<j 't^u*. A /(f . £-U«» . ^.tAJC
/h*si+* £-Cts%\ -^T> /Kt (uv4| -M*-U^M, ^ r v-vuuu-w cue-t-Tv^ut^T ^
^o^uuf- ncv nr C+fr^L«A, '*-© /u-t^u^ ^ ^
*fc O-v* iu/m- a. ^r-rrf ^rwvvv|
•WuuVi sjs<^4is\Sj nwti^ cy**A^ /f*£c**xl~*j rfL st*rr~*4iy -wk &<Uh
/V^>VU| • W-x^y4x4- £9 £*-x C>U#AUt>i|^f M^r /fr-A^ /AwvuCA^,
—<5L-C/CV-X^a^tL-'
[ENCLOSURE]
£six'
Edison Machine Works,
104 Goerck Street,
,jsL
[ENCLOSURE]
M <fro
/ ft can> aim
\ &n> n-*>
‘f^Wnp* 3
v/fam:*™ j
- j\ 7 fM ft*
^jA- *2 fro
!' frtr* r*-'
: y ..bnj?
fL‘ r- g'^ l W fi
•c-ffitooVoA
■ "i ?;« V '
[ENCLOSURE]
'‘f*** *ry l
<4?—-
#J+-*cJ- *$£, ^jpkst^ c/j£*»*
qfy+wt, AUb f** ot < 4 +»
&a/v.tT*' JtAJl j£g-</e Jp xtey*^ Mp*.#£
^ctdCejf <£^ *6<r&Ms£ei A&dbv
/f—l&e. ts&A-d ^£pfp*j &U- &0ptc**Lf AucrU.Ac.
A, dty nr /'trflf -
ijtC. i/^nunt /^C^r^nttP ,
&L& (f-lv &C4*r/i,tv^ if, - N . stf
ffitc&eiSa/ —rr — ^rA^Tr
SOCIETE ELECTRIQUE EDISON
An Capital do 1 million do franco
Expositor Internationale d'EiectricitS
Paris 1881
GRAND D1PLOME D’HONNEUR
Thomas-A. Edison, ■
* Menlo Park, N. J.
188
(SctsA -
JKj^.
^xe^ouu' ckaa^tskuk-x fb^i^r h
c^vaJ . "fco oa 5~ VoMt vy-*MT or
$o^t I & C y-r'(M-e^^a^aM- — 'Cs0-^*-^o <° G^^jocj -—*
o-r 1=2 5~ %6 CauuiA-, ~M- '<Xj-^v^*^-^k^^(. X 6
[LM <Le^' C Xhi cnJL, o>-£JLm z~ (p*~ c
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c ^^JtJL. &&TZ^Z^R.
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^ v/^vc-r
Scr*>.ov>-4.
„ ^iZbJL b* tzT'^lt
J, z£b~i^-*
[ENCLOSURE]
Edison Machine Works.
New York,_
t?, q . ,
rt, .j..
/3c^ «ru f
«9 .y, tt Zt.w.<n>vt4 O^Lte-^
^ tM*. (A •_£.£_ S^.. ,l&~» Ct-Cj-t
,£.r-r- C-»A, ^ «~wt^w^ ,^v,M-e-£c.
(l J #-v% -t-VAx-t-C sl-x^-f-^ t-x gts^-x C
f As£-i. /U ^~ K ^' ' v '"* *"*■* ✓£«-«*''*' •'*'*'“* -
$ ?-f o o o . er>x Co . ^ io OTH> , *** ^o . E* * *To o o .a-+x !<*> , & t'J~0 o .
—. /C„ 95. 3 t t* & a flj* tr-C a^ft-d n$r~t.-h —. . V-
a~<'tb**r Cl~» 5-trP^) C*-*~-cf -& f l/ o 0 O . <>-»-» *~E+- J-V> **"/ C~ ?
y.<,^ f ^cf <£«~cf *f* 0-0-6* ‘T'i^L n**,h*~ X>/0CiT*£>*
hU: 4(00 'T*
+ &J<Too, IS C* * tSo ooo , fSo /L, * /JjTm . 0-0 * * S*lS~o o ,
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/V^-v-w/w ''/'/U «J~0 , /t-trX»C< C-«rsu-f“- ^ S~0 cr-o-v , *lb-t (S~ Co ^ ^ ^y o O O t 'lb*, f «TV £*» »
*( % ^‘lyo-v-v,
CHAS. BATCHELOR,
"Trvy y^~e-a^c ^
<Q_0Cv- — ^v#-*^ ~~c^/i^v£.^ : zx^y^c.'>($
'?t4^--'^,^S^ei i% — AAtz. —
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- Hu. 05 FIFTH AVhWV
CHAS. BATCH E.LOR,
Na-6&-ffi :; FttTrVMJl 1
CHAS. BATCHELOR,
j r 1 ff
~*r Cxn^ Up
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:. O- S<»-*^_^&t. . <Sr^ . V^OLxA. -a
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- J £tw._ |^»-5f7 /^r€ a-A* u^v-«-j. . ^c«AvJL^~'
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. L*ML^fcl/ .C(^MA..r/rjb-^ ThjaL*. <jJ.
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-^Lj6~L U^ JUP
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
.
9 Aye £
(?-~Y vt-^^9
'^c (sy
* JLy.
tx^/- we^r- s£y-*f
QU? /
s-
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
. s<?<? "
^ 'Is-
^^-tS--*C- IHS^-
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-. Jb^/LjZZZj .
WL
Of^-m^Zt^ cn_ r o-
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[ENCLOSURE]
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
© 1 / .
<C$kys /■&&/(/?%,
'Z^tkP //£ /<26
^^T^Z^xP. //. / P O
4 &
l?y?rn/ixZ, VTt. JT'o cZyf~S^
ts&r/zn^
<2. ^^6 0
r
[ENCLOSURE]
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
StfSZ. ,
^ 6//a '/. /£/.
C&asfirrr-i ^ Jyyyd-.
A PT&aFjraTTYr
//iTj7/rs _
**c,rr&
/<T^o __ ,
^/ 74 ^ 2^ 0 C§^U
/ 0 <r <nrv
6r-C>
~y&3£3. 7b
£f$o.
3#cl£ . yr
^ /oty./y
^/oys&sr. 3d
/.oa.
[ENCLOSURE]
THE EDISON LAMP CO;,
[ENCLOSURE]
.T
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
[ENCLOSURE]
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
© 1 / ©tj /M l/tsti. -
(nro oflrnfo/L
frjbctcs /<M~
V/ / /f07f. *<?
/ties'. Ft/.
_ WuVttj-
/^a^e^cctt d~?7 £ . j—o
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//dc// / o o £>% oibOuaj- *ftf?o ' S/i-A
/f A -'^sz @'A&rvUyY'
0^7° QFPf. f 3
//T6¥// ff;. C$c^c£cf^y^ ^tiZotAio
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[ENCLOSURE]
The Edison Electric Light Company, Limited,
74 , Coleman Stroot,
London, E.C.,.L!IOlPie*BE?K8.2...
DEAR MR. BATCHELOR,
I AM MUCH OBLIGED TO YOU FOR YOUR LETTER OF YESTERDAY
AND FOR THE CUTTING FROM THE FIGARO. I TELEGRAPHED J0HN80N AND HE
PROMISED ME A CABLEGRAM ABOUT THE LIGHTING, BUT I HAVE HEARD NOTHING.
DO YOU KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE PRICE OF THE STOCK, AS MR. WADE, ONE OP
OUR DIRECTORS,INFORMS ME THAT THE NEW YORK PARENT STOCK HAS BEEN SOLD IN
LONDON DURING THE LAST TEN DAYS AT PAR - I AM RATHER ANXIOUS ABOUT THIS.
I AM VERY MUCH OBLIGED TO YOU FOR LETTING ME KNOW
THAT THE PRESS IS READY AS IF ONLY WE CAN MAKE A LITTLE OF THE INSULITE
I THINK THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT WE SHALL SELL THE PATENT WITH GREAT
FACILITY AND IN DOING 80 I TAKE THIS OPPORTUNITY OF SAYING THAT THE
PART YOU HAVE BEEN GOOD ENOUGH TO TAKE IN FACILITATING OUR OPERATIONS
WILL NOT BE FORGOTTEN.
I REMAIN ,
H. BATCHELOR ESQ.,
JJ AVENUE DE L‘OPERA,
43 ’v
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CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1883
syt' (Oz/rr^f /: . / f fir/
6-j - Jy 1 '// - • !/■(/• 'far/-- March 24th,.. M1r?$
Charles Batchelor, Esq.
Dear Sir:-
Aftor considerable difficulty with the Customs Of¬
ficials here, we have at length succeeded in obtaining our Parts
of Pounder. The examiner at the Custom House wanted to charge
us 25 per cent duly on the cost of the printing and paper, and
we only escaped this duty from the fact that one signature was
written . Had both signatures been stamped on the papers we should
have boon subjected to a delay of about a month until wo could have
obtained the cost from you.
We now bog to acknowledge the receipt of Two thousand
ono hundred and thirty eight (2138) Parts of Pounder of the Societe
Industrielle et Gommerciale Edison, namely, Certificates
Nos. 1 to 300 inclusive 300
" 351 to 900 ” 550
» 1001 to 2288 ■ 1238
2138
W^acknowledge receipt of Two thousand three hundred and
seventy five (2375) Parts of Pounder of the Societe Electrique
Edison, namely, Certificates Nos. 1 to 2375, inclusive.
2
We beg to Renew our thanks for your kind attontion to
Second Vice President.
BANQUE CENTRALE
. tu.eu*-.-mS~
27. R UE DE LA Chaussef, tfAnTIN.
V 0tu)/'u*r £. f 0 l2imJu6j-&osu*/'
tn. ftoipt* -MOL- c/i OJLtpi— <**- tfOKJ fu!cjf
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Y&. ytot foi/- /«'
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p a~ dU. dcfalpcwL. Sao <£&u/uLm o' ??,,
£2*- / c to#- ^*c_ &u_ •Ti'f^C f fao fiaa/t
yta- fr>- ftolyci hnS~ t/out _ JO? Oau*^ aU.
£ pool's &<u^_ &cZ fa<AJz. t/ewolt. <£. faic*.t/ e't/Lu^
au: l/o us is/iui-u^ fatuJu^ &OLoU*ffu~ ji 0,-fefa,
‘frtuilftj O^UX-r -ZtcOuJr'&o-J 6. / 0t3 PuiUiilhot/eo-f Hu,
6flj£oc/~SOf'/i/ict /LooHiML,
The' Edison Lamp Co.,
<s fj-, fssiiJSx . s**-
O.Batchelor,Esq., i.,
2 14 East 18,th St., N.Y.
Dear Mr.Batchelor
We have been compelled to pass om dividends for th
reason that sines the first of dan^y we have had to reduce =ar^
bills parable twenty two thonoend dollars (622,000). To pay
dividends .. would be compelled to go onteide of enr regular
banking channels to borrow money. This 1 do not ttink it ad¬
visable to do,and althongh we made doable the amount required for
the dividends in each of the months,™ had no spare c.eh dor divi¬
dend purposes. be ewp.cb that you will getW dividend, in
the Pall in th, shape od ertras.and hope A to resome the payment of
the regular monthly dividends'.
Very trulym yours
THE EDISON DAMP COJ
. fj/ So wry* r
Vj
LrV,,-/- August Kith* /r?e?8.
A
Oharles Batchelor, Esq.
\
Ivry-snr-Seine,
Franco.
Dear Sir:-
Wa bog to acknowledge the receipt from you of Five:thou¬
sand one hundred and seventy four, (5174) Parts of Founder of the
Compagnie Oontinentale Edison, said Parts of Founder being number¬
ed 1 to 5174, inclusive.
We have not yet received from you the certificate for
the other 1000 shares coming to us.
Yours very truly
Second Vice President,
/rrj
Statement regarding the unpaid claim of The Edison Elec¬
tric Light Company of Europe, Limited, New York City, against the
Compagnie Continentale, Paris, on account of the Edison Exhibit
at the Paris Electrical Exposition.
THE ORIGINAL PROPOSED PUSKAS & BAILEY AND LEON CONTRACT.
The commencement of the Light Co’s business in Paris was the pro¬
posed contract between Messrs. Puskas 6 Bailey and M. Leon, submit¬
ted by Mr. Bailey in the Spring of 1880, to the Light Co. for its
approval.
It appeared, from that contract, that M. Leon wished tor.
secure an option on the Edison system for Paris and suburbs, also
a commission on the Edison business throughout Prance, and that he
was willing to pay for this option the sum of 150,000 francs, or
such smaller amount as it might cost to exhibit the Edison light
in the Paris Electrical Exposition. It further appeared that Leon
had doubts about the success of the light, consequently, as his
option on Paris would not have much value if the light failed, the
contract provided that if the light was a failure at the Exposi¬
tion, the Light Co. would reimburse him. Puskas & Bailey deposits
ed 1000 shares of their own stock in the Light Co. to secure Leon,
incase the Light Co. failed thus to reimburse him.
This proposed contract was not executed. The Light Co.
decided, with Leon’s consent, that the contract had better be made
2
directly between the Company and him. Thereupon a new contract,
with no substantial changes, was prepared and submitted to M. leon
through Mr. Wallerstoin of New York. It was subsequently executed
by the Light Go. and Leon, and is known as the Contract of June
Efth. 1881.
.C ONTRACT WITH LEON. JUNE 8th. 1881. The main provis¬
ions of this contract, mentioned above, between the Light Co. and
M. Leon were as follows:
SLL M. Leon was to have (JJ the option until November
10th., 1881, to form a company for Paris and the Banlieu, (2_) a
commission on what the Light Co. might receive in case such com¬
pany was formed, [3J, a further commission of 5 per centum on all
business done in Franco, and (4J the preference at equal price of
all business done in France. This valuable option was afterwards,
extended, at Leon’s request, until the end of February 1882.
( 2 1 The Light Co. was to exhibit the Edison light at
the Paris Exposition, using the money paid by Leon for the above
option, to defray the eapense, to the amount of 150,000 francs.
If the light was not a success the Light Oo. was to reimburse Leon,
and Puskas & Bailey voluntarily left their 1000 shares of stock,
above mentioned, in pledge to secure this ropayment. The language
of the contract (Section 3) is as follows!
“Leon binds himself to furnish to the Company such sum
Of money as may bo necessary to make an exhibition of the Edison
system of Lighting at the said Paris Exposition, said sum to cover
the cost of the entire plant, including machinery, wires, lamps,
et cetera; together with freight thereon, and the actual compen¬
sation and expenses of such person or persons as may be sent or
otherwise employed by the Company in connection with said exhibi¬
tion.” The total expenditure was not to exceed 150,000 francs
(about 330,000).
— Thero are throe Points upon which the contract is
silent as follows:
—- rSt - Wh0 was to furnish any additional money requir¬
ed in case the amount furnished by Leon was not enough? The con¬
tract failed to provide for this, and, inasmuch as Leon declined
to furnish any additional amount, the Light Co. made up the defic¬
it. The total cost of the Exposition plant and exhibition was
. 851,301.06, of which Leon paid only 330,000., and the Light Co.
paid 321,201.05, thus making up the deficit.
Jecond.. Was LGon to bo reimbursed the 150,000 francs
in case the light was a success but he still no^ form the Paris
Company? In other words, suppose he did not avail himself of his
option, even though the light was a success, was he to be reime
bursed? The contract does not provide for any such repayment.
The contract, however, does provide that if the Light did not suc¬
ceed, the Light Co. would reimburse Lhon; also that if the Light
did succeed and Leon formed the Paris company, he was to be repaid
out of what the Light Co. would get. But the contract was silent
as to whether Leon’s 150,000 francs should be repaid in case the
light was a success but Leon did not form the Paris Company. This
is an important point. The light was a success, yet Leon did not
form the company, although he was in possession of the option to
do so for nine months. Consequently, so far as the Light Co. is
concerned, Leon had no right whatever to be reimbursed.
Third. Who was to own the exhibition plant, after the
Exposition closed? This is a vital question, especially in view
of the fact that Leon treated the plant as though he owned it,
that is to say he took possession of the plant, sold it, and took
the proceeds, all without the Light Co’s knowledge or consent.
What right had Leon to do this? The Light Co, asserts that he
had no right, and the roasons for that belief are given below:
(1) It may be said that Leon furnished his money in
order to acquire title to the plant, and that therefore it was his.
Thero would bo force in this statement, were it true, but the fact
is, as shown by the contract, that Leon paid his money not to ac¬
quire title to the plant, but to secure title to something elso,
namely, an option for Paris. Leon paid the Light Co. a certain
sum for a specific thing, the Paris option, and the Light Co.
a sreed to use that money for another specific thing, to make an ex¬
hibition. That arrangement is, as^atter of law, quite a differ¬
ent thing from Leon paying his money to buy and own the plant.
The contract is clear upon this point. Leon bought an option and
had a right to sell it; the Light Co., instead of putting the mon¬
ey he paid for the option in its treasury, agreed to spend it in
5
buying a plant; and tho Light Go. owned the plant. All the right
that Leon had in the promises was merely to compel the Light Go.
to expend the money it had received from him, in a specific way,
viz: on the exhibition.
(3) Again, it may be said that Loon was entitled to
take the plant, after the Exposition was over, just as he would
have been entitled to take tho proceeds of the plant provided the
Light Co. itself had then sold it. Let us examine this. Would
Leon have been entitled to take the proceeds of the plant? In
order to detect the falacy of this, let us suppose a case. Sup¬
pose that when the Paris Exposition closed, the Light Co. had been
fortunate enough to find a customer to whom it sold the plant for
say 500,000 francs, and suppose the Light Co. had the money in its
treasury. Gould Leon have claimed that money under tho contract?
The plant, of course, had belonged to somebody who had a legal
title to it, and that party, whoever he was, would have been en¬
titled to these 500,000 francs. Would Leon have been entitled
to that money? Most certainly not. Mot only does the contract
nowhere provide that the title to the plant was to pass to Leon,
thereby possibly enabling him to reimburse himself out of the pro¬
ceeds derived from such a possible sale of it; but Leon's solo
right to be reimbursed is limited by the contract to only two cir¬
cumstances, in either one of which, and in those events only, he
was to be reimbursed.
These two circumstances, provided by the contract, where¬
in Leon was to be reimbursed are as follows: (1) In case the Light
6
proved to be a failure, and (2) In case Leon formed a Paris Com¬
pany. Loon’s right to have his money repaid was limited to these
two cases. He has therefore no right, under the contract, to be
reimbursed under the prosent existing circumstances, namely, the
success of the light, but his failure to form a Paris Company.
It seems, therefore, to be clearly established by the
above reasoning that if the Light Co., having sold the plant, had
the proceeds in its treasury, Leon could not have taken title, un¬
der the contract, to the money. This is so not only because the
contract did not give him title to the plant, but also because he
was not entitled to be reimbursed his outlay in the event that act¬
ually happened, namely, the success of the light but his failure
to form the Paris company within the nine months.
(3) But Leon may possibly claim the right to sell the
plant and take the proceeds, as matter of equity and not of con¬
tract, on the ground that the money furnished by him was actually
put into the plants That is to say, ho may choose to utterly ig¬
nore his legal status under the contract, and to claim that in
equity he is entitled to what the plant brought. Even if the con¬
tract were thus sot aside, and the matter were adjusted on a sort
of equitable basis, even then Loon would not bo entitled to. the
proceeds of the plant. Who paid for the plant? The total cost
was over 850,000, of which Leon paid less than three fifths, and
the Light Company paid the rest. Surely, even if the contract
is to be set aside and equity is to prevail, Leon is not entitled
to all, the proceeds. Yet this is just what Loon has done. A 1-
though he paid for less than three fifths of the expense, he has
taken the entire proceeds and given the Light Company, who paid
for more than two fifths, nothing.
WHAT THE LIGHT COMPANY CLAIMS. In view of what is above
stated, the Light Co. feels justified in making the following
claims against the Cie. Continentals:
(1) The Cie. Continontale has appropriated to its own
use the property of the Light Co., without their knowledge or con¬
sent, and without paying them anything for it. That property is
the Exposition plant. The Light Co. asks that this entiro proper¬
ty be restored to its rightful owner, the Light Co., or that the
entire value of it be paid to the Light Co. in money. The fact
that the appraised value of the plant has been already paid to Leon
is something the Light Co. has nothing to do with. That is a
question to be adjusted between the Cie. Continentale and M. Leon.
What the Light Co. asks for is either its property or the value of
it in money, and it akks this of the Cie. Continentale.
(2) If the Light Co. is rightly informed, the Cie Con¬
tinentale has repaidi:ito M. Leon all the money he advanced on ac¬
count of the Paris_Exposition, including the 150,000 francs furn¬
ished to the Light Co. If that is so, that is to say if the Cie.
Continentale has taken upon itself to pay M. Leon’s outlay in con¬
nection with the Paris Exposition,the Light Co. asks to have its
outlay also repaid. In other words, if M, Loon has been made
good as regrads what the Edison display cost him, the Light Co.
asks that it may also bo made good. Seemingly there is no fair
ground for discriminating between M. Leon and the Light Co. in this
regard, and the Light Co. fails to see any reason why the expenses
of one should be paid and not those of the other.
(3) Referring to the two preceding paragraphs, the
Light Co. claims from the Cie. Continentale the sum of 321,201.65.
The total expenditure touching the exhibition plant was 351,261.05,
of which M. Leon paid 330,000, and the Light Co. paid the balance.
Full details of all these expenditures have heretofore' been handed
the Cie. Continentale, and also furnished to Mr. Bailey, in a let¬
ter dated September 15th. 1332. The following is a brief summary
of the account:
1,000 Light Dynamo Account... 314,141.30
Edison Electric Light Co’s bill for small Dynamos. 3,150.00
Mr. Edison’s bill for boiler, lamps, fixtures, elec¬
trical supplies, cash disbursements.., 33,970.35
Total Exposition Disbursements v. < • ............... 351,201.05
Received from M. Leon...• 330,000.00'
Present unpaid Claim of Light Co.. 321,201.05
CONCLUSION, The Light Co. has endeavored to set forth
abov<
calmly and fairly, the grounds of its claim against the
9
Cie. Continentalo. If there is any error in this statement,
either as matter of fac.t, or law, or argument, the Light Co. will
be glad to have it pointed out; but otherwise, it feels that the
claim should be promptly and fully allowed.
T. A. EDISON,
&ku> 'fyoJ.. ..Sls.t.. /<W8
Charles Batchelor, Esq.
Paris, Prance.
Dear Sir:-
Vlith relation to cables confirmed elsewhere, I beg to
inform you that the prices given by me for fibres were in accord¬
ance with instructions which I had roceived from the Edison I.amp Co.
Two or throe days later, after talking it over with Mr. Upton, it
was arranged to quote a lower price. When your letter came to
Insull stating that Upton had given you a price lower than that
mentioned by me or the Lamp Factory, 1 at once communicated with
the Lamp Factory, and decided, after a consultation with them, to
send you the cable above referred to.
As to the drawings for the 25 and 50 light dynamos,
although the experiments on these machines have been made, we have
not as yet got the models out, but we are oxpecting to get then out
in a week or two and immediately this is done drawings shall be
sent to you. The drawings of the 100 and 400 light machines will,
X think, bo sent to you by Tuesday's mail. The changes at the
Machine Works have caused some delay in getting out these things,
which you must accept as our apoloey for not sending them to you "
earlier.
Y/e yesterday tested the 300 light machine, which gave
260 amperes at 112 volts and the armature running at 1100 revolu¬
tions. This is a machine v/ith one pair of cores and will be sold
for somewhere about 51,000, V/e hope to send you drawings in
about two weeks or may be a little earlier.
X cabled for your proxy for a meeting of the Light
Company on the 24th. September, which meeting is to vote on *h* an
increase of the Company’s stock from 5720,000. to 51,080,000.
Thinking that the proxy would not reach here in time I cabled you
this morning to sign a Power of Attorney authorizing me to vote
your shares at any meeting of the Light Company, and requesting you
to have Consul Walker confirm signature, so as to enable me to go
on your Power of Attorney. I shall hope to get your reply to¬
morrow.
Very truly yours,
I TELEPHONE N9 3092.| CyX'^) . rV>
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... <C;
[DECEMBER 8, 1883]
[FROM THOMAS A. EDISON]
PARIS DE- NEVVYORK 1 49 22 VBR
PREPARE YOURS ELF_J1E TURN INTENSE BOO.Y 3UILDI NG THIRTEEN CENTRAL STATIONS^"
RESULT RETURNS NEVVYORK STATION WHICH NETTED OVER FIVE THOUSAND NOVEMBER^
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SOClETt ANONYME
EXPOSITIOH INTERNATIONALE D'fiLECTHICITf
Paris 1881
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Paris, 29th Deo. 1833.
Major S.B.Eaton,
My dear sir:-
Herewith enclosed you will find two
projots of contract, the one relating te certain proposed modific¬
ations in the Statutes of the Cempagnie Confrinentale Edison in
consequence of the fusion of the three Companies of Paris! and
the other a contract proposed to be passed betvreen Mr.Edison and
the Banque Centrale da Commerce, by which the latter is authorized
to represent the parties of the first part in carrying out the
proposed fusion and the reconstitution of the Compagnie Continen¬
tals.
In the following memorandum, the numbers, Art.I, 6, etc.
refer to the corresponding numbers in the existing Statutes ©f the
Compagnie Continental s and the present projet relates only to
changes it is proposed to injreduce in these Statutes. In the
course of next week the entire body of Statutes^ ,.«s_they-will
finally stand, will be mailed to you •
ART, lio
The.first ohange proposed to be made is in the object
of the Company. You will notice that the exploitation of the
patents ©f Mr.Edison is the leading object of the Company, but it
2
may also, under the final clause introduce any modifications or
additions to the Edison system that it may find desirable* X have
heretofore said to you, that it was found necessary during the
period of formation to insist in all the contracts made on the
limitation of the object of the Company to the exploitation of the
inventions of Mr,Edison, because otherwise, would have boon
difficult to show any .reason why the royalties and interests de¬
manded, should be given* With the development of the business and
the necessity of finding large capitals, a reStric.tibn indispensable
in its earlier stages would be fatalV The public taking note of-
the great number of persons, engaged in investigations and applic¬
ations, of electricity, to the subject of these contracts and the
claims put forward in their behalf, would not have confidence to
put m'oney in.a Company, whose possibilities were entirely limited
to the inventions of a single man not only in the present, but in the
future,
ART, 6,
This paragraph provides for the suppression of the con¬
trol in sales or licenses under the patents. The subject has
been heretofore presented to youjfend I find it unnecessary to make
feny further explanation, only repeating what was said under Art. I.
that it is indispensable to the finding of any large capital that
the Company should have the disposition of its own Kspxftxk business
ART, 7,
** This Article relates only to changes in the amount of
the share and of the capital.
ART. 18,
Increases the qualification of Directors.
ART. 24.
Authorises the appointment of a Committee of Direction,
and is based on the experience of the present Board that it is
impossible to secure from the entire Board the degreo of attention
considered necessary here to be given by the Directors. It is
therefore proposed to name a Committee of the persons most largely
iterested and most acquainted with the affair, who will give close
and constant attention to it.
ART. 29.
Provides that the qualification of a stockholder to take
part in a general meeting shall be increased to 20. Inasmuch as
the shares were formerly of Fr.2,500 and five were required as a
qualification, there is no substantial change involved, and I pass
and Art. 35 without comment,
ART. 37.
This is one of the Articles which touches vitally the
interests of the Light Co. At present the right of veto is vest¬
ed in the Light Co., but as I have heretofore written you, it is
impossible, in forming a large company that an act possibly vital
to the success or even the existence of a company, should be sub¬
ject to the decision' of another party entirely independent of the
company, aind beside that a foreigner*
It might Be proposed that the vote of three-quarters or
of one half of the entire body ; of the shareholders should bo
necessary in order to make a fusion; but this, though unobjection¬
able in theory, might be almost as injurious in practice as the
right of veto by a foreign company. As a matter of fact,in Franco,
shares in such a company are broken up in very small holdings, and
it is found difficult to secure a representation of even one-half
of the capital for the stockholders meetings. The requirement
then of the vote of a large proportion of the total capital, might
in a given case be disastrous to,the interests of the founders, as
Wel1 aS ° f tho shareholders. It was proposed by Mr.Porges and
his friends that the vote of three-quarters of the shares represent¬
ed should be necessary for a fusion; but to this I objected that
it is very easy for the persons directing the company to pack a
meeting and to secure such a proportion of the shares actually
represented.
hay. agreed finally on the .d optlon of , pr n, 1>iM
that no fusion can ever be made. whieh diminishes th. number or tho
value of the parts of founder, and this me and our eouns.l find to
be th. most effeotiy. oh..h possible introduce. r h . pr.eis.
wording of this clau.e may not be decided for s.y.r.l days to cm.
as it is one of th. point, that must be debated between counsel,
-d I - only able to communicate to you ,h. principle „hioh the
matter will be settled,
ART. 43.
° UU " ° f *• Immediate in,ore... of
«—-»-
5
It is to be remarked concerning this that the substantial
interests of the Light Co, are in ho way affected by this provision
but the immediate value of the parts of founder would be to a
certain extent affected by such a clause. To illustrate this I
submit to you herewith a memorandum showing whajr would be the dis¬
position of profits in a given case.
The Counsel of Administration has always the right to
provide for the amortisation of the capital and if nothing wero
said in the statutes, there would be no limit to the exercise of
this right. Ten per cent is not, according to usage, a large
proportion to set aside for this purpose, but as it affects the
immediate value of the parts of flounder we insist on placing this
limit at 5 per cent instead of 10. It is,as you will see from the
above, for the interest of the Light Co. that a provision should
be made for amortisation, and that for the immediate value of the
parts of founder this limit should be as low as possible. I
cannot assure you that the 5 per cent will be acce pted but think
it will',
ART. 44.
This Article provides for the payment of a royalty of
centimes on every lamp employed or sold by the Company as a
charge on receipts, and before the payment of interest or profits.
It was proposed to.make this royalty 25 centimes so long
as the net price of sale of th,e lamp should be Pr.2,50, and that it
should be reduced in proportion as the net sale price should go
6
below that, figure. It has beon conceded , however, to make the
royalty a fixed royalty, not subject to scaling.
It was also proposed that the payment of the royalty
should be limited to the sales or employment of lamps made in
co ntries for which the Edison patents are conceded, but it would
be difficult to maintain a control in this sense, and it is agreed
that the royalty be paid as above. It will be necessary, however,
to provide in this case that on all sales of lamps made by Mr.Edi¬
son or the Light Co. in the countries of the continent of Europe
conceded to the Compagnie Cont in entals , a royalty or charge of 25
centimes be paid to the Compagnie Continentale . It is evident
that the company could not at the same time pay a royalty and
support a competition from the party to whom it was paid.
As to the countries for which the patents are not con¬
ceded. probably the best arrangement will- be an agreement for
uniform prices between the Co mpagnie Continent ale and Mr.Edison
and the Light Co. This matter, however, remains for fuller dis¬
cussion.
THE CONTRACT BETW EEN MR,EDISON AND THE LIGHT CO. MP Tu r
BANQUE CENTRALE DU COMMERCE
It is proposed that the Banque Centrale du Ponm*™* b e
made the agent for the carrying of, the arrangement for the
e three companies, accords
according to the
projet
above set forth.
In Articles I« and 2, the general conditions in vrtiich
the liquidation and the fusion are to take place are set forth, and
and also the considerations given on the one side and the other, os
between the Oompagnie Oontinentalo , Mr,Edison and the Light Oo,
In Article 3 it is stipulated that the consideration to
be given to the Banque Centrale is 2,000 of the 8,000 parts of
founder given for the patents, that is to say, 10 per cent of the
40 per cent of profits, augmented by the 25 centimes royalty on tho
lamp. This 1-0 per cent is to be disposed of to the various
parties making up the new syndicate, as consideration for their
subscription and cooperation,
360 parts of founder of the Oompagnie Continentale have
been given to Puskas * Bailey and 70 as a supplementary commis
sAon to various persons interested*
<;& /of*
800 parts of the Oompagnie Continentale ^have been given
to Messrs Porges and Leon together with 25 per cent of the parts
of founder of the Soeiete industriell e and Temper cent of the pa*t<
&t founder of the Soeiete electriqu-e ^'
Concerning the parts of founder of the two latter com¬
panies given to .Puskas £ Bailey, they simply fan in , as the en¬
gagement with the Light Oo* was to give them 3 per cent; of what it
received.
Concorniqg the parts of founder of these two companies
gi*en to Leon & Porges the same condition does not * 5rlst .
Probably the real reason why Mr."porges desired the fusion
of the Eleetrique and the Industrielle only, though it has not been
avowed, was that in the fusion of these two companies, he and his
associates would have remained with 25 per cent of the parts of
founder in the new company 1 , instead of 25 in the one and iej| in the
other and would have held the parts of the Compagnie Continental s
for a further advantage in the reconstitution of this company,
which was recognized by all to be inevitable in the future.
Concerning the arrangement to be made of the parts of
founder coming to Leon & Porges in the fusion of the thre compan¬
ies, there has been a great deal of warm discussion, both among
themselves and with me, and it has been really, though not avow¬
edly, the great obstacle in bringing about the consent to a fusion
of the three companies.
Were the parts of founder in all the companies, except
the Compagnie Continentale, allowed simply to fall in as in the
case of Puskas & Bailey, the division would stand as followst-
2,000 parts to the new syndicate, which equals 10 ^
800 u to heon & Porges , ” “ 4 ft
360 “ to Puskas & Bailey, 11 " ” about l7/t °/°
, 70 " to divers persons, " " about O $ *7*
Total 3,230, which leaves nearly 23^? to the Light (Jo.
It has been finally agreed, however, that the Light Co. shall stand
with 22 of the 40 given to the founders net of all commissions to
Puskas & Bailey and divers,
on the basis, to wit!—
New syndicate
Old syndicate
Puskas & Bailey
Divers
In former distributions Leon & Porges stood with an
average of a trifle more than 17 per cent of the parts of founder
in the present they will stand with m/f . The points in question
have been strained to the last and the results now proposed to you
I think are the limit of concession that can be obtained.
There would remain then to the Light Co. under the
proposed new distribution, 4,500 of the parts of founder out of
8 , 000 .
You will have noticed from the abovo and from the projots
that the consideration the new syndicate gives for tho 8,000 parts
of founder is the engagement to furnish Kr.6,500,000 of new capi¬
tal. The half of this amount is to bB paid up at the moment of
constitution, and no provision is introduced making it obligatory
to pay the remaining Kr.3,500,000. Were such a provision intro-
and the distribution will be as follows
2,000 which equals 10
1,070 " " 5 %
360 " » * I /f 7*
70 » '• * 0 /i 7°
3,500
10 ,
duced in the present condition of exchanges, it would make it im¬
possible to do anything whatever.
The guarantees that the remaining Pr.3,250,000 will be
actually oalled and.paid up within a very short time are the
following;-
I, This new capital is created specially to carry out
the Paris central station, the estimates for which have been made
up by Mr.Batehelor; these estimates after having been largely
increased, in order to meet all contingencies, still show a profit
so large as to create a positive conviction in the minds of par¬
sons so pessimist as Mr«Porges, This station cannot be carried
out without purchasing the land, involving an expenditure of, in
round numbers Pr.I, 750, 000 ♦ The estimates call for Fr.3, 523, 298
in addition to the above. Besides this it is necessary to employ
about Pr.500,000 to buy out the two-thirds interest in the factory
property belonging to a Societe .civile, and at least Fr.500,000
more is to be carried to the factory account as rolling capital,
the entire lack of which for several months past, has constituted
a great ombarrasSment and danger.
You will remark that the whole of the three millions and
a quarter proposed to be paid up at the constitution of the company
will be necessarily absorbed before advancing very far with the
Central station'.
But besides this there are many demands for the employment
of capital in large isolated or small compact central stations, to
II
the carrying out of which no risks attach such as attach to the
Central Station of the Rue Basse Rampa rt, - jOpera^ . e«g. the lighting
of the Bon Marche and the central station of the Palais Royal. in
which large profits are fully assured.
To meet these demands for capital in excess of what
would be realized from the call of the entire ten millions, probab¬
ly the land of the central station will be mortgaged for a million
or a million and a quarter.
II. It is quite certain that the substantial direction
of the now company will remain in the same hands as at present and
the above is the programme fully decided upon.
Ill* The employment of the new capital now proposed
will give a demonstration that the business is a paying one, or to
the contrary. If the former result is demonstrated, capital will
seek the business, if to the contrary, there will be no occasion
for discussing parts of founder from any point of view.
The above indirect guarantees are strengthened by the •.
fact that the subscribers to the new capital will be the first:,
bonks of Paris ,„d very likely Mr.nny, »„iiand „„
Ton my ask yourself:- is it n.c.ssory to B tv. .
to . syndic,to no,. . M wh , t ^ ^
another on^.nt.tion of ..pi.I shall b. found n.o.ssary. , f„rth.r
demand for a division of ,h. parts of founder will not b. mads,
Th. answer to this le. that no business if een.rel st.tien exist.
“ 8Ur °‘' S “ Wa “ 5 ° f Slrt “« substantial sssura.ee to ..pi,oust,
•ha, a profit , a „ be mad. from business. AH tha Pleetrls
Companies that have been formed in Europe, with the exception of
the three Paris Companies, have made large losses, the greater
part of. them of their entire capital. This has not occured in
Central Station exploitation but the fact is fully as prejudicial
as though it had.
Under these circumstances it is entirely out of the
question to go to the public, and capital can only be obtained by
giving to a strong group of bankers a premium for the risk they
take in subscribing capital that’is to be offered later to the
public. under all the circumstances the profit growing out, of
this is so problematic that the demand for a portion of the parts
of founder, that is, to share in the future of the enterprise, is
a legitimate one which it is impossible to pass. You must' bear
in mind that the enterprise of general illumination is still on
trial as truly as at the epoch of the Paris Exposition. Besides
the special prejudices existing against investment in all electri¬
cal enterprises, the proposed new organization has to encounter
almost the worst conditions of the money market.
There is one question relating to the means of control
possessed by the Light Go, 1 , for assuring the payment of royalties
and profits engaged in the present contract, which I purposely loft
for separate discussion. In Art. 6 of the present Statutes of the
Oompagnie Continentals a provision was introduced at my instance
in view of the period when the Light Co. could not name Directors
that a person named by the Light Co. and Mr.Edison might always
assist at mevtings of the Board of Directors with a consulting
voice U »o<,e» In discussing the' suppression of control
13.
etc.', I have insisted on retaining this provision. It has been
urged against it, oiul ,i L Ur-T o aa i ai y . that it would be impossible to
allow a person outside of the Board of Directors, named by a
foreign company, to be present at meetings where current business
is discussed, and to be aware , not only of its acts, but of its
intentions. You will no doubt recognize this as well founded.
Mr.Pouillet, who has been retained as the adviser
exclusively of the Light Co. in matters relating to the proposed
fusion, advises that a person named as above be allowed to take
knowledge of the accounts of the company and of the minutes of
proceedings of the Board of Directors.
Against this again, it is urged that the holders of the
parts of founder receiving a royalty payable oven before the divi-
ev-
dend to the shareholders, have a primpfdial right to take such steps
euttu
at and all times as they may deem necessary for the assurance of
their part of the profits, and that this right ( wou ( ld be weak ened
OAMy {yUnM&nif jfir *
and limited by insisting on thfeappm jntnirnt.-rrf a npfiii.rTj.. prn-sxm . f
Mr.Pouillet accepts the principle of this dec lara tion, while for
i^n<(47LtXjtaC
the present making some question as to the practical conclusion
A
drawn from it. The matter will be fully discussed between
counsel and I do not think you have reason to make any opposition
whatever the decision may be l J The persons who are nominally you-fcv
adversaries have almost the same amount of interest as you in tak¬
ing all necessary security against the future Administration of
the Company.
14
The above covers substantially the points requiring
immediate consideration.
Concerning the Swan fusion and some other points I shall
send another letter by Wednesday's courier.
X am, dear sir,
very respectfully & truly yours,
SOCIETE INDUS 6 ! 1 . 0 8, comm'." EDISON
Secicti tA/imi/me, Capital: /.Soo.ooo SFbaticA.
a Iviy S/Seino, 5 . Ruq du Parc'.
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l&n*- aZc-ci-tcioj 4**— (ff>-tA #C' &6 >aLs/ ai*—
>£> t*** S?cr1 /tsyo CAstAA ya-^-AA/elsiCtiy,
SOCIETE Indus 10 et Comi° EDISON
Ii
[ca. 1883]
[INCOMPLETE]
THE EDISON LAMP CO.
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[INCOMPLETE]
THE EDISON LAMP. CO.,
<$ad/ ofettMtA, ofr.J., .-.
3
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[INCOMPLETE]
[INCOMPLETE]
cT
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
Sad/ okwaiA, c/t.Jl., ...///
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[INCOMPLETE]
[INCOMPLETE]
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
cfcmuA, of.J, _ /tf
sncL' ^ <a^ts j?h.
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of/^C' 4%^2'L- s&tsc-
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[ca. 1883]
< 5 ^
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Mi A— j j m**** . *n^mm«mh/(■£ ^ ^&—<Str.
[ca. 1883]
[MEMORANDUM BY FRANCIS R. UPTON]
EDISON LAMP COMPANY.
f
EAST NEWARK,...
a
il/tS —
* 6/:^Sr , « r/l
*
jrxjj.
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
0 -
Mr. Batchelor,
Here is a copy of a statement of the Isolated Co’s
which I have just prepared here. Thinking you might like a copy
for your files, I send you this. Please acknowledge.
S. B. Eaton
Jan. 5th.
per Me. G.
[ENCLOSURE]
To tho Directors of tho Edison Company for Inolatod frighting, ft
Oentlomen!-
For tho information moro' es¬
pecially of tho now bi'roc tors who havo not boon connected with'
tho Company horotoi'orop T havo prepared thro' following financial
statement, a copy of which is now furnished 1 to oacH Director.
(1). How miJoli -c.a'sh has tho Isolated Co. received from
its stockholders? ".
ANSWERS Tho capital of the Isolated Company was orig¬
inally sr)0n,nnn., of which 'S25.‘>,onrv was issued v,b tlie parent com¬
pany. Tho original stock'was doubled December 30th. 1U32, and the
same amount has again beon'issnod to the parent company. Fifty
por centum in' cash has : -been called in on the increased stock, '
Cash"received on b'r'if'intl Capital............ S/l'ddjlJUiV, 00
Cash' roceived on "ihcreasod capital...107,7111, 00
Total Cash.';.... S352,703; (hi
(2) _ Who are tho delinquents on unpaid installments of
tho stock of tho Isolated Company, and to what amount?
[ENCLOSURE]
2
.ANSWER. Tho del inquonts are as foilows:
On first Capital!, Kanny M, Hov/o.... 315 ,
Only 50 per cent, has thus far boon called in on tJio in-
croased capital. A fow stockholders chose to pay up the whole
amount oi thoir dnstallomtns, instead of paying only tho 50 por
cent called in, and tho total amount thus' rocoivod in excess of
tho 50 por'cent called in "is $2,150.
The only delinquents on' tho instatTlmont of 50 por cent
on the increased capital' are th.oso. holding'the Edison stock,' as
follows: '' •
T. A. Edison. 405 shares,
Oh?.s. lJatc)-,elor. ........ . 73 V
Rosanna Batchelor,....... <V »
542 shares, ' '
Total amount still owintf on the above, 810,931.34 ”
’ Wo have arranged . to accept dynamos from Mr. Ed is On in
payment of these installments.
— (3 . ) . Bow much do tho hifiht Co, ami the Illuniinatinjf Co.
owe tho Isolated Co. ?
ANSWER. Tho Illuminating Co, owes the Isolated Co.
84,141.97, on current account' for material supplied. The hiRfit
Company owos the Isolated Co. S3n,'109,ai, being the balance 'of;' an
[ENCLOSURE]
3
old account chiofly for'cash loans; also,say, 515 ,con., one half
t h n oust 'of tho Roselle plant;.
■ (4) what amount; of promissory’notioB 'has tho Isolated
do. no/;, ones tan dint;, arid to whom wore they' givnn?
amsy/kr.
Maoiij.no Works... S2<i,20B. 03
Bergmann £ (Jo...................9,037.527
Lamp do.... 4,000.00
Ansonia I). fiOop’.do.... 4,174.51
Killey & do. 3,050.00
Armington £ Sims Co.......... .0,109.14 S51,000.05
Duo in December... 510,530.30
- « January. 10,214.70
» » February... 21,445.05}
• » March........ . ........ 1,500.00 'S'51,000;f)5
(5) What was tho datn of the last'dividend of tho Is¬
olated do,; also of tho last annual meeting?
ANSWER. Tho last annual mooting was Nov. 20th. 13533.
Tho last dividend (being 1'0’per centum, the only dividend declared
thus Har),‘ v;ah declared’ by tho Directors Dnceinbor 5th. 1BU2, aii'd
made payable January 20th, , 15J1J3. '
[ENCLOSURE]
4
Qjj What worn the total gross sales of the isolatod fJol
prior to December 31st. 1H02J also from January 1st, to December
1st. 1UU3? '
ANSWER'. .
Cross Sal os of t'fio' TsbliitoU Co, from its organiza- . '
•tion Novj IfKll, to 'One, 31. IfiSS. ............ ' 3535,4<><>.13
Cross Sales from Jan. 1st. to One. 1st. lfttti. '403,909.42
Total gross sales to Wee. 1 st', I t!fj3,......... 3939,375.55
' (?) 'What was the amount of Contracts closed by the''
Isolated Bo. in the j'ivS m'bh'ths of July - November, luo2 and l'uiJ'3,
severally?
ANSWER, ...
Contracts closed in abovo 5 months ‘in' 1002'.'..'" 3190,797,44
' ' In same months, 1003.... S1'99,333.15
(0) What are the amounts rocoivod by the Isolatod Co,
for renewals of lamps in the five months of July - November, 1HU3,
and the amount of profit thoroon?
ANSWER. Th'e : ; renewals were as follows:
[ENCLOSURE]
1303.
Dost.
Charged,
Profit,
.
S395.00
S 975. oo
5S 5UO.OO
August.
050.00
2,022.00
1,103.20
Sop tomber.
1,239,72 "
3,043,00 " ' '
1,003,20
octobo'r. ,,, . ,
1,175.30 ' '
3,001 , 00
1,005,70
1! uyenibbr..
. .1 ,01)0, 00
2,009.50
1,001.50
84,730.82 "
sir; 570. so
80,030.00
- u -:—
1 What' is tho amount’ of tho Isolated flu’s 'cash' cap¬
ital tiod vp in p lants, of a permanent natnrn, or which "possibly mav
bo returned bocanso customers may possibly rofuso to knop and pay
for them; and v/har, am th" chiefItmns of same?
ANSWER. Tho following is the last:'
Roselle station....',..;..,V,, S2‘.j 07a. uo
'.hilombbs, Ohio, Plan't............. 1 7.1d t ihi
Wiblo’s Oardon.."..^:..... a ,080. ad
Nathan & Droyfh's.. a 220"27
Ti'Kht R Korco U'o; '( iii suit 3*, 488 .11 '
Kair'banlts « Jo..'...'......2,379.00
liijon Thoatro, Boston 1 .'....i,..'.. . 10,220.37 '
Poroif-n Exposition.;;;’;;.'....'.. 11,140.23
Nonantnm Worsted Mill'.'...,,.... ' • o" 000,78
Whiting Papor Oo..'... 2,883;:7s
so2, oao'.'oa '
[ENCLOSURE]
Nathan & Droyfus. If wo hav« to tako this plant out there may bo
a possible loss of one half, say S.1,700,
Tho_h ij>ht & Koj-co Op, do not pay for this plant sold' to
tJiom anil wo have brought bbit to roe over the amount, 'They "give
no reason for refusing, but are probably hard up. For the purpose
oi estimating obr'assets on a solid basis, it might bn well to con-
sider this item as worth only fifty cents on the dollar, being a
loss of say S.1,700, ; •
Messrs, JOilrbanJhs- g Oo. tried to operate their plant by
water power, but they found it to'O* unsteady. We are trying to
sell then a steam engine to run their plant. If they do not biiy
one, the plant may have to be taken out. Tn that ease there would
be a possibl e loss of SI 500. ■
The Bijou Theatre plant. We sell light to the propri¬
etors of the theatre. We have .Inst made a contract to light the
theatre for another year from this plant.- It is hard to'tel.V wha
this plant is worth, but'assuming it is woiith only what the mate¬
rial would bring if the' plant 1 Wore' 'taken oht, sometime in the
future, there would be a possible loss of say 80,000. ' The Light
Co. ought to assume onehsif of this loss,
Th0 i fo - Ef ,:l Kn' Reposition . We also sell light' from this
l'lant. The Rxhibitiori Will bo closed in aboiit 2 months’, when
the plant will bo taken but,' nor taihly, Mr'Wrdem says without any
•loss. • .. .
Th0 Nonantnm Worsted Mills had, some trouble with tho on-
!ine which, we sold them, and they would riot' pay until everything
[enclosure]
S3
was all ritfht, We expect to settle this matter within or 3
weeks, Possibly wo may have to make a deduction, say, at the ut¬
most, 10 per con tilin'"oh thin hill. In, that case thorn would lift a
loss ol’ Shoo,
The' plant of'tho '’A’h'itihf; Paper do, was installed siibjbot
to their approbation. " They may purchase it,"' II' they declines
to jtnrcha'so and we have to take the plant out, there rni|>! t bo a
possible loss-ol' SI, Oon. '
Tp sum tip there rnay be the following possible losses‘oh
tlioso items, irr order to reduce than to a solid valuation, viz:'',
Roselle Sb’,non, (one ij'nar.tte'r)'; State Journal S500. (cine halt')';
Nathan R 'Dreyfus Sl, 700 ; • light & Kurcrt Co;"81,700; 'Fairbanks
SI ,500; bijou Theatre $'1,500. (one hall'); Non an turn Stfoo.; and
Whiting Paper Do. SI , 000; " Total i Slii,I300'.
' (10) • What iti"'Che average length ’of credit which tho'"
Isolated Oo. now"gives’'I'W'Tt's business? " - •
ANSWRR. The averago length ol' credit given is nominally
until 30 "days after the o.olnpftnfieri of a plant. The timet of' the
actual collection of an u'cc'ount, however,' depends Upon the size of
tho installation; (John rally' - speaking, oh'i 1 accounts are collected
within 'DO days from the delivery of tho dynamo' to the customer,' '
twit many stand much longer. " 'Tn time We' can bo moho rigid touching
prompt pay, but not until the business is bldor.
(11) ""What (>ropOr t’i.on of t'he Isolated Do’s ' purchases''
[ENCLOSURE]
9
(Loos in pay cash for, and for what proportion does it f'ivo notes?
ANSWER. Tim Isolated Co’s purchases for the l'i.vo months
of July - November, If.'33, five'raged S7U,51U. por month, of which an
average of Sb<>,335. per'mon th was paid in cash", and tho notes given
averaged S21,«U3. per month.
■(12)" ' ' Whht Wdr'e tho Isolated Co's expenses prior to
January 1 st. I't3sl3; what h'aVo been the actual expenses from January
1st, to December 1st. 1333; and what are the ostimatod expenses
»p to the -end of tho year'1333?
ANSWER,
Expenses prior to January 1st. IBli.i, V..'.. S7.t,uyi,i5D
Expenses from Jan. 1st. to Dec. 1st. 1333.... 73,417.35
Estimated Expenses for December 1333....'. (i,0no.00
(13) What in' the present cash capital, in "money, avail¬
able "for'the business of the Isolated Do.?
ANSWER . Tho total cash received has boon S352,703. Uti,
but a largo portion of this is permanently tied'up,' as’appears' by
the items enumerated in the “answer to"Cluostion No, U,' amounting to
$107,170.71, leaving S2'V5',.52d. U5 avail'iibl ft 'cash capital now ab 1 *
sorbed in the current business. 'The cross sains for tho year
18U3, &rd considerably less than twice this amount of available
capital'. Do wo rotinirA"‘s;6'"ronch capital for siich an amount of
sales? Undoubtedly v/o "do for the present, because, first, wo are
obliged to pay cash for' two thirds of our purchases (see 1 Clues. No.
[ENCLOSURE]
[ENCLOSURE]
12
tho Isolated (Jo. , and is also an unknown quantity dependin'; on yio
<sapi tulization oi central station companies formed.
(15) 'What are the assets and Tiribilities ol' tho Isol¬
ated dpt as shown by its last balance shoot?
AliSWF.il. Tho balunco shoot of Novombor 30th, shows as
follows: ' ' ‘
ASSETS «'
PfdiiOVty accounts.
S203,403.04
200,7115,30
' 30,207,07
7:5,072.51
S.OilO, 103.30
IiTABTJiTTTFS, '
Cash CJapital.,v................, : .. S352,753, Uti
Accounts and Mills payable.. .. 33,0-12,11
Commission accrued.,,V........... I........... 11,457,00
Open 'ac conn ts,.............'. '1,530. 03
Proporty balance 1032.10,453.05
dross Profit 1003.'i'.:..', 111,905.31
.* S 5 CIO, 100,30
"(10) What v/orb tho profits up "'i'd Dbc'." 31st. I'3fl2, and
what has become of them?
[ENCLOSURE]
has I
last
boo n
1 ossi
to p.
.13
ANSWER, TJio estimated profits worn,,,.
Dividend paid,,. £50,000,00
On dilutions.. 22,U(i3,<iO
dummissibns to afjsrits" and (ion, ' '
Manager, .«... Vi,'Ml j, 00
Balance of Profit and Boss.,
Since tho profits v/oro made up on line, 31st,
.in'ori found necessary to mko cor tain deductions on
year, tho aggregate of Which 'is S23,393,35, This
charged to profit and loss during the 'present yoar
SO1,739.57
7li,l 00,05
S13,000,92
1002, .it
plants sold
,' being
is on last year’s sales, and is therefore dddnctdd' from the
natod profits of last' yoar. All those' old accounts h'avo now
straightened out, and 'All tho allowances and losses charged
•ofit and .loss acc'oiint'i"
(17) What' are the profits from January 1st,"to Dec,
1st. 1333? . -1
ANSWER .
Or oss Profits. i'.Y. .V....... ...... . £111,9(55:31 •
Deduct ox ponses.. . . ...... S3,102.'S3
I refit to Doc. 1st. 1333...... S 23,772,73
Add "ost i'niatod not profit for December....... • ' 12,f>(1‘fi; r nf>'
Profit or t otu aviUii 'Exposition.... ' 5,24'ri.51
Total not profit for yoar 1333. ' S 43,0.13,29
Prom those profits uortain deductions should bo,made
[ENCLOSURE]
14
order to reduce fill the assets to a conservative, solid basis, ■
Those deductions are discussed bolow!
(1 ) Tho property account is S203 ,403. 04, This inclu¬
des the Roselle station', 329,073.35; the Oolmiilj'iis plant 'SI ,714,30;
Wibl'o's sa,0U«l.U4; tho J.ooisvillo Imposition S41 ,'525. £3(iJ Itijon
theatre S13,323.37; and the" I'oroigti reposition 311,143.23. To¬
tal 8104,57201. Throe of those items urh worth' par, viz. J.biiis-
villn, foreign" Exposition'.drid Mibld’s; the others aro worth .less
than par," and do auction's' have been made on tiiep, as olsoiihore ex¬
plained herein, ( see QUo's. Mo. 13), Deducting from the' 'total'
property account of 8203,403.34, this sum "of S104,072. 01', there'
remains S93,331.93, being' the amount invested in dynamos', lamps,
onginos,' amt miscellaneous" apparatus. This is all wortii par, ex¬
cept the old style dynamos'. Wo have'boon paying to the Edison
Machine Works' 3550, for the' old Z dynamo,’ tiO lamps, being S3,1 C3‘
per lamp; ' Whereas we now pay tho'm’ only 3250, for tiie new 50 light
dynamo, being, S5. per lamp'. Again wo used to pay SHOO,' for the
old 150 'Tight dynamo,, being''Sts, a lamp; whereas the now 200 light"
dynamo' now costs'its only $788,, or S3.t>2 a lamp, " Vln ca'n'readily
sell the old stylo dynamo's on tiie same basis as tho' now "bhos, tailt
ndt' otherwise, consequently their value teius.t bo reduced, and they
must be estimated at' ton' s.iriri cost per .tamp as tho now' dynamos now
cost. That being done,' 'there' will bo a 1'd's's of say 37,000. on old
dynamos' now in stock, Which is the only rod'ifcttton that‘ought to be
mado touching tiie investment in material. " ' All the rest' of it is
worth par,
[enclosure]
15
(2) Tho total funonnt of i}>’s toner
upon uooi.unts on tho books is 8320,443,20.'
bnon settled at a loss, or plants have boon
lias been promptly c)ia.ri:>':r to prof.i. t and .loss
accounts are nonnrally in' a healthy eunditi'oi
Via: .
(a) Oornrn.issiohh advanced to a;; on
not yet oarnod by thorn, amount to about S7,n
possible loss.
(b) Tf the loss on tlio Rose!Id p;
divided between the T.dfeh't’ (Jo. and tlio Isolate
latter bears bnt one fourth, tho loss to it v
(c) If tho loss on the Ohio' Stat*
'SI',000, as above, is divided equally between
Isolated Oo. , the latter’s share /all bn SDOf
(il) Thorn is a possiblo loss, at
SI,7no., on the Nathan «• DroJ/Tns plant; als<.
thn J.i fib. t « Force (Jo.; ' also'SI,500, on the I'
a possible loss ol' Si/OO". 'bn 'the Non an tola plat:
loss of SI,000.On the 7,'hitinfi Paper' Oo. plan
(e ) RogarcFthfi the -HiJon Theatre p
si bio loss of SO, 000, , half of which, in" my J
assumed by the L.i.i;ht do. . " "
[ENCLOSURE]
[ENCLOSURE]
17
charged up to profit and loss:
Mechanics Pair, Boston*-.. S 5,2112,110
Borden Block, Full River,., 2,331,AO
w. y. Post offico,., a,170,50
Colorado, Co, ., 1,507,(>0
Southwark Poundry''- Gas fing.ine,,. " 130.73'-
A1 bany Capit al. ,,, i',‘,, 0‘ja, 51"
Cincinnati Exposition'..... ' 3,007,51
” ' Total,.,.,' 515,352.33"
Tt soi'iiis but fair that the light Co. should boar ono half
of this total .loss, bo can so it -was all incurred in advertising tho
bn sin oss in such a general way that tho J.ight Co. has bonofitod
fully as much as the Isolated Wo, If this is done the ’Light Co,
would assume ;;7,U7C.1<; 0ii account of this loss.
The following’ is’ a list,' not yet charged to profit and
loss on the book's of the Isolated Co., in which we think' the fight
Co. ought to bear its share as follows;. . .
Roselle (one fourth, thh' Li gh'L Co. ' Hav¬
ing already assumed two-fourths.). S 5,ono,00
Columbus Journal (ono hall').. 500.00
hi.'jou Theatre (one half):. 4,300.00
Total...... . . . . ' S10,000.00
Add one half of'loss alroady charged to
profit and loss on the books of the
Isolated Co. as above.. ... " 7,C7(i,lci
Total loss which the Light Co, ought to
£517,(»7U, lii
[ENCLOSURE]
[ENCLOSURE]
19
3 toeK or tho UjJht Oo. Hilt ir tho bight -Jo. would accopt asj pay-
mont on account of its dividend, its share oi' tho losses above sot
forth (son Qnos. No. 1'8) viz:, S17,U7t». 10, the actual!cash roqu.irod
for its dividend, would' bo' B5,273.iH,- Tn tipi's way "®h"o "total amontt
of 'c.ash required for <’> ‘p/if "cent, dividend 'W'ld bn 820,435,84, /.hioh
would leave a siipplus of profit oh hand after'paying dividends, of
S3,450.07.
( 20 ) Can the expenses of tho Isolated «u, be reduced
next year?
ANSWER. .induing from tho present, it is not probable
land liepartmont, whore they are now unusually large for the amount
of business done, That matter is now having 'attention. l-'or cer¬
tain reasons it is an exceedingly difficult' problem to solve, but
the result ought to be; that' the expenses'of that department will bo
rod--cod possibly SIrtyffiS'h.',;"per annum, thereby rodncing' th'o gross'
annual' expenses 'q# the business an oqu'al amount.
The vacancy creUt'e’d by Mr.'Hhor'o* s resignation has not
yet been filled. Acobrd’ingly his salary',' 'which was Sb*one, a
year, together with a pore'erit'ago bn salfis” amounting to say *3,000.
additional, is not now an' expense'.' ' My ‘.fud'gmorit" is that the busi¬
ness imperatively requires' a first'class man' to take J«£ Mooro* s
place, find that the soifror "ho is selected.'the'hotter, should this
bb done' tho expenses ol; S>h'b headquarter office at New YoH; City
1
[enclosure]
20)
v/il.1 n<jt bo matorialUy roilnuod tho coining ynsr.
n
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Cabinet de M. Gil. THIRION, Ingenieur civil
Matson special© pour la gar-anti© do la I*x*oprl6t6 indnstr-lollo
En France et a l'Stranger (fondde en 1SS2).
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Adresse tSWgraphique : THIRION, BREVETS, PARIS,
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104 GOERCK STREET,
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SOCIETE ELECTRIQUE EDISON
SOClETfi ANONYME
2lii (Capital be t million be -franca
Exposition Internationale d'Eloctrlelti
Gayinp Dipeo/ve D'Hoh,heuh
H DAJINISTRA TEUfi DlL£GU
. DREXEL, MORGAN $ CO.,
Box S036 P. 0.
New York,-..
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Dear Sir,
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We debit your account to-day.
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• BERGMANN & CO.
ELECTRICAL WORKS,
Patent!!] and auttortzed Manufacturers of
Edison Electric Light Fixtures snd Appliances,
292, 294, 296 AND 298 AVENUE B,
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[enclosure]
Cabinet de M. Gh. THIRION, Ingenieur. civil
Maison sp6oiale pour la garaatio do la 3r*ropr'l6t6 inclustrlello
En France et & l'Et ranger (foniie en iSSi).
Bureaux : 95, Boulevard Beaumarchais, a PARIS
OBTENTION OES BREVETS D'INVENTION
Depot ties Marques, Dessins
RECHERCHE DES ANT&RIORIT&S
CONSULTATIONS
CESSION DES BREVETS
Direction dos precis on contror»Qoii
TRAVAUX TECHNIQUES, ETC., ETC.
PUBLICATIONS
lte M. Cn. THIRION
TABLEAU SYHOPTIQUE & COMPARATIF
LE CARNET DE L’lNVENTEUR ET DU BREVETS
LES DESSINS & MODELES DE FABRIQDE
rnacis oea tiawLATiosa - Prlx franco: 3 fr.
LES meOt/ES DE FABRUJUE
IIA1T0IIT SDR 1,8 CONCHIES INTERNATIONAL
COMPTE RENDU ANALYTIQUE
LISTES )I ENSUELI.ES RES BREVETS D'INVENTION
do l’lmlubtrio
(Paris, le ijC 188 4
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Adressc tdldgrophique : THIRION, RHEVETS, PARIS.
[ENCLOSURE]
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EDISON LAMP COMPANY.
East Newark, N. J.
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Thomas a. Edison,
No. 65 Fifth Avenue.
NEW YORK„.H...ca^...
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CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1885
Edison Lamp Company.
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-?'/-e ^Ar w-t-^l, <t~- ?7' yfr *y^ ■<^--j^^-?'v '£^'<s-«-t .
- SA*?~-j-y/ r*r? yC-*-y?^ZZ-d^~s _
__. - -~yAi~rr>^'
-'/ 7 /S r ? -9'^'r-C-e^/' '^y^S-^Zr ,
_
York, April 18, 18SR,
'■'Cear siri* .
,.ti haring boon demand necessary by the Railway Telegraph
®n« Tolophonb Company to soouro moneys for tho furthor conduct of
«0>ortaont* and the prowuring of additional' patents, « ftosoilftiott
paaisod at the lost moating of the Board of Directors re quid s titi)
of the Stockholders of tho Company to tnrni into the treasury
'"oaelit
’ o f
«»e Company fire per ««nt of his holdings, ■it’'^
J V S?*yon will sand your present parUfioatos to the Saere-
t'isry^ Jfe Slwraol Insml, at the offiee of the Company Kb *'65 >if'iK‘
Avonue, Haw York City, properly ondorsed a new aerUfiento 'will bn
iesuod^for the amount of your present holdings , loan five per
'’oentuia* - ..
KC3 "'*•* negotiations have been «meludo4,jfpr the eole of a
largo rbftion of tho Troosury stock and for tW consumation only
await your compliance with tho above requoa t,^c%_trust yon wilt
'"give'"this'matter your immediate attention.
Tours truly,
Railway Telegraph and Telephone Company
by
(Formal.)
Chas. Batchelor,
Edison Machine Works,
104 GOERCK STREET,
New York, /fy/wd
'Toy. TTvfadi 'Tfit/firL —
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[ENCLOSURE]
C IE CONTINENTAL EDISON
Au Capital dc 1 million do francs
^/uvrucit t (£c/co&?is (/ja'y
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[ENCLOSURE]
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[ENCLOSURE]
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[ENCLOSURE]
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[ENCLOSURE]
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[ENCLOSURE]
■ ( 0 J’estd'V
/ f^ljZruJ^ \f. O^UoC>
SISTEMA EDISON
/A
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THOMAS A. EDISON,
No. 65 Fifth avenue,
New York ..../....ft.
_.
'O '*f^st> **f /2 TX?fi^L
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C IE CONTINENTALE EDISON
BOOIJiiTti ANONYMS
$K (SCnytinl bi i pillion b* £nmra
Exposition Internationale d'Electricitl
PARIS 1881
Grand mplono d'Konneur.
5 H
{C'J&flj'. _. 1883 /^
8, Slut St Gaum cretin.
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SOCIETE ELECTRIQUE EDISON
SOOlfiTfi ANONYME
OPngital lie 1 Pillion tic grants
Exposition Intornationolo d’^loctrlsltO
Grand Piplome d’Hokneur
gAfsse SSctcsrophiquc:
8, (Sauinartin
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—
SoCIETE INDUSTRIELLE et CoMMERCIALE EdISON
<§A>etcli*' t/Aiumijmc. (Capital : f.$00, 000 ZFiwncj
Exposition Internationale d'Electricite
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^easr
^ycsocSeJ GftUise/f
President du Consei/ d’Adl n
Nous avons Phonnenr de votis informer que les Assemblies
generates ordinaires des Sociitis francaises Edison auront lieu au
Siige social, 8, rue Oaumartin, le Jeudi 25 Juin 1885 :
I/i Societi: Industrielle et Commercials Edison, a 3 heures;
La Compagnie Conlinentale Edison, a 3 heures et demie •
La Socilde Electrigue Edison, a 4 heures,
I> 0, u- dcliberer et voter sur toutes propositions a l’ordre du jour.
Dans le cas on il lie vous so it i | bl l’assister a ces
Assemblies, nous vous remettons ci-inclus des Pouvoirs que nous
vons prions, si vous le jngez eonvenable, de vouloir bien nous
rctourner revetus de vot.re signature, pour que vous soyez repri-
senti auxdites Assemblies.
Veuiltez agrier, JI , 1’assnranee de noire consi¬
deration distingnie.
LES CONSEILS D’ADMINISTRATIONS.
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io THOMAS A. EDISON,
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65 FIFTH AVENUE, N. Y.
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Edison Machine Works,
CABLE ADDRESS:
•DSUN NEW YORK." Nos. 92 xo 108 GOERCK STREET,
Street lighting. Oct,12,1885.
The following is & comparison of the weight of copper
wire necessary for the two systems of incandescent street lighting-
three wire and municipal;
On the three-wire system4~one of the simplest methods for
a street say one mile long on either side of the station is,as in
sketch: JtcvtZoTv.
this way every lamp has the same candle power. The main wires
are, of course, a mile and a half long but this is shorter than if
feeders wore run as there would have to be at least two in this
case for a fairly uniform potential at lamps. Take for example
la lamps and say each lamp takes 100 Volts and one Ampere (about 20
candle power) The total current on three-wire system would be
nine Amperes, allow a jig per-cent drop, equal to 17 1-2 Volts on a
hundred; then total Volts 235. jt will be found that the right
size of wire to use for that drop is a No.7, B.W.O, for two wires
and a No.10, for middle wire. will therefore want three miles of
N°.7» one^ile 0 f No.10, or a total weight of wire of a little
more than IbOO lbs.
On the Municipal system, lamps being in same relative
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
position, connected as below,
Jr ~~ — —-/ 'ymM. ■-- — - —^
instead of using 100 Volt lamps tal.ing ono Ampere would take (as is
two
usual in this system) 50 Volt lamps but taking Amperes and same
candle power as before. A circuit of 18 lamps makes 900 Volts and
a
with only ten per-cent loss equals a total 10no Volts, The size
of wire necessary for this loss equals between a No,lb and 19 and,
to make resistance right, must take two-thirds No.18 and the rest
of length in No,19, It. is clear that in this case there is only
two miles of wire necessary, making a total weight of copper of 72
On the three-wire system at 15 per-cent loss, require,1800 lbs,
of wire
On Municipal System at 10 per-cent loss require, n 72 lbs. of
this for lighting a street half a mile on each side of a station
with the same candle power lamps anti in same relative positions.
C IE CONTINENTALE EDISON
SOOn^Tri ANONYMS
&K GCujiitiil b* i pillion br grants
Exposition Internationale iVElectriciti
PARIS 1881
Qrandl Biplomo d’Bonacar.
8, cRtic dc GaumatHn.
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET,
. New York,. Oct. 1 4 , iubs.
Western Edison light Co.,
185 Dearborn St,,
Chicago, Ill,
Gentlemen; —
In answer to yours of Oct.lst, relative to transmission
of power, would say that I prefer to do it by motors than by the
means you suggest. 0 f course the cost of machines should be a
little cheaper if you use two large instead of four small ones.
In the case you give you propose to generate 400,000 Watts and
recover 115,000 at the other end or about a loss of 71 per-cent.
This would cost about,
2 or 4 Machines,
Copper about 35,000lbs.,
SO,500,
5,000.
S12,100,
A better method I think is this;—
Generate ««>«. 440,000 ».«. b, four „ Jsoo
volt, ana 40 Anpere. in -.l.ipla-aro, , 0 „ per _„„ t ^
set 1050 Volt. i„ The.e Vol , mfm ^ ^
standard 340 A»p.r. ,35 dl r.e t . ..
at,240,000 and r.eo.er 120,000 th , % „„
«... ca ao »„uld be , 0 , 00 0 , b .„
As each motor
Edison Machine Works,
CABLE ADDRESS:
"xydsun new yobk." Nos. 92 to 10S GOERCK STREET,
Subject.... NEW YORK,...
Sheet No.2.
drives a generator in the town station they might be made on same
base and thus be much cheaper. We might possibly make both arma¬
tures on same shaft, or at any rate coupled direct. The motor
would equal in bulk
a No ^ ' 0 1 mach:
machine but I think the motor and a
No,12 together could be made for
this method would be approximately,
4 Generators,
4 Motor Generators,
Wire about.
i, therefore the cost of
* 0 , 000 .
7,000,
IjG 50.
*14,050.
In the first place you draw about 000 H,P, from the fall
and only utilize about 30 per-cent of it. In the second you
draw about 350 H,P. and utilize about one-half.
Now it is a question for you to decide whether you can
sell this 120,000 Watts for such a price that it will pay the in¬
vestment dividend. You have here a plant with total capacity of
1,200, 16 C.P, lamps. In a station for 1,000, 16 C.P. lamps,
as set up by the Edison Company for Isolated Lighting, the engines,
boilers, piping, and dynamos cost *16,000, Transmission prob¬
lems have not as yet been touched and we feel that the more they
are stirred mp the quicker we shall be able to get over the .
EDISON MACHINEWORKS.
difficulties.
Truly Your l
[ENCLOSURE]
Chas. Batchelor,
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 to 10S GOERCK STREET,
^ Transmitting water p ower . NEW York, Oct. 12 , lb»5 .
The following is a proposition for transmitting water
power, three miles distant from a town centre as compared with
that already proposed by the Western Edison light Company. In
their proposal they require two machines of 200000 Watts capacity
eachjor for 400 Amperes and 500 Volts,and running on three-wire
/fa-l OfuetCj & *io'
system. Out of this 500 Volts they would get 115, a loss of 7/
per-cent in the line and for this would want two No.00*s (or equiv¬
alent in section.-) for positive and negative wires and one No.
00 (all B.W.O.) for middle wire, the total weight of this for the
given distance is about SfjOOO lbs. of copper and horse power re¬
quired from fall about 010. We propose to place at the fall four
1500 Volt Dynamos (each for about 40 Amperes) to run in multiple-
arc and to lose 30 per-cent in line, getting 1050 Volts in the
town. There, four 1050 Volt motors drive four 240 Ampere (stand-
mechanical ly
ard type) machines making four A independent sets. These eight ma¬
chines will take pp veryylittle room, the motors being about the
same size as the dynamos. The lamps are regulated from here
(town), all the regulation from fall being to keep the 1050 Volts
in town constant. The wire required to transmit this is a little
smaller than No.O, which latter would be 11100 lbs., and with right
size probably 10000 lbs, of copper wire, will be right. The rel-
_
[ENCLOSURE]
Thomas A. Eoison,
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
NEW YORK,....
ative size of all the twolve machines for this work. will be just
about the same as that of the two proposed large ones {500 Volt),
though the Wajrt capacity is rather larger. As will be seen this
method takes only 2-7 of the amount of copper required for the
other one and horse power absorbed from fall is about 350 instead
of 000. All power lost in. machines is allowed for in these figure*
It may be added that as the load may vary from two or
three Amperes to the full amount, the Volts at terminals of the
500 Volts machines would have to vary from 115 to 500 ; or 77 per¬
cent from full. This would be very difficult to regulate by
resistance in the magnet circuit and would have to be accomplished
by varying the speed. In the case of the 1500 Volt machines, the
Volts would only vary from 1050 to 1500 or Qo per-cent from full
load to none. This amount of variation can be done by a resia-
tance box in the field and keeping speed constant.
— {Jl^ruAArvyJ^
[ENCLOSURE]
D IE CONTINENTALE EDISON
• SOOniTil ANONYMS
gu Citfilrl be i JJpItion it grants
<8azM>, fe. .
•
^^. Jjkk'^4'4kZ- ^ 4444^^^
■^-^vn. ^4-p^r a. ,<44^-0-
' ~e~~* *-*n.*4*-n- +-z-t^i4 -<2>ef£Ze~ ^4-
cr-s^-tr^r-- *3^%. I — ^
[ENCLOSURE]
SOCIETY'ELECTRIQUE EDISON
■ sociStE anonyms
gut (fapitiil tic l pillion tic francs
Espoaltlon Intornatlonalo 4'ElootrlelW
Grand Piplome d’Honnbur
gdrcssc fficttjraphiqut:
Paris, le- £L. . 8 S*“
8, $uc (Unitmarlin
^f-i^ ——-
^ AyU-j ^ ^-^dL 5 — yy
*£ ~~-yy
y*~~y**
u—^f/fyrd
jaJ&f^&z-' .^idde.
yS^/ZC' y^-T-oV?
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.,„„ ...- "T*^
*£>^%
y- . S^y'
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[ca. 1885-1887]
ytMc ' sA y /W ^
^ I'mX&A * C<J
on /4 ; * 2
1 ^, (ye^AAjL t*
jjfctyjiX. t e^‘~&
[ATTACHMENT]
1 .
[ca. 1885-1887]
[ca. 1885-1887]
C 3 - 6 ..C.--
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A ^ v .V 5Ul& C.'t T "l-^v^. gL-s^o
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[ca. 1885-1887]
THE EDISON LAMP CO.,
[ca. 1885-1887]
THOMAS A. EDISON,
No, 65 Fifth Avenue,
cr^c~r_ — ^
-—- J a-*-* — 7~~
^ ^ — T ^
* ^ <s= - * -*v~ -^r
C<s-<sd*-r jT,
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— <F
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1886
BBABTUB WIMAH, President.
H. F. DWIGHT, General Manager.
The Great North Western Telegraph Co.
OPERATING Tin: :
OF O^KT^ID^,
! OP THE MONTREAL, DOMINION. AND MANITOBA TELEGRAPH COMPANIES.
MEW YORK, JANUARY I8TH 1886.
C»BATCHELLOR ESQ.,
314 EAOT 18TH STREET, CITY,
MY dear batchellor:-
I AM VERY MUCH OBLIGED TO YOU FOR YOURS OF THE I 6TH
IN WHICH YOU ACCOUNT FOR THE BALA MCE, Sll 6, 67, I N THE .SHAPE OF A CHECK
DUE ON WILLIE'S ACCOUNT. I AM VERY MUCH INDEBTED TO YOU FOR YOUR CONST¬
ANT C0URTE8Y T 0 KIM AK1 FOR THE OPPORTUNITY YOU DAVE HIM TO LEARN So
MUCH AS HE DID. I AM ALSO OBLIGED FOR THE LETTER YOU GAVE HIM AMD FOR
MR JOHNSON'S ANXIETY TO PUSH HIM FORWARD. I THINK ,HOWEVEJ»,IN THE TELE¬
METER COMPANY HE MAY DO SOMETHING ON HI'S OWN ACCOUNT . AT A NY RATE, I
HAVE MADE THAv CHANGE I N HI 3 DESTINY.
IT IS A GR*EAT PLEASURE TO BE ASSOCIATED WITH YOU AID OTHER
GOOD FRIENDS,WHO ARE SO READY TO RESPOND TO ONE'S REQUESTS
©
[INCOMPLETE]
[FROM LOUIS RAU?]
C' E CONTINENTALE EDISON
SOCIBTE ANONYMF.
An Cii jiital tie I million ile In nos
EXIOSltloS lsIt»«ATI»S*LE rCLECTHKIlf
Paris 1881
GRAND DIPLOME D'HONNEUR
Paris, 12 AH. February 1886
8 Rue Osumartia
Erison, Paris
Charles Bateholor Esq*
Dear Sir,
We beg to hand you enclose copy of our letter
to the Light Co. of Europe of New York.
We will be much obliged to you if you, on your
part* will also impress on the managers of said Company, that if
they desire the prolongations for the full,term of the principal
Italian patents of Hr. Edison, they must put themselves first In
aceord with the Italian Company at Uftlan,who defrays all expenses
connected with these patents £ without whose consent, nothing can be
done in the matter. The patents stand in our name,but we follow alo-
ne the lastruetion$of the Italian Company as we are bound to do by
the contract ,duly ratified by MR. Edison £ the Edison Electric
Light Co. of Europe.
By trying to obtain the said prolongations by
applying directly in their own name to the Italian Government >the
Manageriof the Light Co. only create difficulties £ a confusion
which might have consequences for which they are answerable.
It is their own interest now to follow exactly
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET,
CABLE ADDRESS! KT V i P6b * 34r * 1886.
Wound a #8 with same wire as usual^-only made 88 Commutator blocks
and one loop par block instead o£^44 blocks and two loops per
block. Other things same ^rffallbr #8. Armature ran well con¬
sidering that a -High bar^affljajj'p after running a little.
All sparking could be g|bliVicMf>r by Bloving brushes. Temperature
of armature was rather HiASjbut rui/was for six hours. Small
size of cups and bars p^^lbly tl>e cause. Increase was 61° C, Ar¬
mature was wanted to send off s <{ could not run it again after
ffommutator was turmiH off.
Several Conductivity tests have been made lately results
as below: —
Conductivity of some Ansonia Copper wire gave a
mean of 98# tho' two of the sanples came up to 99 & 100.
Conductivity of some Iron & Copper (about 90# Cop)
& Tin & Copper gave 34# conductivity for the Copper & Iron & 16#
for the other. ,
Conductivity of brass used for rings of patting v/
machine is 31# only. ^
Conductivity of a copper zinc casting 96# copper yy
& 4# zinc, gave. 43.6# for both samples, length tested 6" „
Peb. 25, 1886.
Particulars of recent saturation curves made as
f ol lows: — ^
The curve on the #20 (Jan.21) is^a speed of 8OO0Av)
The curve on #1 (Feb*&) is at'an average speed of
1700. To read amperes divide by'two as magnets were connected in
multiple arc to make test.
The curve on #2 was taken at the same time as the
#1 and under same conditions only the speed was 1960 (average) ,
EDISON MACHINE WORKS,
TESTING DEPARTMENT.
. New York,
Duration of 'JtfjHfc. .. hours,.. >?. minutes.
Bun for.rrrrTrT.hoiirs. ft?, f?...minutes, witli/*T£. Volts . ft . T A mperes,
Speed. fi.fi..., Extra Bcsistnnce in Field.Ohms.
Continued.. .^dioura.^rrrrrmiiuutes, with:— / ^fvolts . ,4^v Amperes.
... ..^ r-
Speed lit beginning of ,*^""hour, ./^3?,*Extra
Speed at olid of Test i Bcsistnnce
Magnet Besistanco, Cold..._,__ .Base. .
Armature Besistanco, Colds/?<?TBnsc,‘'^«£,
iresis. in Field Jft.foUm
in Field. •?(?. Ohms.
Hot/fT/.^Base.
Hot//Mine yrdteV.
\o “s# *
CABLE ADDRESS:
“XYDSUN NEW YORK.’*
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
_ NEW YORK,-
AtJ>-
S I_0j: ($<46
«jS7
SOtfa/i
{/’ftrV-t Cl <f cfT'( co^ti.CO'A
d^toca/^ i ^/sv y fedfc?/ . y/ <?&*<_
yUrtstt Cyn/tts^
^ (rC^M t. ($00^, t cA^ot Aty i ^
-cjfcit, ( r<cn cchfcv^ A> wrd tu <y/
^ ^ /AA A/s ^ ^ ac st~
r y 4/ ’ ^ U t.c.
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<<** ' n >^6 *. 7& A,^ i «^y/. '
/** y—^ ^ <*«• /y ^ ^4.
y A*^-£A^ MSjLa
Qi (AOUsCCcfo tZaJ At& jicA) C(7fffU/%cc/ Pn ATaaAL ‘WuP AuC-
& N
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
- NEW YORK,...
J'fdL
/ i r
% ^ 2 JL
o2
/S
*/. &nj j, 0 ^ uafeTxt.t
A. A, a/r2 -6i 2L,.
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET,
. NEW YORK,.
Washington, D. 0* 3, «, asset*
ohartoo Bateltfw,
aw. But 10th at. u«* York,
uy Mar Ur. Batehozopi
Your, or a. % *yto taass an* ^ hav. .|aw bom try-
iBf to got tho Boport off goaf* Abbott « tho Fith forpodo, but
h.TO not up to thi. tltao BUMttltff.
Yho Boport that Bo has uti la oaly a jtfolimiaapy oao,,and to
ragardad u oonfiunttal by tho Sfcieff Snginwr, «ho ho. plaeod tho
laJuMt&on or ooorosy <**a$t, w4 till not eilomybotfy to no it,
•uopt thosa in diroot coaaootiott with tilt aaportnato*
Iff it is of any opoolal import mu to you, or you aJt ham
it, i shau ham to ms sou «y to Brook through tho harrapaug,
MS taka tho «t»MM off img tho ill will off tho Bftroaa, ohm
thoy fits that |» hU boot got Mg fNHku
aoot. Abbott bu boos ooguog to m hio BoNcro. ffmvib.
Uto Point to Km Took.
Your, truly.
[INCOMPLETE]
[FROM CHARLES BATCHELOR?]
Ch*8. Batchelor,
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET,
New York , March ». 188,j »
Richar.d N. Dyer, Esq.,
65 Fifth Avenue, City.
Dear Sir:--
I understand that you are having drawings made for
the new motor of Edison's in order to forward them to a committee
in regard to the system. It may therefore not he 'iut of place for
me to give you a few points as regards the general distribution and
working arrangements of the motor as we have driven it on the short
railroad line at the station at 34th street.
As our drawings will show you, the motor is design¬
ed to run at about 550 revolutions and driving by a steel chani on
each side a sprocket wheel on each end of one of the axles of the
truck. The speed of the car wheels is about 235 revolutions for
twanty miles an hour. This is considered as the maximum at which
these cars would need to run. The motor drives these steel chains
by what is known as the Weston clutch. The Weston clutch, one at
each end of the shaft, is operated by a vacuum cylinder under the
car. The vacuum cylinder is exhausted by a pump on one of the
motors and the arrangement of pipes, the inlet and outlet, the
pulling diaphragm, brakes and the w e ston clutches is substantially
the same as the Earaes Vacuum Brake people now put on to railroads
with the exception that we make our vacuum by pump and on the or¬
dinary railroad they make it by steam injection.
Each motor is compound wound but the current in the
series field is in the 3ame direction as in the shunt field. The
object of the series field is to prevent the current being to
heavy in starting* It gives a back E.i«t. P. due to suddenly in¬
creasing the magnetism in the cores and also its own self induction
This has very short duration and the difference between starting
with or without the field is very marked, there being comparatively
little sparking with the series field in the armature circuit
whereas without that the sparking is very heavy. The series
field itself does not of course help as a resistance as it is only
about one-third that ofthe armature. The self induction of the
armature is of very short duration, the armature itself being com¬
posed of thin iron discs. That sudden starting of the armature
does not spoil the conroutator is proved, the motors having been
started and stopped several hundred times without appreciable
effect. As the shunt field nearly magnetizes the field to sat¬
uration, the series field has not much effect.in reducing the
speed when there is any load on the motor. There is a similar
motor on each truck both of them running in multiple are across the
line. In figuring out'these motors we found that a loaded car
Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET,
r York,.. j!6 /S
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Edison Machine Works,
homas A. Edison,
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Chas. Batchelor,
Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
. NEW YORK,.
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Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92to 108 GOERCK STREET, ^
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THE EHISDN MACHINE WCRKS,
CABLE ADDRESS; . T __ __
"xvdsun NEW YORK.” Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET, XI &
.
^ g«p«rtm e n t M lust n qf-^18 mad* May 4th last.
Armature atill and magnets charged |n opposite directions.
Current put thro' a mature by th# regular brushes. | n this way w*
get the heat of both Brmg^rea and magnets without any or the heat
due to the iron cor*. TKTtettparatur* it r o s e to probably J*r
33^ higher than it would hare been if the armature had been revolv-
ing rapidly and fanning the air. Test was made oir^S /la, 183
Volts on magnate with 3.4 Ohms in series (Mag. re a. 83 Ohme) and
836 A^ger es for four hours._Temperature 78 C.^UHUe SO minutes. IvOo
ftc thermometerwes wanted for the peScr armatu re. Besides the f o5r"
hours run. on regular load the armature had, as well as the other
armature running giving the current fl3 /14 Temperature 88 C) , S80
Amperes for * hour then about 180 for J hour then 400 Amperes for
t hour. Then there came the four hours run. Temperature of room
was 88.5 C. Increase was 46.5 C. Commutator was rather hot.
On the same day a test was made on the "Long shaft*
IS iron core, covered with two layers of . paper and tape. Only ran
2s hours intermittently as tape always came off a ter running a
little while, not being tied on .well. Temperature of room 80 o.
Armature 40C on tape; though half and hour afterwards was 44c on
irno core itself. Probably 50C when shut down. The above test
cannot be taken as any good result and armature was let go only
because it was necessary to rewind it as quickly as possible.
H. g.
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THE EEISDN MACHINE WCRKS,
'yo S rk.» Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
N ew York,-. JM'm. .
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THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS,
HESS:
' York." Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STR EET,
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“XYDSUN NEVV^ORK.”
THE EEISDN MACHINE WCRKS,
Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET.
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Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET.
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Edison Machine Works,
Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET.
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’y S ork- Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
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EW 1 YORK." ^Nos. 92 TO 108 GOERCK STREET,
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Nos. 92 to -108 GOERCK STREET,
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, Nos. 92 to 108 GOERCK STREET,
" NEW YORK,. jha^CtfLufrM
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THE STATEN ISLAND
RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD-COMPANY.
DIRECTORS:
I ttBaasUssssss^c^.
titmsftsgsas^SsniitSlS^ I vts^hntsatttnsf‘ m ’ m ^' m
ERASTUS WIMAN,
NOT YORK, JULY I9TII 1886,
Q.BATCHELOR ESQ.,
LONG BEACH HOTEL, II. Y,
my dear oir;-
!N REPLY TO YOURS OF THE I4TII I NOT AMT, I HAVE SIMPLY TO
SAY THAT t THINK THE SEC OIL) UORTC.AOE ROMOS OF THE STATED ISLAND
RAPID TRANSIT RAILROAD COMP ANY, GUARA NTEED BY THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO ,
ARE TIE BEST SECURITY HOW OFFERED. THE RAPID TRANSIT RAIL' OAD ITSELF
IS ALMOST A PHENOMENAL SUCCESS. IT IS A ROAD THAT CANNOT BE COMPETED
WITH , AND,DEPENDING AO IT DOES Oil THE SUBURBAN TRAFFIC OF A CITY
THAT CANNOT HELP BUT UR^Y, ITS ABILITY TO PAY ITS INTEREST Is M||QI IESTI0 H
ED, E&VEN UNDER EXISTING C IRCUMSTANCEC, BUT "'I Til THE INCREASED TRAFFIC
WHICH THE BALTIMORE, AND OHIO IS TO BRIMS TO IT, IT IS SURE TO DHOW A
GREAT EARNING POWERfiBOVE ITS FIXED CHARGED. THE- U.AilD 0. GUARANTEE.
OF COURSE, RENDERS IT UNDOUBTED, THONG II THE CERTAINTY THAT THE LITTLE
ROAD WILL EARN ITS FIXED CHARGES IS JUST AO GREAT AS THE GERTAIHTY
that the big company will earn its charges,an# even greater, i can
strongly RECOMMEND this investment TO YOU BECAUSE OF :.!y full knowledge
of all the circumstances..
SHOULD YOU BE DISPOSED TO TAKE A FLYER IN A SMALL ENTERPRISE
MORE OR LESS BOUND UP IN THE OTHER I DIRECT YOUR ATTENTION TO THE ENCLO¬
SED
FAITHFULLY YOURS
-
DtM-j.vil lo ra'i utr&cu 00 V/
soce
««** «<*«*«-i o.C* iv rw ( A £ Wi
EXPesmSR SAlERtlXTIONkLE DtocTBfciT^O <rW ■'■I SW£ V.tffc . >>* CC-HlS JVJO IS’fOjJ. Sft.-.;
®RAhV$!R 0 J|E iD'ifoHKEDR >-
Tiilirppliqiu' I'
-. Oa.-.f-i ot/j '<•} «$t\ at/
Oh* Batchelor Es^
■i: a.r.Ju bobi a
Mow York
«vao,( ; .** e«»!•»•.. »»i«
1 am in i^jsipt ^n ifhfoh. yot^oall my at ten*
tion to a^pat.ent w^iohyou have taken out for a nee Compound dynamo
machine* You can be aura that it will always a great
pleasure to" me-whenever-1 can be agreeable to you in any way, e&d
you oan-always dispose readily of my services*
In the present case however it is necessary that you
should first give me full particulars concerning your invention* in
letting me know in which countries you have taken out patents*, how
many patents you have taken out|f and under which conditions you
would either sell the patents or grant licenses to manufacture your
dynamo*
I must however call your attention at once to the fact 4fc>
that at present a dynamo, in order to meet the competition*.rauet be
able to be manufactured at a very low price* Evert the present Edie*
son dynamos are too expensive & have great difficulties to compete
with the prices of the Gramme machines although Ivry has reduced
it* price to 600 francs for dynamo of 23 lamps
9Q0 francs for dynamo of 50 lamps
WOO franoa (or dynamo of loo »*»$*,
norm «it proportion ilnoo
m ** ft *“ Mt * *'«**» on «» priooa which. jar*,
potitora find OMfli to malt« ynt a discount of lO or $ 0 'pn^'aqnt.
whAt ?i 2 Ku!&#S?
* 3raww h,kw * ««« •*« *' it »* V0fy i, quite
tnp«*sibl# to pay high prie «a i
thoaoat prio* in paying hoary rdyaiiioai^'’' c
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[EDISON MACHINE WORKS. DEFECT REPORTS (INCOMPLETE)]
( 88 )
box or ths tubing and let yon know.Price.
April 22, 1883.
Telegram: —
Bad trouble send electrician & man at once answer promptly.
Hew BedfrodS
Telegram: —
Electrician A man will come by Pall River boat to-night.
E.ll. w .
April 25, 1886.
Trouble here is with pole line feeder running from catch-box
on Purchase street to pole on Purchase and Union. Have mode
a cut but cannot do anything until a new length is received.
Have telegraphed for it and an additional one; the number is
206. Purchase street main between Middle and w illiam has
been repaired. No other trouble.
Waddell.
April 24, 1886.
Two tubes from Brooklyn received and to-night will replace
the defective one. No further trouble has occurred. To- '
morrow I will test the whole underground system together and
then in sections and then the over-head system. This has
been low in insulation since commencement and mskes matters
worse with the underground conductors. President of Company
says these troubles are injuring the business.
Waddell.
64.
HARRY MINER'S PEOPLES THEATRE,
April 24, 1886.
#20 dynamo put in Sunday ran last night up to midnight,the
load, 225 Amperes, was constant up to 11 P. i. when the load
varied from 375 Amperes to 50. No sparking on corrmutator, th >
pillwo block on pulley side requires too much oil and heats
up.With this exception the dynamo ran very well. The driving
belt is saturated with oil and requires to be very tight is
saturated with oil and requires to be very tight to prevent
slipping. Bourne.
Note:— Heating of bearing is probably due to the tight belt.
MacDougall.
April 30, 1886.
The #20 dynamo, running two weeks, has started to "dig out"
on two commutator bars. Piled commutator and sand papered don
down. Ran at night with bad spark: is not improving. This
dynamo has from two to three hundred lamps thrown off or on,
with warning.
HOPPMAN HOUSE, April 30, 1886.
Turned off commutator of #12 dynamo, it had two bars dug out
This machine has been over-loaded. At 10.30 p.'m. running well
with full load on.
ORAND CENTRAL DEPOT, April 30 , l!33iD.
Running O.K. Commutator perfect. The lairds along platform
are covered with dirt, which absorbed mueh or the light.
Bourne.
78.
* mmm nK,T - *„» S , 18 S 6 .
I regret to report that at 1 i o'clock this noon our large
•A« machine short circuited and made more fireworks than we
have yet had in our station. Now we are putting our spare
armature which we find to be a very handy thipg ' 40 *? v ® ! h
house. Have not yet examined the burned one, but will repor
you later the amount of it.
Price.
*NEW BEDFORD UNDERGROUND SYSTEM,
May 11, 1886.
In relation to our last trouble we thought we would
remedy it fearing that something might develope on■ part
of the line which now seems good, but our men have been ve y
busy. I do not like to open boxes searching
changes the position of things as y ur men left them, for any
subsequent faults may be thought to be
work on boxes which we may have opened »e *“ ve * ot Rowing
any part of the line which.now seesm in fault. The following
is report of my man on last trouble.
Price.
On last Friday night about 10 o'clock a <J^w/st^ted
Onened Union street box expecting to find the pressure safety
r r *r;
could not say as 1 tested with a magneto which rings through
10000 Ohms.' This was in the centre piece of box
on »nt.hen out. Have cut out feeder #1 and the system with
0 “ it is all right with the exception of a very 3liR ^ t po ^“
tive ground. Immediately we found there waa a R r ° und °" * he
system, we started to locate it, so there was no chance-for
a ground on the opposite side to workout.
(91)
47
DEFECT REPORT PROM CHICAGO, May 15, 1886.
1Je notice the armature of one of the machines of the Union
league Club gave evidence of the commutator having been turned
down. If everything about the dynamo runs well :we will
say nothing about it but in the future should be glad to have
you inform us in case you expect to furnish us a second hand
armature for us to pay for a new one. Leonard.
TAGGING OP PIE1D CONNECTIONS.
Tagging of field coonections' of dynamo #44 of class #12 was
wrong. Our man connected it up according to the tags, and
its rield would not charge. He then connected it according
to the standard method and it worked all righfc. Since then
we have received two machines of class #16, #23 * 24 for the
Union league Club here. In both cases the tagging was just
the reverse of what it should be. As I did not know but that
you had reversed your method of winding, I said nothing about
it until I might have an opportunity to make sure of the re¬
sult, but I now find that the standard method of connecting
was correct and that the tagging was entirely wrong. N ne of
our workmen out here need the tags to work by in connecting
up a madiine, but it sometimes may be convenient; ih ease of
new men connecting a machine: but certainly no tag would pre¬
ferable to tags that are misleading in every way. Leonard.
Notes to MacDougall:--
In regard to this complaint from Chicago in regard to
worn commutator, will you in furture please call attention to
the fact if there is any new machine going out that has a
commutator on it which appears to be old or secondhanded*
In regard to field connections being tagged wrong y>u
had better have some one tag these machines who knows eacetly
how they sho Id be connected up otherwise we shall have some
trouble where machines are sent to people who do not know as
much about it as these Chicago people.
C.B.
72. .....
NEW BEDFORD UNDERORUOND SYSTEM,
May 17, 1886.
The trouble with the system was reported to be a.ground on
#1 feeder and that a conductor in #2 was not feeding. The
trouble as found by disconnecting was a leaky coupling bo.x.
When the compound was removed and, terminals cleaned the insu¬
lation rose to 500000 Ohms. In looking for this fault, I
found two boxes with water in them and two not completely fill
ed with the compound. The trouble with #2 feeder I traced
back to the station and located it in the equalizing box. ' m ’ti
When the resistance was taken out of the line, the connection
was immediately made. Trouble was also said to be in #2
catch box there being a cross between the inner rings, but on
(92)
opening the box and testing,the insulation was found to be in
the meg Ohms. There is still a ground on the whole system
but it goes off during the noon hour, so is oil some service.
Would suggest a slight modification in the safety catch used
in the catch boxes.
The objection is that the corners A projects too near the
adjoining pole when being inserted in the box when current is
on. The shape as shown in Figure 2 wo Id lose nothing elec¬
trically but would be less dangerous to use. It was suggested
that the screw in the boxes for clamping the catches be made
of brass for they rust badly now. They might be nickle plated
Waddell.
47.
DEFECT REPORT FROM CHICAGO,
WEAK FIELDS IN ROCKFORD DYNAMOS. May 18, 1886.
Have just received report from Rockford station, where they
have placed two more #16 dynamos that have been running a few
days. The new ones have not as strong fields apparently, as
the old ones, at least with identically the same spe»d, as
they are all belted on countersharting and. the pulleys are
the same size. The old machines have eight blocks left in the
hand box with 165 Amperes, and one of the new machines at 165
Amperes has the hand box short circuited, and the other one ha
ha 3 but four blocks left with 180 Amperes.
Leonard.
79.
AMOS BROTHERS DYNAMO,
Syracuse, N.Y., May 20.
Hav examined and run the "Z" dynamo at Amos Brothers. The
commutator was turned off the first of this month and there
is much less trouble now than before, but.the commutator is
now decidedly out of truth. The brushes were in very poor
condition and covered too large an arc on the commutator.
I had the lod put on (46 - 10 e.p. lamps) and soon got it run¬
ning with very little spark, and with a light load no spark.
The trouble does not come on until after several hours run.
Examined for grounds and base connections but. found nothing.
Tested the pressure and found it to range from 96 to 98 Volts.
The lamps are 94 and 95 but but they say they are now satis¬
fied with their life which is now over 1000 hours. The lamps
are somewhat low on account of being previously too high.
The commutator will be turn d off this week and 1 will sec
how the armature runs on my return. When I left it, it wr
giving no trouble of any kind.
6 .
LOCKPORT MUNICIPALS,
The following are results I have
about the Municipal Dynamos J—
with one circuit of 35 lamps
Loekport, May 21, 1886.
so far been able to get
on the
Dynamo speed is 1454,
Engine " " 364
Extra resistance 450 Ohms.
With two circuits on the
Dynamo speed is 1448
Engine * 0 363
Extra resistance is 320 Ohms.
Current on 2nd circuit is 2.8 Amperes.
Magnets heated to about 50 C. ,
The engine runs smoothly and light, is s *® a £' ■ . lth ly
is reported to run cool, which of course it shouid with only
two circuits on. The lowness in candle Power due to the cur
rent being less than 3 Amperes is Whined <£•
Amperes was maintanied so as to save the dyn
U * HOFFMAN HOUSE PLANT, #16 DYNAMO, ^ lga6<
want to Hoffman House Saturday, found brushes sparking also
good order. Left were bt, satisfaction. This plant
ll'llTlZnV, au that"" needed is a little more care from
6 to 8 P.M. while the load is being thrown on.
Browne.
FALL RIVER PLANT, pa ll River, May 25, 1886
For two weeks past we have
Ampere, 125 Y o1 * ^in^the evening, sometimes cutting one or
intermittently during the ev ni g, blocks of each
rth:r! a vunu^;d s roo:r^ections to
(94)
caused the sparking but only on two occasions have the bars
on diametrically opposite points of commutator been afrected.
The irregularity of the sparking and the fact that it occurs *
at different points on t> e commutator never cutting the V™*
bar twice is what puzzles us. Yesterday we took the head off
expecting to find a loose connection blit all were in good con¬
dition. The commutator is not grounded on the shaft so far
as we have been able to determine. The only other theory we
can form from its actions is that the inflation of the wires
Inside the armature is in poor condition. This we have n
means of determining and as I understand it, if even a single
strand of wires connected to one bar were to burn off their
insulation entirely we would lose the armature. Can you
suggest anything that would cease the disturbances we hev
described?
Dwelly,Jr.
LOCKPORT MUNICIPAL,
May Sso,
First reading to show relation of the resistance of each
field magnet. The two magnets were placed across the mams
of the regular system and drop in E.M.F. taken.
First with no extra resistance,
Left magnet gives 112.5 Volts drop,
Rl8h This shows that the left magnet has 50.4# of
total resistance, the left having 49.6#
Second with no extra resistance,
Left magnet gives 112.5 Volts drop.
Right • • HI* 6 "
Gives same as above. .
Third, with 15 blocks resistance on right side,
Left 92 Volts,
Right, . 121 "
This shows that total magnet resistance is
83# of the total and 15 blocks is 15# of the
total resistance.
Assuming magnet resistance cold equals 6.5
Ohms and temperature has risen 12 C. then resistance is 700
Ohms. This would give the resistance of 15 block., as 12»
Ohms and one block, 8.3 Ohms.
Fourth, with 28 blocks in.
Left magnet has 80 Volts drop.
This shows that the 28 blocks equal 25# r
total or 28 blocks have 233 Ohms, therefore one has 233 divid
ed by Z TJ IB blocks have 232 (t) which checks #3.
(95)
Firth, With 15 blocks in on right side,
left 92 Volts drop.
Right, 120.5 ■ •
This chocks readings # 3 ’ A 4 .
Sixth, No extra resistance,
loft, 105.5
Right, 104.
From this wo get left nragnet has 50.4# total
resistance and that right » » 49 .# «
" which agrees with #1 A 2.
Seventh, 12 blocks in.
Right, 119 Volts drop,
. From this magnet resistance is 209.5 minus 119
divided by 209.5 and multiplied by 2 which equals 86.5 %
Therefore 12 blocks have 107 Ohms,
From #3 * 4 12 • ■ 100 »
The above, show that the magnets are all right.
Second readings to obtain the E.M. F. across the brushes.
First, when running in the regular way, viz, two cir¬
cuits each with 2.75 Amperes, speed 1458 per minute, currenti
in test circuit .6 Amperes, 18 blocks of resistance in or
about 150 Ohms. Temperature of magnets about 65 C, 36
16 - c.p. lamps.
Drop from lamps 1, 2, 3, A 4, is 105.5 Volts
5*6, ■ 102 , •
7 A 8 ■ 95.5 •
9 0 89.5
10 ■ 89.0 «
11 & 12 « 96.0 ■
13 A 14 • 90.5 «
15 • 82.0 •
16 * 80.5 «
1? • 81.5 ■
18 A 19 81.0 •
Therefore total E. M. F. is 993 Volts
As a check, drop from 1 - 4 is 105.5 Volts.'
With 5 % drop in line this would give 26 Volts for each
16 c.p. lamp in street or at 3 Amperes drop would be 28 Volts
which means 34 lamps available, instead of 38 lamps.
Second, All resistance out but two blocks.
Speed ,1450. Current in test circuit .7 Amperes.
Temperature of magnets about 70 C. Current in street circuits
nearly 3 Amperes. 36 - 16 C.P. lanps in observed circuit.
Drop from lamps 1 ——4 110.0 Volts,
5-6, 106.0 ■
7-8 98.5 »
9 92.5 *
10 - 11 97.5 ■
IS 86.5 ■
13 - 14 93.5
(96)
Drop from lamps,15
13
17
18
19
85.0 Volts,
83.0 «
83.5
84.0 *
Therefore total B.M.F. is 1020 ■
With 5% drop in line this would give 27 Volts or
at 3 Amperes full it would be 28 Volts.
Third, Conclusions:--
The present trouble with the system lies under
three heads, viz:—
1 st, tamp resistance higher than originally
calculated for.
2nd, Speed of armature too low by at least
fifty revolutions, per minute,
3d, Magnetism of the field magnets is too near
the saturation point.
The first conclusion is shown by deductions on pages 3
and 4.
The second conclusions and third go together, for the
heat of the magnets is just double what it was calculated for.
As tested, current in field is 1000 divided by 1300 or
•77 Amperes,
As run here ■ * ■ ■ 1000 " 0 900 or
1.11 Amperes. Hence the heating varies as .77 squared to
1.11 squared or as 1 to 2.
To run at 3 Amperes per circuit would raise the heat
three times as calculated for.
That the magnets are about saturated is shown by the fact
that taking out all the resistance does not raise the EMF abo
above 1025 Volts.
Fourth, Suggestions:—
If the present lamps and dynamo are to remain here,
it would be well to change the present 34$* engine pulley to
36&". This would give an armature speed of 1550, which is
not excessive seeing what trouble there has been with these
#1 dynamos in regard to heating of magnets and B.M. F. The
engine speed is now 360 and no trouble comes from it, but it
night be well to bring it down a little and use a 38 inch
engine pulley. The armature pulley in as small as advisable
viz, 8i inches, instead of 114 inches as originally made.
It would be well to adapt a lower number of lamps per
circuit, or to retain the present number here of 37.
Of a set of lamps recently sent here, an average Voltage
taken from 27 lamps was 28 2-3 Volts.
Waddell.
Note: —
Do not think the municipal #1 magnets cab possibly be sat¬
urated, as the magnetic intencity on the iron core is only
(97)
rssz*? Li?* M
2ffisassfe®®:
Walter.
DEFECTIVE »C" DYNAMO AT PEARIi SB.
The P iL atioI con 3 C °r Jt r t0r 6nd n8are,5t th9 iron ^mature.
l:rs KE-2- °“ thlCk 8he8t ° f PW and two
Walter.
LOCKPORT MUNICIPAL,
Magnets keep hot and after are about 100 C. This is with
“f *— U— 1000 von,. They »ro „,I. "*J„
another circuit on and will order large engine pulley if you
give authority to run armature at higher speed.
Waddell.
_ . May 26, 1886.
,^*”1 r e hav ° ° rdere d large fly wheel for engine also
larger armature pulley. They are anxious to get things
straightened out and are doing all they can do towards it.
Jhe dynamo has been run as per catalogue, viz, at 1450 and
engine has given no trouble. It should be insisted that the
16 c.p. lamps be twenty-five.Volts when a three Ampere current
is flowing. Even tlieh only thirty eight lamps can be put in,
using 1000 Volts E.M»F« Machine here was purchased on suppo-
sition that it would keep 40-16 c.p. lamps up to 16 candles,
with reference to E.M.F. The machine now at, 1000 Volts
cannot maintain two circuits of 36 lamps each, with three
Amperes per circuit. At 1500 speed it will likely have dif¬
ficulty to maintain four circuits,
Waddell.
s.
LOCKPORT MUNICIPAL,
May 24, 1883.
Prom a number of readings the E.M.P. across the Municipal
lamps here is.
Five new 13 c.p. average 27.6 Volts,
■ used • • • small pattern 26.1 Volts.
Seven used 32 c.p. 28.3 Volts.
Current kept at 3 Amperes. No 32 c.p. lamps are now in
circuit. Of the 16 c.p., 40 new ones would require 1100
Volts or 1150 line included. 40 Old, or lamps about 500
burned would require 1130 Volts, or 1210 Volts at the dynamo.
Waddell.
72.
NEW BEDFORD UNDEBOROUND SYSTEM,
June 5, 1886.
Men very busy but will have line tested as soon as possi¬
ble. This neutral-ground was on when Johnson came and we
still have it. ’"hile first may have gone off and another
come on, the line has not been free since, before he came.
June 8, 1886.
The lamps inr.the regulator box on positive side of feeder
have intervals of going out and cornin' on again of their own
account, they are out just now and we can only get test lamps
to burn by connecting either wire with the positive of the
other boxes; this seems to us to show that both are mutual
some way.
78.
NEW BEDFORD PLNAT,
June 5, 1886.
Our engineer finds that the new pulley with the new arma¬
ture is a trifle smaller than the old one, an,d the speed is a
trifle higher. The heat seems more noticeable 4n the machine
with the old armature still in it. Price.
Noteito Price: —
You need have no fear of the #20 machines. The heating
of that one machine may possible be due to the fact that you
are running one faster than the other. .Perhaps the belt was
slack on the other one, thus doing all the load. We have
tested the #20 machines in th- s place with S00 Amperes on and
the heating is not perceptibly greater than at 400 Amperes.
You must however keep them at the right apeed especially if
you have them in multiple arc* as if yon do not and there is
any slipping of the belt of that machine, the other.one will h
not only take all the load but will drive that one which is
slipping as a motor so that you would not notice that it was
below speed.
Batchelor.
(99)
18.
BUCKINGHAM HOTEL,
.Tune 9, 1886.
Dynamo running cool, commutator true,with smooth surface.
Bourne*
33.
CABLE ROAD,
June 9, 1886.
Turned commutator of #8 old style winding & connections
This dynamo has run about five months without Any .trouble.
64.
PEOPLES THEATRE,
.Tune 9, 1886.
Piled up commutator, did not have time to turn off. Dynamo
running well considering condition of commutator. Compara¬
tively small spark. On Monday this armature will be changed
for a new one, perfect in all respects.
Bourne.
78.
NEW BEDPORD UNDERGROUND SYSTEM
June 11, 1886.
The trouble here was remedied early this morning before I
got here and now on the whole system there is only a very
slight negative ground. The trouble was a ground and cross
on Purchase street Main. On the same there was a neutral
ground in a small service which has been take off. The nega¬
tive pressure wire of #4 feeder is intermittent in its con¬
nection and appears to be due to a loose contact It is not
advisable to locate it. They complained last night of a ser¬
ies of sudden variations in a main which had been isolated
during repairs. I do not think the trouble was due to anyt
thing but a varying load. Waddell.
Note to Waddell: —
You had better not leave the slight negative ground until
you find out what it is. By a 1 means find out what is cause 0
of intermittent trouble of the #4 feeder. Although say it is
not advisable to locate the trouble I think that on 'their
dystem there we should take up every little indication of
trouble and follow it right on to the end to. find out what it
isor we shall have trouble on it all the time. Do not come
away until you have found out what is the cause of the con¬
stant variations in the main which had bean isolated.
78.NEW BEDFORD PLANT,
Two bars in commutator of new
June 11, 1886.
#80 dynamo are cutting.
( 100 )
Connections have been tightened and commutators are being
turned down. Both commutators of small machines have high
bars so they will be turned down too.
"■add ell*
Note to '“addell: —
Endeavor to put their dynamos in shape so that they will be
satisfactory to them. Get that nice glaze on the commutator
that we get on the machines in testing here. Take a record
of the.variations of load of the different dynamos at all
times so as to see just what they are doing there. If you.
have any trouble with these #8’s let us know as we had better
change them for new connections.
Batchelor.
69.
TROUBLE -WITH #6 ARMATURES,
.Tune 18, 1886.
Note, to Lan-’ton: —
Type 6 armature #55 after running for al¬
most a full test finally made a dead cross, stopped the en¬
gine and threw the belt orf. After looking the thing over we
started up again and the cross was not in the armature then.
After running a little it crossed again. This trouble is
caused by the pounding of the wires when you are binding them
up. I wish you would give orders that they mutt not pund it.
The wire must be brought in position by the clapps. The
slightest blow on the wire causes the insulation underneath it
to break and make such temporary crosses as this likely to
occur. We shall send this armature over to you and you will
find that on the outside there are two wires that are Slightly
burnt. This is the only indication of the cross but when you
take it apart you will find that the insulation of the wires
or the ones underneath, are cut so that it is possible to
make a short circuit after the machine has been running for
sometime.
Ratchelor.
78.
NEW BEDFORD UNDERGROUND SYSTEM,
June 15, 1886.
Whole system now in satisfactory condition.
Waddell.
Arrived this morning and found our difficulties worked out
to an extent that vie hove only a medium sort of dark old
ground on the negative, and the positive shows nothing. Every¬
thing is connected, and with the above slight exception,
everything seems right, for the time being. Mr.Johnson seems
to convince me that what I thought was the neutral ground that
( 101 )
"he found and left" on the occasion of his la t visit was
really two grounds and one was negative and that I was mis¬
informed as to its being the same. As 1 saw it on the night
he left it seemed too bright to have left, but he, believing
it was in the wiring somewhere inside, thought we should run
it down ourselves. I also believe that what 1 thought was a
good test as I wrote you June 8th was too hastily concluded
owing to our men being a good deal tired and overworked.
Ur.Johnson has found the difficulty too with the regula¬
tor box on our #4 feeder that I wrote lighted at times only.
He opened the box and found one of the thumb screws quite
above the lead wire so that the contact was very uncertain and
occasional. On tightening the nut this morning the lamps came
up and have remained so since. I would say what is right and
proper to exhonorate Ur. Johnson from what, seemed his, as I
thought, apparent neglect.
Price.
78.
NBWBBDKOBD PLANT,
June 12,
Have had new #20 commutator turned off and both of those of
the smaller machine and all are run very satisfactory now.
w addell.
Waddell has turned off all commutators and tonight I am
going to try the #8 machine with a load and see how they work.
Price.
June 14, 1836.
Since turning off our#8's they are working nicely. A very
heavy load was g iven them on Saturday night and they took
care of it in good shape. The armature just arrived.
Price.
June 16, 1886.
Commutators have glaze you spoke about and seldom need at¬
tention except when the load is changed.
Waddell.
70
TROUBLE WITH #4 ARMATURES,
June 18, 1 86.
Note to Langton:—
Type 4 armature #65 has a resistance 'cold
of .051 and hot .069. The average resistance of this type
of armature is .044, so you see you have got a very much
increased resistance on this which causes the armature to
heat up above 100 Cent, with its ordinary load. It seems to
me that you have onthis armature instead of #9 wire, possibly
#10 or else the ire must vary in conductivity. Please be
care ful and have these wir.is guaged before they go on he
armature. w e send the armature back.
Batchelor.
( 102 )
82.
NEW BRUNSWICK PLANT, June 21, 1886.
One of our dynamos shows spark or arc between bars of
armature. w e cannot find any trace of it when stopped. It
appears only when the e.m.f. is raised above 106 or 108 Volts.
What is the cause and how remedied.
Howell.
PILOT LAMP
The arranijement of pilot lamp underneath the yoke and be¬
tween the cores of our dynamos is no good. In the new dynamos
you will please put the pilot lamp on top,
Howell.
14.
HOFFMAN HOUSE PLANT,
June 23, 1886.
Put in new set of babbitt shells in pillow block on pulley
end. Found old boxes melted and babbit seat badly burned.
Started up before 4 p.m. and dynamo was running well at 9 p.m
Belt on machine short and has to be run very tight.
Bourne.
1 .
BUFFALO COURIER PLANT,
Burned out babbitt boxes,
solid ones.
June 25, 1886.
We have advised them to cast
Batchelor.
72.
NEW.BEDFORD UNDERGROUND SYSTEM,
June 27, 1886.
Have still further trouble with underground system. On 26th
worked difficulty down to piece of tubing in William street
mani, cut it out and all customers were on. In afternoon,
while trying to take out bad piece a heavy thunder storm came
up and chathes were blown in nearly all boxes. 'With dead
ground on positive the #20 machine showed over hundred Amperes
and the negative machine nothing. Machines finally righted
themselves but chatches blown as fasr as put in. We had to
run last light, Saturday, with some dozen of our customers
out. Bought lamps for some. Others who had taken out gas
fixtures had them and meters replaced ajr last moment. Been
working all day, Sunday, but after cutting out some burned
tubes and wet j ints on Purchase street where we had short
circuit on June 9th, we find on connecting up, a dead ground
between positive and neutral on that main showing trouble not
yet eradicated. We see no way but to go completely over our
system and replace present short boxes by longer ones and the
other improvements that experience may suggest.
Price.
(103)
.Tune 27, 1886.
Reported here 9 A.M. yesterday. Round neutral ground
strong enough to redden two lamps in series. No new style
boxes here and very few spare clamps. They cut out portion of
main but few from the ends so as to give light to all consu¬
mers. Yesterday too wet to work. Towards evening dead cross
occurred in main between and coppers. Burned out safety
catches and threw out about 15# of system. Pound cross this
morning, took out bad piece of pipe. Cross caused to all
appearances by leakage of water into box. One end of main
all right and will feed some customers. In other end and
wires are dead ground do cannot be used. Shall endeavor to
straighten out in morning. Quite number of consumers cut
out. Have Isolated and tested one reader (3) which is all
right.
Clark.
Note to Price. June 29, 1886.
We are of your opinion that the sooner we commence opera¬
tions at y ur station and put it in good running order the
sooner will our troubles all around end. w suggest gradually
changing all boxes for the new improved box of which we have
sane on hand and will ship them immediately and send man to
stay there until they are changed. If the work can be got
along quicker by any means after he has once started■there
please suggest the same to us and we will do whatever is
necessary.
C.B.
83.
ARMATURE AT BRODHEAD, WIS.,
June 25, 1886.
The first night this armature started it caused a great
deal of trouble by excessive heating and sparking. Pulley
end of armature on starting up smoked excessively, dynamo
instantly shut down. Started up again and operated rest of
night without trouble. One night same thing was repeated,
before dynamo shut down pulley end wos throwing sparks at
furious rate. Armature sent to us and new one sent in its
place. Armature was evidently originally defective and would
have sent it back to you only we thought we could repair it
satisfactorily and make expense less to you. We found two
adjacent loops so badly burned that there was no insulation
whatever left upon the loops. Had commutator taken off and
two loops replaced by new ones. Armature is as good as new.
Leonard.
COMMUTATOR CONNECTIONS,
We think vast improvement can be made
June
upon present
85, 1886.
method of
(104)
connecting ends of loops to commutator. Had connections been
made fater style which immediately proceeded the present
style, the repairing could have been done without taking off
commutator.Trifling repair on armature now seems to necessi¬
tate removal of commutator,and with heavy wire as now used
on armatures it is difficult to get 176 screws in to hold
commutator to loops. We found three screws in this armatire
which had been originally broken off at your works. There
is a strong likelihood very often of there being no contact
on the vertical surface between commutator radial bar and
block into which end of the loop is sweat. Realizing trouble
caused by melting of connections or old style, we think there
is unnecessary complication about the present arrangement and
something better could be readily devised. The "Y" and "S”
machines cause more trouble from unsoldering of connections
than any others. This trouble was entirely obviated there by
us of pieces of heavy sheet brass cut in the shape or figure 1
This piece;of brass
was placed on top of
Figure 1, the connection, and
the screw passed
through the hole in
the sheet brass and
held firmly on top
of the copper. The entire connector was filled with solder
so that the copper wires and brass strip above were firml
soldered together as show in figure 8,
You can see from
sketch, in case the
connections be opened
Figure 8, from any cause, the
wires would not be
able to spring up and
open thatportion of
circuit as brass strip
would always be in
contact with wires,
which would keep the
connection perfect or prevent it from being sufficiently bad
to cause trouble. This treatment has yielded satisfactory
results in sane eight or twn instances and the simplicity
recommends it in preference to present arrangement.
SCREWS * NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS,
Our armature workman said to writer as he was finishing
armature above referred to, "Supposing I should twist off
the head of one of these frail screws." Such a thing is often
done as we find three instances of this kind on one armature
as it ca ie from Machine Works. It is tedious operation to
bring all 88 connections of a #6 armature into such perfect
position as to be able t>> put in 176 screws without injury to
any of the screws. Our men derived the impression that you
(105)
designed the connection with special object of rendering it
impossible for ordinar workmen to repair armatures without a
number of special tools. w e think a simpler connection could
be made to give as good satisfaction.
Leonard.
83.
ARMATURE AT BRODHEAD, WIS.,
.Tune 89,
Note to Chicago,
Brodhead armature must have had a knock between time tested
here and time it was placed in the field. This is unavoid¬
able to us and rarely happens.
C.B.
COMMUTATOR CONNECTIONS, June 89,
Note to Chicago,
Connection suggested by Mr.Leonard no good. Have used it but
difficulty with kind of connection was not loosening of wires
(that was easily remedied by making sides of cup higher and
ending them over on the wire). The centrifugal force and
heat acts on the screw to elongate it and make permanently
bad connection between cup and tongue. Armature you s eek of
was 88 block #8 which has been altered to 44 block by altera¬
tion of winding. No difTicu ty with other sizes as none have
so many commutator blocks. Shall be glad to make any
tools you desire to facilitate repair work. Have no desire
to keep anything back, have never shown desire to.
C.B.
78.
NEW BEDFORD UNDERGROUND SYSTEM ,
June 30, 1886.
Patched up system so that every customer has had light
since 6.P.M. yesterday. Ooing to test out pole lines for
neutral ground and if they are good shall try and neutralize
trouble in underground s stem. In main which broke down we
fo nd dead cross fdsing the ends of the copper and 300 feet
away a dead ground (positive) both occurring at junction
boxes.
Clark.
Edison Machine Works.
-104 GOERCK STREET,
New York,-..I.
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TEST ON SPECIAL #1.
Ran for several hours on different loads and at end of this
run was put on 50 amperes and about 110 volts for about a quarter
of an hour, which it ran almost without spark. Temperature at
end dbout 62° C.
Volts on magnets, no load -- 94, on dynamo — 108,
Volts on magnets, full load—118,on dynamo — 110.
Magnets were in multiple arc for this test, therefore volts
on magnets were really at full load. Heat on magnet not too
much, about the same as a #2 dynamo — hottest of regular dynamos.
Armature resistance .278 (less than regular as armature is
shorter).
Magnet resistance 50.2 (inmultiple arc — 12.5 ohms).
The effect of the load is about the same on this machine as
on the regular #1, as to the percentage of current required in the
magnets, but the charging effect is good, as it only takes three
seconds to charge itself and be up to volts with full load on.
The commutator does not seem to cut out any bars at all,
even though sparking a good deal (by pushing the brushes backward,
g. c. ), probably the effect of the wrought iron. It appears to
make a good motor.
The speed with magnets in series is 2,000, being five per
cent higher at 110 volts.
Test on load for heat and saturation curve has yet to be made
Should like to try an experiment with larger wrought iron pol
pieces, as if we could reduce the air resistance that way it would
be a good design for very small dynamos. This style at present
takes a good deal of current to charge its field. As it charges
so quickly it could be used for a headlight dynamo.
Magnet cores a little too short.
Total weight 472 lbs. as against 550 lbs. for the reguli
# 1 .
11 The Edison Machine W
THOMAS A. EDISON, Preaidant.
OHA8, BATOHELOR, Vice-President and Gen’l Mgr.
8AMUEL INQULL, Secretary and Treasurer.
JOHN KRUE8I, Asalstant Gen'l Mgr.
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A8. BATOHELOR, Vlca-Preild
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THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS.
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In replying please address |
11 The Edison Machine Worfcs."
B. BATOHELOR, Vlce.ProsIdent am
THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS.
Schenectady, N. Y.,__
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“ The Edison Haehlno Works."
THOMA8 A. EDI80N, Pr
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THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS.
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THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS.
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THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS.
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CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT CO.
J. H. MoOlembkt,
JVew York
Bhas* Batchelor, i'lsg*
214 'Sast 13th. St. N. Y*
Dear Sir:-
Re plying to your favor of theo'th. inat, in re
an offer you have received for 100 shares of Berguiann C
at $.90 per share, which you are obliged to offer us at
price, I beg to say tliat the Executive Committee at its
to-day decided not to exercise its right to purchase th:
ana, therefore you are at liberty to accept the offer*
Yours very truly
THE EDISON MACHINE WORKS. ft)
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EDISON’S PHONOGRAPH CO.
181 Queen Victoria Street, E.C.
Chas. Bachelor, Esq.,
LONDON.
Eeb. 20th, 1888.
Edison’s Laboratory,
Orange, N. J.,
Dear Bach.:
U. S.
A.
As requested in your favour of the 3d inst., I have
communicated with de Liman, and will give him an opportunity of do¬
ing something in the Phonograph if he should so desire.
How glad I shall be when, in order to get the interesting and
useful information you can from time to time give me, you will only
have to talk not be troubled to write—a possibility in the very '
near future according to a late telegram from Orange. I wish at
the earliest opportunity you would give me a little’talk about the
progress of things generally at the new laboratory. Prom all pres¬
ent appearances the Phonograph business is going to be a great bus¬
iness if only you good fellows do the right thing in making it.
With kind regards to yourself and Mrs. Bachelor,
Believe me,
MEMORANDUM.
FROM THE,
EDISON ELECTRIC LIGHT CO..
16 & 18 BROAD ST.
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EDISON ELECTRIC UQHT CO.. ' , < ' .
16 A ta BROAD STBBBT, '
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Charles Batchelor, s Esq. ^ i
Edison’s Laboratdr#, Es/'
Orange, N. J,
Dear Sir:-
Replying to your favor of the 10th
inst. I beg:to state that our Board, has declined
your offer of 250 shares of the stock of The
Edison Machine Works at par.
Yours very t„ru
Copy of portion of agreement made this 12th day of
1888, between Thomas A. Edison of Llewellyn Park, in the State
of New jersey, party of the first part, and the Edison Phono¬
graph Works, a corporation organized and existing under the
laws of the State of New Jersey, party of the second part._
"Pourth. And the party of the first part agrees for him¬
self, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, that
of the Btock issued and delivered to him or them pursuant to
the provisions of this contract he or they will, immediately
upon its receipt, transfer and assign thirty-eight per cent,
(38#) of the stock so issued and delivered to him or them to
a trustee to be agreed upon between him and the party of the
second part upon the following trusts and conditions:-
-is- That said stock so delivered to the trustee shall not
participate in any of the earnings of the party of the second
part, nor be entitled to share in any dividends. If, however,
the earnings of the Company which it decides to declare as
dividends in any one year amount to over twenty-five, per cent
(25#) on its entire stock exclusive of such stock so held in
trust as aforesaid, then such trust stock shall be entitled to
participate ratably with the other stock in such excess; find—
JLl That the party of the first part, his heirs,' 1
<v.
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Charles Batchelor Esq.
1 have your letter of November 26th. As requested I
have delivered to Mr. English .abstract of title of the house 38
West 25th Street, deed from Walter K. Collins to Rosama Batchelor,
tax receipts, guarantee of the Title Guarantee & Trust Company to
Rosama Batchelor, contract JLxaaj Wa lter K. Collins fro two an - Walt a g **
IU—CoHfrfis and Charles Batchelor, appli cation to Title, Guar ant ee
& Trust Company, cq?y of will of George 0. Collins, receipt of
Title Guarantee ■& Trust Company for $260, and type-written memo¬
randa in regard to title.
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1889
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REMOVED t»
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MEMORANDUM.
FROM THE EDW '° H ' J0HNS0N| Pr « 8 ' 11 G «"'' u g'
Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company,
118 Broad Street,
jjYqggS^:..188
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3f
The Edison Machine Works,
No. lST'IJEY* STREET',
r
New York, juns 26, xass.
My Dear Batch.:
I believe you and Mrs.Batchelor have between you five
(b) shares of Lamp Company stock. On this stock you owe to Mr.Edison
for transmission to .Mr.Vi]lard the difference between 610,250.00 and
512,000.00. That is to say, 61,750.00 per share, or a total of
53,750,00. This is payable one-third in cash, one-fourth in Deferred
Stock and the balance in Preferred Stock. In fact, the same propor¬
tion of stock and shares and cash as we received from the General
Edison Company. I make the figures to be, cash $2,917.98, Preferred
Shares 56 and Deferred Shares 21. You will find on checking my fig¬
ures that the fractiond of shares of Preferred and Deferred Shares
have been added on to the cash as being the most convenient way of
getting rid of those fractions. Will you please let me have this
cash,stock and certificates before you go away, as I have to moke a
settlement with Mr.Villard's Private Secretary, Mr.Spofford, forthwith
To Chas.Batchelor, Esq.,
[FROM CHARLES BATCHELOR?]
August BO.
My ngnr Edison,- PAH .LS lliH*
X haw had Aylnsworth icake an exper ir^r t in re-
i;-rd tc recovering tho stearic acid. O'Pn tV ; o old «a»t, end. he finds
that he or* very easily e-bout ninety-two per cent of the
steai-io acid. end. cnmsinn. His recess is aocompoiritio-n of the
wax by the acid, and r uri * »"C «"fl separating the parts by distil¬
lation in vacuum. Ho says that steam di still. at ion would answer,
to nt considering the dongor, trouble and »J’«, and. also the oxpinne
of having to boil u considerable quantity of water off Afterwards,
di *it .illation by vacuum is preferable. The vacuum is about.
inches; an?, is {jot. 'S' an ordinary vat or pump. I an, there for*,
m 4:£ng bin a kettle about «« .inchofl diwn*-er, with a copper top
citable both for getting the vacuum and also for running the
diatilaetn over into auitable chnmwrs cheaply. Xrvnndi <*■ ol.y this
is -one, I tliirik we shall bo able to give then a price for the
old wax.
ORh mhTJW’} . The Mallory single magnet h«B boon dene now for a
few days, and is already painted up to go wtV . The
o-.hor o™ rtU * In n .**»• .* «■.. »»n *.« "»» *>«>
T v A.
-Hr
he ohiKpctl together
v 7e have Just n«de nr. extended tost of the single nagr 0 *» v,f>
found that it would be necessary to ontah a little smooth yfnre
puttie it or. that m<tehi.ne, and h(i«e, th.aro fore, substituted brass
bai'B ^/4 of «n inch high on tho outside of tv#’ drum instead of
wooden ones, which wore on V'^ien you worn hero. I noticed that
the ore was Cast, goi»ig into tho brass cylinder, go that ft, wyld
soo n haworn it away. ”'e have remedied t,hiB by shellacing
strips o' car.vnss on, rfi iah after our extended test of tee ]-ret hours
ri\n, with oro cont.’.nual.ly running on it, did not show the slightest
si^i of being cut up. Tho heat, inside the cylinder cached
but 1 do net consider this as anyt’&ng, as it e«nnot. y exceeded,
this being the hottest eeasen of tl-.e year. It has been a v n, ’y
slew Job with tho other magnet, as I have had to reorganise the
bottom shop, dioc>ir.rge a lot. of ».<» men, and g»t others 'ho will
attend t o the business in better shape.
I send yon cutting about, "filbo*.- This is a sorry -r.ding for
a\ch !rillicit talent.
Yours very truly.
Thomas A, Mi son, Mti.,
Paris, -Manes.
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EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATINC CO.,
OF BROOKLYN.
358, 360 & 362 PEARL STREET.
Brooklyn, Nov. 36th. 1889.
Mr. Chas. Batchelor,
33 Y/est 35th. Street, Hew York.
Dear Mr. Batchelor;-
I have decided, instead of taking any salaried posi¬
tion, to go into the construction business for rnyself, and have about
organized the "Field Engineering Company" for electric railway, light and
power construction and consultation business, totake the super intendency
of installation of plants and also contracts outright.
We are going to start out on a moderate scale with $30,000. capital
to be increased later as the business warrants. Y/e propose to give espec¬
ial attention to electric railway work, both for power and electrical
plant. I believe this work in the nex t three or four years is going to
present one of the widest fileds possible. I also am trying to work up
a general consultation business. I already have the position of Consult¬
ing Engineer to the Brooklyn Company, as well as several other things of
this class in view.
What X want is to obtain your influence and assistence in holding
work from Mr. Edison the same as though I were going with him directly.
It will be directly in my line and I believe I will be in a position
to be of more use to him than if I worked with him directly, as the part
of his work that I desire, as Silver Lake, Niagara, or anything else like
this, would be directly in my line, and I would be glad to put as much
time as he desired at his disposal.
V/hen the Silver Lake plant is gone ahead with, I would like to
obtain the construction work there either on percentage basis or contract
outright.
I may see Mr. Edison before you have a chance to speak to him on the
EDISON ELECTRIC ILLUMINATING CO., Tolophono, “840 BROOKLYN."
OF BROOKLYN.
358, 380 tL 362 PEARL STREET.
BROOKLYN,
( C. B. — 3).
matter, but if yon have a opportunity any time, X would like you to put
in a good word for me.
I would like, also, if possible, to obtain your connection with
this enterprize to a small entent, as one of the stock holders.
We are not in need of money, but I. want to. get two or three parties whose
good will and influence I consider it would be advisable for the entei—
prize to have interested in to a nominal extent.
We propose regularly organizing and incorporating the Company.
The majority of the stock will be owned by a young Engineer friend of
mine and myself. He is investing most of the money, as I have not any
amount of my own to invest.
I believe that such a business will not only pay me a much better
return than any salaried position but will be a good permanent business.
I am going into this after careful consideration, and although I
have several very good offers in the way of salaried positions, including
Mr. Edison's, I feel that this is the opportune time for starting such a
Company, and with good hard work and determination, such an enterprixe
cannot but succeed. If others, with no influence or experience what¬
ever, or very little experience at least, can go into this business and
make money, I do not sea why X should not.
May I have the pleasure of hearing from vou on this matter at an
early date, as I propose to put the matter through at once.?
Yours very truly,
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
EDISON PHONOGRAPH WORKS
The following documents, dated April 8, 1890 through February 11, 1903, and
numbered 1 through 9, were found, together with a contents list, in one
envelope.
4^57 445
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r . My 4 ImmcU tyOfi k&urv* ^ S f<?02> -
q. \ &iL cf &utv° tr?/ 5 , /tkmyctsa? t &md-
AGREEMENT, made this day of
April, 1800, by and between THOMAS A. EDISON, of Llowellyn
Park, State of New Jeraey, of the first part, and CHARLES
BATCHELOR, of the City, County and Stato of Now York, of
tho second part.
WHEREAS, tho said first party is tho owner
and holder of 1,185 6-10 shares of tho capital stock of tho
Edison Phonograph Works, a corporation oreatod and existing
under and by virtue of tho laws of the State of Now Jersey;
and
W H E R E A S, under and pursuant to the terms and
provisions of a certain agreement made and entered into by
and betwoen the said first party and the aforesaid' Edison
Phonograph Works, bearing date May 12th, 1888, and more
particularly of the Fourth section theroof, the said first
party has transferred and assigned tho said 1,185 6-10
shares of such stock to The Mercantile Trust Company, of
tho City of New York, upon certain trusts and conditions
sot forth in two certain other agreements made and entered
into by and between tho said first party and-the said Tho
Mercantile Trust Company, and bearing date respectively tho
21st day of January, 1800, and tho day of April,
1890, reference to which said agreements is horoby mado for
greater particularity; and
W HgE REAS, the said first ptgrty proposoe to re¬
tain intact his title to the said 1,185 6-10 shares of
stock! but desires and intends that the said second party
hereto shall receive the dividends, benefits and profits
arising from 118 50-100 sharoB of such stock held by him aB
aforesaid, although he, tho said first party, does not in¬
tend hereby to transfer or set over the said stook or any
part thereof, to tho said second party, or in any way to
divest himsolf, the said first party, of tho title to said
stook or any part thereof:
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of tho
sum of One dollar by the said second party to the said
first party in hand paid, tho receipt wheroof is hereby ac¬
knowledged, and of other good and valuable consideration,
it is agreed as follows, to wit:
FIRST. The said first party hereby covenants
and agrees that he will promptly assign, transfer, convoy
and pay over unto the said second party, all and evory tho
dividends, benefits, profits and rights of every kind and
nature whatsoever hereafter accruing to him, the said first
party, upon the said 118 50-100 shares of tho said stock of
tho said Edison Phonograph Works, to Whatever extent this
may be possible without divesting himeolf, tho said first
party, of tho title to tho said chares, it being distinctly
understood and agraod that nothing heroin contained shall
oporato or bo doomed to operate to interfere with tho unin¬
terrupted holding by tho said first party of the said
1186 6-10 shuro8 of said stock.
2
SECOND. It ie heraby further understood and
agreed that thin agreement shall be binding and accrue to
the benefit of tho executors, administrators and logal
representatives of tho respective parties hereto, and shall
continue and Bhall remain in force aB long as the Baid
first party, hie executors, administrators, assigns or
logal representatives, continue to hold uninterruptedly the
said 1185 6-10 shares of stock so deposited in trust os
aforesaid, unless sooner terminated in accordance with the
provisions hereof.
THIRD. It is hereby further mutually under¬
stood and agreed that in the event of the doath of the said
second party, the said first party or his legal representa¬
tives, shall at any time thereafter have tho option and
right to demand that an appraisal bo made of tho value of
the then interest of tho said second party, in tho said
stock, by an appraiser to be agreed upon by tho said first
party or his legal representatives, and the logal repre¬
sentatives of the said second party, or if tho said first
party or his legal representatives and the legal represen¬
tatives of tho said second party are unable to agree upon
such appraiser, by a board of throe appraisers, one to bo
nemed by tho said first party, or hie logal representa¬
tives, one to be named by the legal representatives of the
said second party, and the third to bo named by tho two so
chosen, the determination of a majority of said appraisers
to be final and binding; and the said first party, or his
S
legal representatives, shall havo the further option of ac¬
quiring tho said interest ef the socond party and of there¬
by cancelling and terminating this agreement by paying over
to the legal representatives of the said second party the
value of such interest so determined as aforesaid, and tho
said legal representatives of tho said sooond party, shall
upon tho receipt of the amount for which tho same has been
appraised, thereupon convey, assign, set over and retrans¬
fer to the said first party, or his legal representatives,
by conveyance, good and suffioiont in law, all rights here¬
by granted to tho said sooond party.
FOURTH. It io agreed that nothing horoin con¬
tained shall prevent the first party, or his legal repre¬
sentatives, as tho case may bo, (a) from at any and all
times voting on all of tho said 1,185 6-10 oharos of stock
herein reforrod to, in such manner as ho or they may doom
best and (b) from selling or otherwise disposing of all of
the said 1,183 6-10 shares of stock herein referred to, at
any time in such manner as he or they may consider best for
his or their own interest and that of tho second party as
horoin provided for. It io, however, further agreed that
if at any time hereafter tho first party or his logal rep¬
resentatives shall sell, transfer, assign or in any way dis¬
pose of the said 1,185 6-10 shares of Btook of tho Edison
Phonograph Works, or any part thereof, or his rights there¬
in, he or they will iranediatoly thereafter either assign,
transfer and pay over to the said second party or his legal
representatives, all and every the benefits, profits and
advantages accruing to him, the said first party, or his
legal representatives, from the sale, transfer or disposi¬
tion of the said 118 56-100 shares of said atook in which
the said sooond party is interested, as heroin set forth,
or will transfer and set over, or cause to be transferred
and sot over unto the said sooond party, or his legal rep¬
resentatives, 118 56-100 shares of the said etook, subjeot
to the limitations and conditions imposed by the said
trusts created by the aforesaid agreements made and entered
into between the said first party with the said The Mercan¬
tile Trust Company, at the option of the firat party or his
legal representatives; and it is further understood and
agreed that if at any time hereafter the said 1185 6-10
shares of the otook of the Edison Phonograph Works now de¬
posited with The Mercantile Trust Company, in trust as
aforosald, should be released from the trusts oreatod by
the aforesaid agreements of January 21st, 1890, and April
, i860, subject to which they are now hold, the said
first party will thereupon and at once assign and transfer
unto the said sooond party 118 56-100 sharos of suoh Btook,
and that in the event of the liquidation of the said Edison
Phonograph Works for any cause, during the continuance of
this agreement, and while the said stock is so hold in
trust, the said first party or his legal representatives,
will immediately assign, transfer and pay over unto the
said second party, that portion of the assets of the said
Edison Phonograph Works or the avails thereof, received by
B
the said first party, or his lend representatives, and
fairly and properly appcrtienable to tho said 118 58-100
sliurea of tho said stock in which the said second party, or
his local representatives, may bo entitled on interest
horoundor.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties
hereto have hereunto subscribed their nomeB and affixed
their seals, at the City of Novr York, on the day and year
first above written, this agreement bolne for convonienoo
If
J.
Ohas. Batchelor, Rsq.,
Rdieon Building,
44 Broad St., New York.
Boar Sir;
Your favor of the 13th inet. came duly to hand and in
reply I ben- to state that I do not understand your request.
To obtain control, a certain part of the Raison Phono¬
graph Worke stock was put in trust for me in the Mercantile Trust
Company and this stock only "Sts a dividend after the regular stock
pays twenty percent.
Yours truly,
a.£w>
Chae. Batchelor, g 8q .,
44 Broad Street,
New York.
Dear Sir:
In reply to y 0 ur favor of the 17th inet., I be* to state
that the Kdieon Phono,*aph Works stock which is held i n trust by
the Mercantile Trust Company of New York, does not draw a dividend
until after the other stock has paid a dividend of twenty per cent.
Yours very truly,
Si,, a ^
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EA TON & LEW IS
S.B.EATON
EUGENE H.LEWIS
EDISON building)
.j46u/fart &* D. 11.1903.
Charles Batohelor, Esq.,
52 Broadway, New York City.
Dear Sir:
I think the best way for you to get hold of the two
agreements between Mr. Edison and The Mercantile Trust Company,
dated respectively the 21st. day of January and the 8th. day of
April, 1890, is by application to Mr. Edison or to Gilmore, or
with their written authority, by application to The Mercantile
Trust Company,
Yours very truly,
EHL/ABT. M.43.
CHARLES BATCHELOR COLLECTION
1892-1905
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CHARLES BATCHELOR,
w. a PEtau,
N E¥ Jersey mb Pennsylvania Concentrating ^[orks.
GENERAL OFFICES:
EDISON BUILDING, BROAD STREET
NEW YORK.
WORKS:
EDISON, SUSSEX CO., N.J.
New York, Feb. 7, 1893.
My dear Batch,
Your favor of the 6th enclosing scrip of the
Schenectady Railway bonds is at hand. I saw Ord and he said that
he did not understand anything about interest and would not pay it.
1 then told him that you would take his scrip at same price and
interest. He declined to sell and in other words will do nothing.
While I an writing, X will give you a little private information.
Ord bought up yesterday and to-day all the scrip outstanding and
has paid 87-1/2 for it, and to make his last $1000. bond, he has
to have your $453.90, consequently, if he wants to monkey, if I
were you, I should stand pat and tell him when he comes for you
next time, that you have raised the price to 90. He will have to
have it to make his worth aiything. This information you had
better keep to yourself. I found it out accidentally that he
had bought and paid for all scrip outstanding except yours. X now
enolose you the scrip and the next time you send it down to deliver
kindly put your fist on it or your stock could not be delivered.
Yours very truly,
Charles Batchelor Esq.,
Edison, Ifew Jersey,
Jersey mb Pennsylvania Concentrating Works.
GENERAL OFFICE8:
EDISON BUILDING, BROAD 8TREET
NEW YORK.
WORKS:
EDI80N, 8US8EX CO., N.
New York, March 17, 1893.
My dear Batch,
I have not written to you for several days as
for the past week I have been rather busy in outside things.
The market here has been going to thunder; General Electric on
Monday or Tuesday of this week sold down to 98 and under par
Drexel, Morgan & Co. bougit in the neighborhood of 10,000 shares
and the stock then reaoted, when that knowledge came out, to 104
but it is now back again to 101. The insiders all insist upon
it that it is very, very cheap but Cammack sells it with impunity.
The other market has all declined some, sugar going down from 110
to 96. N. Y. Illuminating sold at 20 to-day but is now back to
21. Mon*y is keeping very close, ranging from 7 to 20^ every day.
That is one reason why General Electric broke so, as the bankers
would not loan any money on it and people that were carrying it
on a margin were obliged to throw it over.
I sold yesterday for Mr. Kruesi three of his Schenectady
bonds and I paid the bankers who are loaning him the money on them
$2500, on account and Kruesi tells me that he is going to borrow
of you either $11,500.or $12,000..on 15 of the bonds instead of
Page 2.
$14,000. on 18. I told than that It would be perfectly agreable
to you and after ray converaation with you, I waa satiafied that
the leaa money you had to loan to Mr. Krueai, the better you would
be aatisfied. I am in hopes of selling three more between now
and the 23rd. If I do, he would only have to take $9,000. from
you.
I have seen Edison two or three times since you left
and he has taken your leaving very much to heart. He made the
remark that it waa the first time you had gone back on him. I
told him that I had told you what he said so that if you wish to
repeat our conversation to Mr. Edison, you are perfectly welcome
to. He says that from the middle to the last of next month
that he would need you more than at any other time as that is the
time when all the plans will be finished and will have to be talked
over and he was in hopes you would have been here to have your
opinion. I told him that you thought that you could be of more
service later in the season in buying goods than in looking over
the plans. He is progressing pretty rapidly now with the plans
and is to have Thomas and Conley down at the Laboratory next week,
and he says he thinks that by the 20th of April they will be ready
to orer goods. He claims that he has now gotten the bricker in
fine shape and the bricks so that they will not absorb moisture
and yet are still porous. I don’t understand how that can be
but he says it is ao.
Page 3.
As I told you before you left, I will make an asaesanBnt on
the N. J. 4 Pa. Con/ Work a for the 8th of April. Your share will
be $110#.
They are all sick up at 34th St. My wife seems to be
badly run down; the two oldest children are in bed with the grip
and Clinton McKesson and his sister Belle are $oth confined to
the house, but the old gentlanan is as chipper and lively as ever
I trust you found Mrs. Batohelor and the girls well idien you met
them at Naples. I see by the papers that you had a fair average
trip, reaching Naples on time, so I presune you did not meet
with a storm on the way. I cannot think of anything more at pres¬
ent to write you bat will write you next week.
Yours very truly,
Charles Batohelor Esq<
Rome, Italy.
New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating Works.
GENERAL OFFICES:
EDISON BUILDING, BROAD 8TREET WORKS:
NEW YORK. EDISON, 8USSEX 00.,
New York, March 27, 1393.
My dear Batch,
I am 3orry to have to write you that last night
while taking my usual Turkish bath I slipped on the marble floor
and in trying to save myself, fell with my right arm under me and
broke it just above the wrist so I presume I shall be in a measure
laid up for some weeks and although X hope to be down to the office
before this week is out, I will not be able to do any writing.
I delayed writing you last week, as I expected to either see
or hear from Kruesi in relation to his getting the money that you
loaned him, from D. M. & Co. About the last of the week, X
received a letter from him from Schenectady stating that he had
notified D. M. & Co. to pay hazard the amount of his note and to
receive the bonds from them. He had also notified hazard to
deliver the bonds to D. M. & Co. and receive a check.from them.
He did not tell me the amount of the note but my impression is
that it was $14,300. on which I had paid $2500., leaving a balance
of $11,800. Of course, this way of doing the transaction was
different from what we had talked over but as the transaction was
finsished before I heard of k it, I have said nothing to Mr. Kruesi
Page 2.
I do not know how many bonds he has deposited with D. M. & Co.
. He had 19 left; I presume he would expect to deposit 15.
There is nothing doing here. We have had quite a flurry in
the stock market; Edison General, as I wrote you in my last, sell¬
ing down to .98; it has since rallied to 107. Last week there
was a meeting of the Directors and they ordered to be declared
the usual quarterly dividend of 2 % payable on the 2nd of May.
That will be officially declared and will be know to the Street
the middle of this week. The statemeit, they tell me, is very
fine, showing great earnings. The short interest in the stock is
still large. I would not be surprised to see quite a rise in it
during the next few weeks.
The Journal of Finance which is sent you every day has this
sold
morning a long article in which they claim that Edison has 35,000
shares. That, of course, as you know is nonsense. He has not
done anything since you went away and when I was out there last,
he was very anxious that X should not make another assessment
very soon as he did not wish to have to sell any General Electric
at low prices.
They are hard at work out at Orange on their plans and this
week both Mr. Conley and Mr. Thomas are to be there discussing
the plans.
Page 3.
Mr. Edison seems to think that by the middle or last of next month
we will be very busy ordering maohinery .
I have just this morning received the address of the gentleman
in Portugal of whom my father got his port and I am going to write
him to-day ordering a one quarter cask for us. I fancy we will
get it some time in June. The Marsella has arrived and I am
having it bottledand when cased, will send up one half of it to
your house. The address of the port is Tolades & Co., Lisbon,
Portugal. They are old bankers and were quite intimate with
General Lewis Richmond when he was the American minister there.
I send you this address as it might so happen that you will be in
that part of the world before you come back. If so, look them up.
Possibly a personal interview would enable us to get better stuff
than by simply writing but I intend writing by this mail for the
stuff so you will probably not go there.
They are all pretty well here at the house and'are gradually
recovering from the shock which they received from the death of
Mrs. McKesson.
With kindest regards to Mrs. Batchelor and your daughters,
believe me to be,.
Yours very truly,
Charles Batohelor Esq.,
Rome, Italy.
~ZXJ?S.
^ ^ A
-v a,
New Jersey mb Pennsylvania Concentrating Works.
GENERAL OFFICES: WORKS:
EDISON BUILDING, BROAD 8TREET EDISON, 8US8EX CO., N. J.
NEW YORK.
New York, April is, 1893.
My dear Batch,
Your favor of April 1st as well as your cablegram
is at hand. Your letter rather disappointed me. I thought when
I received your cable that the next thing would be that you would •
be looking in upon us ; but on receipt of jour letter, that idea
was knocked in the head as you don't seem to have set any time
for caning home. I told Mr. Edison that I had recaved a letter
from you but that you had not set any time for coming and he seemed
for on receipt of your cable
to be much disappointed, He said,"well, Batch will be here
now in a steamer or two". They are getting the plans about fin¬
ished now and Conley is hard- at work up at Edison with a large gang
of men putting in the railroad tracks and getting ready to erect
the new stockhouse. He says that all the outside work of every
Edison
particular will be finished by the 1st of August. But^ says
that it will be September or October before the Mill will be ready/
but he is satisfied in every particular. His plans, he knows,
are very fine and that all of them will work well and give good
satisfaction.
Page 2.
I note what you say in your letter with regards Baldwins.
I have put your cheek in the safe and whan they notify us, Ed-
and myself will go around there and examine the pictures, and if
they are all ri$it, will have them boxed up again carefully and
sent to your house, I will also attend to your package of books,
I note what you say with regards your §1200i00 chock. When I
received it, I told Mr. Edison that you had sent the money for
12 shares instead of 11 and he said, all right, let him have them,
so that your certificate is all drawn, signed and sealed and is
in the safe for you. If you don't wish the extra share, on the
next assessment which will be about the 12th of May, I will draw
only 10 shares instead of 11.
The bottler told me this morning that our Marsella would be
ready this week so I will have one half of the quarter cask sent
to your house and one half to mine. I have not heard as yet
from Lisbon about the Port wine but I presume some time this month
I will hear about it.
Insull was on last month and got ^our address in Rome as he
said he wished to write to you so I presume you have heard fron
him ere this. I heard from him this morning and he said he was
very well and liked Chicago better and better the longer he stayed
the re.
Page 3.
We are to have the Annual meeting of the N. Y. Concentrating
Works on the first Monday in May and Mr. Edison told me to re¬
elect the same board of directors, the same officers with the ex¬
ception of Mr. Butler whom I am to replace as Secretary and bo
Treasurer as well.
With kindest regards to Mrs. Batchelor and the girls,
believe me to be,
Charles "atchelor Esq.,
Care Drexel, Harjes & Co.,
Paris, Prance .
CHARLES BATCHELOR,
New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating Works.
GENERAL OFFICES:
EDISON BUILDING, BROAD STREET
NEW YORK.
PERSONAL
WORKS:
EDISON, SUS8EX CO., N.J.
New York, May 10, i 893 .
My dear Batch,
Your favor of April 25th written from Naples is
at hand. X have just received a letter this morning from Knauth,
Nachod & Kuhne stating that your statue nas arrived. Ed went down
there this morning but they said it would be several days yet
before they could get it out of the Custom House and they advised
us to have it sent up to your house before b eing unp aoked and
examine it there, and if all right to pay them, as they probably
would not be able to pack it well. Your check for $156.00 is the
coresct amount. Your package of books arrived some ten days ago
and was sent to your house and I paid Baldwin's bill of $18.75,
some $7,00 of that being for duty, but according to your last
letter, you tojd me not to dispute a small amount so I said nothing
about it. The pictures have not arrived yet. When they do, we
will examine them and pay the check that you sent to me over to
them.
I have my arm now out of the splints and it seems to be
doing very well but X have not as yet been able to use it, but
the Doctor says that I ought not to expect to for two or three
months yet.
Page 2.
They are all well at 34th St. and Mrs.Perry wished me to send
her kindest regards to you and yairs. They are not feeling par¬
ticularly happy at present as a Mr. Vennard who married one of
my wife's sisters is very seriously ill with heart disease. It
always seems that after one death in a family, two or three others
follow quickly.
Mr. Edison is well; the other day when I saw him I told him
that you had written t at you might be back about the 1st of June
and he said that was the best news he h ad heard for seme time and
wished I could cone out every day if I could bring him such news
as that. His plans are all finished now and he says he is getting
out the blue prints in order to ask for bids on the different parts
of the work. He claims that he has gotten great deal better
results from the rolls than he expected to get, that the screens
are perfect, in fact, that the whole thing is getting to be a
great success.
Upton has been very seriously sick for the past two weeks
with diptheria but the news to-day is, that he is better so I
presume he will pull through all right.
At the Annual Meeting of the N. Y. Concentrating Works the
other day, the same directors were re-elected for the ensuing
year but no officers were elected as there was not a quorum of
directors present. But I fancy we will do that tomorrow out
at Orange as Mr. Cutting is to go with me and that will make a
Yours very truly,
quorum.
Page 3.
We have been having great times here in Wall St. during the
past ten days. All of the Industrial stocks have had very severe
declines, Edisc* General selling down one day to 58 but rallied
next ;day to 84 but is now down again to 70. Mr. Edison says that
the reports he gets every week fron the Company are exceedingly
satisfactory, that the business is larger and is paying better or
in other words, they are earning more money now than they ever
have done. They tell me at the office here that the Co. is i n
good financial condition, with plenty of money on hand. . Therefore
I dont suppose there is any reason for the drop other than than grA
depression in all Industrials. quite a number of financial in¬
stitutions have declined to lend money on that class of securities
which probably forced a good many men who were holding the stock
on margins, to liquidate. The N. Y. Illuminating sold down to
110 but I believe it is to-day about 117.
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My dear Bachelors
I have year letter of the * 49th. 1 ate bo
good reason why the Works Should not be put on a paying basis.
Of course, we are not over tony «ow, but if Hr* gdiaon Wvsr goto
control^ of the Phonograph la the United states and Canada, whish
we expect he will, then there is no reason shy we should not fill
up the shop with wort in this line, to say nothing of the new things
that we expeot to take up shortly., I regret to say that 1 am not
in a position to nqt give you sAy figuree as to how we stand at
the present, at t do not consider them sufficiently authentic to
be of shy use to you, Or in fact aaxakiag olae, and 1 know that sky
they will be far from satisfactory* The naxt timo 1 see you, 1
shall be very glag to answer any questions that you pay ask me,
ana I think 1 each give you a pretty good Idea as to hog arattsys
stand.
Y«uw v«^y ,ruly.
c- { l >7 S7?J '>■>
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General Office: Suite 936 New York Life Buikfin*.
KANSAS CITY. MO.. U. S. A.
AaenU in aH Princip al Gty'ain Republic of Mexico.
NVc uie Bedford McNeill Code.
M. CONARD. President.
R. MOORE. Sec'y and Gcn’l
Tips %cms<xs fflitg cwd Mzxxzmx
taresiment (£0.
is: Agents for Corporations and In
[duals. Companies Incorporated.
SPECIAL ATTENTION C1VEN COLONIZATION PROPOSITIONS.
KANSAS CITY. MO., U. S. A..
Not. 14, 1905.
Mr. Charles Barohelor,
New York', N. Y.
Dear Sir:-
VJe beg to advise you that'we have facilities that cannot
be surpassed, if equaled, by any other‘company for securing options
and concessions on property in Mexico, and have on hand a large list
of the most attractive, large business propositions in that Republic,
PUBLICATION AND MICROFILM
COPYING RESTRICTIONS
Reel duplication of the whole or of
any part of this film is prohibited.
In lieu of transcripts, however,
enlarged photocopies of selected
items contained on these reels
may be made in order to facilitate
research.
A Note on the Sources
The pages which have been
filmed are the best copies
available. Every technical
effort possible has been
made to ensure legibility.
FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTORS
PRIVATE FOUNDATIONS
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
Charles Edison Fund
The Hyde and Watson Foundation
Geraldine R. Dodge Foundation
PUBLIC FOUNDATIONS
National Science Foundation
National Endowment for the Humanities
PRIVATE CORPORATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS
Alabama Power Company
Amerada Hess Corporation
AT&T
Atlantic Electric
Association of Edison Illuminating
Companies
Battelle Memorial Institute Foundation
The Boston Edison Foundation
Cabot Corporation Foundation
Carolina Power and Light Company
Consolidated Edison Company of
New York, Inc.
Consumers Power Company
Corning Glass Works Foundation
Duke Power Company
Exxon Corporation
Florida Power & Light Company
General Electric Foundation
Gould Inc. Foundation
Gulf States Utilities Company
Idaho Power Company
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers
Iowa Power and Light Company
Mr. and Mrs. Stanley H. Katz
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
McGraw-Edison Company
Middle South Services, Inc.
Minnesota Power
New Jersey Bell Telephone Company
New York State Electric & Gas
Corporation
North American Philips Corporation
Philadelphia Electric Company
Philips International B.V.
Public Service Electric and Gas
Company
RCA Corporation
Robert Bosch GmbH
San Diego Gas & Electric
Savannah Electric and Power Company
Schcring Plough Foundation
Texas Utilities Company
Thomson-Brandt
Transamcrica Delaval Inc.
Westinghouse Educational Foundation
Wisconsin Public Service
Corporation
BOARD OF SPONSORS
Rutgers, Tlic State University of
New Jersey
Edward J. Blousteln
T. Alexander Pond
Tilden G. Edclstcin
John Gillis
New Jersey Historical Commission
Bernard Bush
Howard L. Green
National Kirk Service, Edison
National Historic Site
Roy W. Weaver
Edward J. Pershey
Smithsonian Institution
Bernard Finn
Arthur P. Molclla
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
James Brittain, Georgia Institute of Technology
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr., Harvard University
Neil Harris, University of Chicago
Thomas Parke Hughes, University of Pennsylvania
Arthur Link, Princeton University
Nathan Kcingold, Smithsonian Institution
Robert E. Schofield, Iowa State University
CORPORATE ASSOCIATES
William C. Hittinger (chairman), RCA Corporation
Edward J. Bloustein, Rutgers, The State University of N.J.
Cees Bruynes, North American Philips Corporation
Paul J. Christiansen, Charles Edison Fund
Philip F. Dietz, Westinghouse Electric Corporation
Roland W. Schmitt, General Electric Corporation
Harold W. Sonn, Public Service Electric and Gas Company
Morris Tanenbaum, AT&T
tomaa
CX £dt*oru1^
t*oru rap&Vb
A SELECTIVE MICROFILM EDITION
PART II
( 1879 - 1886 )
Leonard DeGraaf
Joseph P. Sullivan
Alan Stein
Karen Kozak
Student Assistants
John Deasey
Barbara B. Tomblln
Jacquelyn MUler
Marla Antonakakls
Sponsors
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
National Park Service, Edison National Historic Site
New Jersey Historical Commission
University Publications of America
Frederick, Maryland
1987
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